تم تمويل هذا العمل من الطبيعة والمانحين من القطاع الخاص ومؤسسة صندوق تراث الموارد، غوردون وبيتي مور مؤسسة، صندوق الدفاع البيئي، برنامج منح البحر كاليفورنيا، البرنامج الوطني للبحوث التعاونية مصائد ونوا سالتونستال--كينيدي منحة #13-الفرعية-008. البحوث التطبيقية والتنقيب البحري (ديرك روزين، ريك بوتمان واندي لاويرمان، وديفيد جيفريز) المتقدمة، وشيدت والإبقاء على أداة لاندر فيديو. ونحن نشكر سيجر جيم و SeaGIS™ برامج للدعم التقني. الكابتن والصياد التجارية تيم ماريسيتش والطاقم على متن الطائرة F/V كاثلين دونا قدمت الدعم في نشر أندر من الفترة 2015-2012. شكرا لجميع الذين شاركوا في جمع بيانات الفيديو أو التحليل (تاجيني Anne ودونا كلاين، الملازم العنبر باين، داوني بريون، بونتي ماريسا، ريبيكا ميلر، ميريفيلد مات، والتر مندفع، رينيكي ستيف، ديك اكساجولا، وحقل جون).

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متري مازن التقليدية يقوم على فكرة عد عدد الحد أدنى مضمون من الأفراد حاضرا أثناء دراسة استقصائية. إذا كان عدد معين من الأسماك مرئية في أن واحد في إطار فيديو واحد، لا يمكن أن يكون هناك أي أقل من الوقت الحاضر، ولكن نظراً للأسماك المتنقلة والموزعة بين، احتمال رؤية جميع الأفراد في وقت واحد من خل...

على طول "ساحل المحيط الهادئ في الولايات المتحدة"، العديد من الأنواع الهامة لمصائد أسماك القاع التجارية والترفيهية (مثلاً، بسمك الصخور المعقدة (Sebastes spp.) ولينجكود (الونجاتوس أوفيودون)) ترتبط بقوة مع موائل عالية-الإغاثة، والصلب أسفل1،2،3،،من45. انخفاض ستيريو-فيديو الكاميرات أداة غير الاستخراجية جذابة لاستخدام في الموائل الصخرية بسبب السهولة النسبية والبساطة في العملية. مجموعة متنوعة من نظم كاميرا ستيريو-فيديو تم تطويرها ونشرها في نصف الكرة الجنوبي، والمياه الضحلة في النظم الإيكولوجية6،،من78،9،10، و في الآونة الأخيرة، اكتسبت قطره-كاميرات الفيديو الجر كأداة إدارية للبيئات الصخرية المرجانية في المياه العميقة على طول ساحل المحيط الهادئ11،،من1213. وسعينا إلى تعديل هذه التصاميم ستيريو الكاميرا الموجودة باستخدام نظام ستيريو-فيديو كاميرا (يشار إليه فيما يلي "لاندر") لتميز التجمعات السمكية في عالية لتخفيف سيفلورس على طول ساحل المحيط الهادئ الوسطى (انظر الجدول من أكثر كفاءة المواد). أندر المستخدمة كان مختلفاً عن أنظمة الفيديو الموجودة لأن الكاميرات كانت محمولة إلى شريط الدورية مركزية، مما سمح لها كامل 360 درجة التغطية لقاع البحر في موقع قطره14. أندر إكمال استدارة كاملة واحدة في الدقيقة، التي سمحت لنا بتميز بوفرة وتكوين المجتمع لمنطقة بسرعة وتحقيق نفس المستوى من قوة إحصائية بعدد أقل من عمليات النشر لاندر. (انظر14 من ستار (2016) لمزيد من التفصيل على تفاصيل التكوين لاندر). واقترح الاختبارات الأولية في نظام الدراسة أن تناوب ثمانية من الكاميرات في استطلاعاتنا تكفي لوصف وفرة الأنواع وثراء. وأدلى هذا التصميم على ملاحظة لتناقص الغلة في وفرة الأنواع وكثافة الأسماك عبر قطرات أطول. نوصي بإجراء دراسة تجريبية، بما في ذلك أوقات أطول في نقع في أي نظام جديد لتحديد وقت نقع الأمثل لنوع معين من النظام الإيكولوجي/دراسة.
باستخدام الكاميرات ستيريو المزدوجة، سواء مسح المساحة الكلية ويمكن حساب كثافة الأسماك المطلق لمسح كل الفيديو؛ ومع ذلك، استلزم استخدام الكاميرات بالتناوب تعديل المقاييس عدد الأسماك التقليدية. استخدام أنظمة الفيديو ثابتة في أغلب الأحيان "مازن" كحساب محافظة من الأسماك في6،نشر10. مازن التقليدية يصف الحد الأقصى لعدد أسماك نوع معين لاحظ معا في إطار فيديو واحد، بغية تجنب العد المزدوج من أسماك التي قد غادر وعاد إلى الإطار. ولذلك كان تقدير الحد الأدنى لعدد الأسماك المعروفة بحضور مازن وقد يقلل من وفرة الأسماك الحقيقية6،10. تم إعادة تعريف متري مازن لتمثيل أكبر عدد من الأسماك في كل استدارة كاملة من الكاميرات.
التعديل الثاني للأساليب السابقة فيديو ستيريو لمراعاة الحقيقة أن الأنواع من مختلف الأحجام، الألوان، والأشكال بمسافات مختلفة كحد أقصى لتحديد موثوق بها. على سبيل المثال، الأنواع الكبيرة مثل O. الونجاتوس شكل ممدود متميزة وموثوق يمكن التعرف على مسافات أكبر بكثير بالمقارنة مع الأنواع الصغيرة وخفي مثل سمك الصخور سكواريسبوت (هوبكينسي Sebastes). هذه نطاقات مختلفة الحد الأقصى من إمكانية الكشف تغيير منطقة فعالة عينات باندر لكل نوع من الأنواع. لأن الكاميرات ستيريو تسمح لنا بوضع كل الأسماك في الفضاء ثلاثي الأبعاد بدرجة عالية من الدقة، واحد يمكن تحديد المسافة من الكاميرات التي كانت كل الأسماك قياسه (أيالمسافة "Z"، اسمه "محور ع" خط عمودي على خط مستقيم بين الكاميرات). لكل نوع من هذه الأنواع، المسافة التي لوحظت 95 في المائة من جميع الأفراد (يشار إليها فيما بعد "المسافة 95% Z") كان يعتبر نصف قطر منطقة المسح، واستخدمت لحساب إجمالي المساحة التي شملتها الدراسة الاستقصائية. بالإضافة إلى الخصائص إبلاغها، إيدينتيفيابيليتي سوف تتأثر بالظروف البيئية مثل تعكر المياه. لأنه يمكن أن تختلف هذه العوامل في الزمان والمكان، من المهم استخدام إحصائية 95% Z فقط في مجموعها. في حين أنه سيكون من درجة عالية من الدقة لعينات كبيرة، قد تختلف أي دراسة استقصائية فردية واحدة في المنطقة التي شملتها الدراسة الاستقصائية.
ينص البروتوكول على المفصلة أدناه إرشادات حول كيفية إنشاء واستخدام هذه المقاييس. ولو كان التركيز على تميز الموئل الصخرية العميقة على طول ساحل المحيط الهادئ، المنهجية المشروحة لتعديل مازن العد سهولة ينطبق على أي نظام إسقاط الكاميرا الدورية. عدد عمليات التناوب الكاميرا المطلوبة لتميز التجمعات السمكية سيتوقف على ديناميات النظم الإيكولوجية المحلية، ولكن وضع تصور لمازن معدلة سوف تبقى هي نفسها. وبالمثل، حين استخدمنا البرامج الطبغرافية ثلاثي الأبعاد لتحليل الفيديو ستيريو، التقنيات الموضحة هنا يتم تطبيقها بسهولة عبر منصات البرمجيات، طالما يتوفر الموقع الدقيق للأسماك في الفضاء ثلاثي الأبعاد. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، نهج تطبيق قيمة مسافة 95% Z يمكن النظر في المستقبل دراسات مع ستيريو-كاميرات لحساب النطاقات إبلاغها للكشف عن الألغام وحساب وفرة الأسماك أكثر دقة.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:201px;">calibration cube</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">SeaGIS</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">http://www.seagis.com.au/hardware.html</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">1000x1000x500 mm is the preferred dimensions. Other methods of calibration are available.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:201px;">CAL calibration software</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">SeaGIS</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">http://www.seagis.com.au/bundle.html</td>
			<td style="width:204px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:201px;">EventMeasure stereo measurement software</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">SeaGIS</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">http://www.seagis.com.au/event.html</td>
			<td style="width:204px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:201px;">Statistical software</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">R Core Team 2017 (v. 3.4.0)</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Bootstrapping code can be found: https://github.com/rfields2017/JoVE-Bootstrap-Function</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:201px;">Spreadsheet Software</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Microsoft Excel</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td style="width:204px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:201px;">2&#160; waterproof cameras</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Deep Sea Power and Light</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td style="width:204px;">HD quality preferred</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:201px;">2 depth rated, waterproof lights</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Deep Sea Power and Light : 3000 lumen LED with 5000k color temperature</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td style="width:204px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:201px;">DVR recorder</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Stack LTD DVR</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:201px;">standard PC</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td>Windows 10 preferred OS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:201px;">rotating Lander platform</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Marine Applied Research and Engineering (MARE)</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of new methods for quantifying fish density using underwater stereo-video tools

استخدام نظم كاميرا فيديو في الدراسات البيئية للأسماك تواصل اكتساب قوة دافعة كوسيلة ناجعة وغير الاستخراجية أطوال الأسماك قياس وتقدير وفرة الأسماك. نحن وضعت ونفذت أداة كاميرا ستيريو-فيديو الدورية التي تغطي كامل 360 درجة لأخذ العينات، الذي يضاعف من جهد أخذ العينات مقارنة بأدوات الكاميرا ثابتة. الحصول على مجموعة متنوعة من دراسات مفصلة قدرة نظم ثابتة، وكاميرا ستيريو للحصول على قياسات دقيقة للغاية ودقيق السمك؛ وكان التركيز هنا على تطوير الأساليب المنهجية لقياس كثافة الأسماك باستخدام أنظمة الكاميرات الدورية. وكان النهج الأول هو وضع تعديل مقياس مازن، الذي عادة ما يكون عدد المحافظين من الحد الأدنى لعدد الأسماك لوحظ في دراسة استقصائية كاميرا معينة. علينا إعادة تعريف مازن أن يكون الحد الأقصى لعدد الأسماك التي لوحظت في أي تناوب معين لنظام الكاميرا. هذا الأسلوب لمازن أكثر دقة عندما يتم اتخاذ الاحتياطات لتجنب العد المزدوج، قد يعكس وفرة حقيقية من تلك التي تم الحصول عليها من كاميرا ثابتة. وثانيا، لأنه يسمح ستيريو-فيديو الأسماك ليتم تعيينها في الفضاء ثلاثي الأبعاد، يمكن الحصول على تقديرات دقيقة للمسافة من الكاميرا لكل الأسماك. باستخدام النسبة المئوية 95% من مسافة المشاهدة من الكاميرا إنشاء إبلاغها المناطق التي شملتها الدراسة الاستقصائية، يمكننا حساب الفروق في الكشف عن الألغام بين الأنواع مع تجنب إضعاف تقديرات الكثافة باستخدام المسافة القصوى الأنواع ولاحظ. المحاسبة لهذه الطائفة من الكشف ضروري لدقة تقدير وفرة الأسماك. هذه المنهجية سيسهل إدماج أدوات ستيريو-فيديو في العلوم التطبيقية وسياقات الإدارة بالتناوب.

بين 2013 و 2014، أجرينا استقصاءات 816 مع أندر ستيريو-فيديو الدورية (الشكل 1) على طول ساحل كاليفورنيا الوسطى والبيانات التي تم جمعها ماكسن و 95% Z المسافة (الشكل 4) على أكثر من 20 نوعا. وهناك أنماط واضحة في النطاق الفعال يمكن كشفها من الأنواع، ويرجح أن ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools at JoVE.com

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

يصف لنا طريقة جديدة لعد الأسماك، وتقدير الوفرة النسبية (مازن) وكثافة الأسماك باستخدام أنظمة ستيريو-فيديو الكاميرا بالتناوب. ونحن أيضا شرح كيفية استخدام المسافة من الكاميرا (Z المسافة) لتقدير قابلية إبلاغها.

استحداث أساليب جديدة لقياس كثافة الأسماك باستخدام أدوات ستيريو-فيديو تحت الماء

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

development-new-methods-for-quantifying-fish-density-using-underwater

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

9.2K Views.  Moss Landing Marine Laboratories. يصف لنا طريقة جديدة لعد الأسماك، وتقدير الوفرة النسبية (مازن) وكثافة الأسماك باستخدام أنظمة ستيريو-فيديو الكاميرا بالتناوب. ونحن أيضا شرح كيفية استخدام المسافة من الكاميرا (Z المسافة) لتقدير قابلية إبلاغها.

Video: Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses

Setaria viridis is an emerging model system for C4 grasses. It is closely related to the bioenergy feed stock switchgrass and the grain crop foxtail millet. Recently, the 510 Mb genome of foxtail millet, S. italica, has been sequenced 1,2 and a 25x coverage genome sequence of the weedy relative S. viridis is in progress. S. viridis has a number of characteristics that make it a potentially excellent model genetic system including a rapid generation time, small stature, simple growth requirements, prolific seed production 3 and developed systems for both transient and stable transformation 4. However, the genetics of S. viridis is largely unexplored, in part, due to the lack of detailed methods for performing crosses. To date, no standard protocol has been adopted that will permit rapid production of seeds from controlled crosses.
The protocol presented here is optimized for performing genetic crosses in S. viridis, accession A10.1. We have employed a simple heat treatment with warm water for emasculation after pruning the panicle to retain 20-30 florets and labeling of flowers to eliminate seeds resulting from newly developed flowers after emasculation. After testing a series of heat treatments at permissive temperatures and varying the duration of dipping, we have established an optimum temperature and time range of 48 &deg;C for 3-6 min. By using this method, a minimum of 15 crosses can be performed by a single worker per day and an average of 3-5 outcross progeny per panicle can be recovered. Therefore, an average of 45-75 outcross progeny can be produced by one person in a single day. Broad implementation of this technique will facilitate the development of recombinant inbred line populations of S. viridis X S. viridis or S. viridis X S. italica, mapping mutations through bulk segregant analysis and creating higher order mutants for genetic analysis.

Methods for Performing Crosses in Setaria viridis, a New Model System for the Grasses

We have developed a methodology for performing crosses in Setaria viridis (S. viridis). The method involves pruning the panicle prior to a hot water treatment to kill viable pollen. Crosses are performed following a well-controlled growth regime and typically result in the recovery of 1 to 7 cross-pollinated seed/s per panicle.

طرق لإجراء الصلبان في<em&gt; الهلبانة البلدي</em&gt;، نظام نموذج جديد للأعشاب

Setaria viridis is an emerging model system for C4 grasses. It is closely related to the bioenergy feed stock switchgrass and the grain crop foxtail ...

A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with the goal of examining the ecological functions of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. The result has been a progression of protocols that have increasingly refined the ecological relevance of the experimental approach. Here we present the most up-to-date version of a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay that enables investigators to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. Organic metabolites of all polarities are exhaustively extracted from the tissue of the target organism and reconstituted at natural concentrations in a nutritionally appropriate food matrix. Experimental food pellets are presented to a generalist predator in laboratory feeding assays to assess the antipredatory activity of the extract. The procedure described herein uses the bluehead, Thalassoma bifasciatum, to test the palatability of Caribbean marine invertebrates; however, the design may be readily adapted to other systems. Results obtained using this laboratory assay are an important prelude to field experiments that rely on the feeding responses of a full complement of potential predators. Additionally, this bioassay can be used to direct the isolation of feeding-deterrent metabolites through bioassay-guided fractionation. This feeding bioassay has advanced our understanding of the factors that control the distribution and abundance of marine invertebrates on Caribbean coral reefs and may inform investigations in diverse fields of inquiry, including pharmacology, biotechnology, and evolutionary ecology.

This bioassay employs a model predatory fish to assess the presence of feeding-deterrent metabolites from organic extracts of the tissues of marine organisms at natural concentrations using a nutritionally comparable food matrix.

مختبر الأحيائي تغذية الأسماك لتقييم آخر Antipredatory من المركبات الثانوية من الأنسجة من الكائنات البحرية

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

طرق اختزال التربة لرصد التغيرات في تركيزات الكيميائية للتربة الغابات

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes onto humans. For this reason, transferable pesticide residue experiments are required for registration and re-registration by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Although such experiments are required, limited specificity is required pertaining to experimental approach. Experimental approaches used to assess pesticide transfer to humans including hand wiping with cotton gloves, modified California roller (moving a roller of known mass over cotton cloth) and soccer ball roll (ball wrapped with sorbent strip) over three treated turfgrass species (creeping bentgrass, hybrid bermudagrass and tall fescue maintained at 0.4, 5 and 9 cm, respectively) are presented. The modified California roller is the most extensively utilized approach to date, and is best suited for use at low mowing heights due to its reproducibility and large sampling area. The soccer ball roll is a less aggressive transfer approach; however, it mimics a very common occurrence in the most popular international sport, and has many implications for nondietary pesticide exposure from hand-to-mouth contact. Additionally, this approach may be adjusted for other athletic activities with limited modification. Hand wiping is the best approach to transfer pesticides at higher mowing heights, as roller-based approaches can lay blades over; however, it is more subjective due to more variable sampling pressure. Utility of these methods across turfgrass species is presented, and additional considerations to conduct transferable pesticide residue research in turfgrass systems are discussed.

Transferable pesticide residue experiments in turfgrass systems are integral components of human risk exposure assessments. Experimental approaches to measure transferable residues should be adjusted to the human interaction of interest and turfgrass system dynamics. Three transferable pesticide residue protocols are presented and the suitability across three turfgrass systems is discussed.

بروتوكولات لقياس متبقيات المبيدات القابلة للتحويل في أنظمة المروج

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus

In order to address geological processes at great depths, rock deformation should ideally be tested at high pressure (&#62; 0.5 GPa) and high temperature (&#62; 300 &#176;C). However, because of the low stress resolution of current solid-pressure-medium apparatuses, high-resolution measurements are today restricted to low-pressure deformation experiments in the gas-pressure-medium apparatus. A new generation of solid-medium piston-cylinder (&#34;Griggs-type&#34;) apparatus is here described. Able to perform high-pressure deformation experiments up to 5 GPa and designed to adapt an internal load cell, such a new apparatus offers the potential to establish a technological basis for high-pressure rheology. This paper provides video-based detailed documentation of the procedure (using the &#34;conventional&#34; solid-salt assembly) to perform high-pressure, high-temperature experiments with the newly designed Griggs-type apparatus. A representative result of a Carrara marble sample deformed at 700 &#176;C, 1.5 GPa and 10-5 s-1 with the new press is also given. The related stress-time curve illustrates all steps of a Griggs-type experiment, from increasing pressure and temperature to sample quenching when deformation is stopped. Together with future developments, the critical steps and limitations of the Griggs apparatus are then discussed.

Rock deformation needs to be quantified at high pressure. A description of the procedure to perform deformation experiments in a newly designed solid-medium Griggs-type apparatus is here given. This provides technological basis for future rheological studies at pressures up to 5 GPa.

تجربة تشوه ذات الضغط العالي، وارتفاع درجة الحرارة باستخدام جهاز الجيل الجديد من نوع غريغز

In order to address geological processes at great depths, rock deformation should ideally be tested at high pressure (&#62; 0.5 GPa) and high temperature ...

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol for performing in situ juvenile exposure tests within oligotrophic river catchments over one-month and three-month periods. Two methods (in both modifications) are presented to evaluate the juvenile growth and survival rate. The methods and modifications differ in value for the locality bioindication and each has its benefits as well as limitations. The sandy cage method works with a large set of individuals, but only some of the individuals are measured and the results are evaluated in bulk. In the mesh cage method, the individuals are kept and measured separately, but a low individual number is evaluated. The open water exposure modification is relatively easy to apply; it shows the juvenile growth potential of sites and can also be effective for water toxicity testing. The within-bed exposure modification needs a high workload but is closer to the conditions of a natural juvenile environment and it is better for reporting the real suitability of localities. On the other hand, more replications are needed in this modification due to its high-hyporheic environment variability.

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

In situ bioindications enable determination of the suitability of an environment for endangered mussel species. We describe two methods based on the juvenile exposure of freshwater pearl mussels in cages to oligotrophic river habitats. Both methods are implemented in variants for open water and hyporheic water environments.

بيوينديكيشن اختبار لمدى ملاءمة البيئة تيار للشباب المياه العذبة بيرل بلح البحر باستخدام طرق التعرض في الموقع

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol ...

Necropsy-based Wild Fish Health Assessment

Anthropogenic influences from increased nutrients and chemical contaminants, to habitat alterations and climate change, can have significant effects on fish populations. Adverse effects monitoring, utilizing biomarkers from the organismal to the molecular level, can be used to assess the cumulative effects on fishes and other organisms. Fish health has been used worldwide as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health. The necropsy-based fish health assessment provides data on visible abnormalities and lesions, parasites, condition and organosomatic indices. These can be compared by site, season and sex, as well as temporally, to document change over time. Severity ratings can be assigned to various observations to calculate a fish health index for more quantitative assessment. A drawback of the necropsy-based assessment is that it is based on visual observations and condition factors, which are not as sensitive as tissue and subcellular biomarkers for sublethal effects. Additionally, it is rarely possible to identify causes or risk factors associated with observed abnormalities. So, for instance a raised lesion or "tumor" on the fins, lips or body surface may be a neoplasm. However, it could also be a response to a parasite, chronic inflammation or hyperplasia of normal cells in response to an irritant. Conversely, neoplasms, certain parasites, other infectious agents and many tissue changes are not visible and so may be underestimated. However, during the necropsy-based assessment, blood (plasma), tissues for histopathology (microscopic pathology), genomics and other molecular analyses, and otoliths for aging can be collected. These downstream analyses, together with geospatial analyses, habitat assessments, water quality and contaminant analyses can all be important in comprehensive ecosystem evaluations.

The health of wild fishes can be used as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health. Necropsy-based fish health assessments provide documentation of visible lesions or abnormalities, data used to calculate condition indices as well as the opportunity to collect tissues for microscopic evaluation, gene expression and other more in-depth analyses.

تقييم صحة الأسماك البرية المستندة إلى نيكروبسي

Anthropogenic influences from increased nutrients and chemical contaminants, to habitat alterations and climate change, can have significant effects on ...

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

This protocol introduces a new in vitro exposure system, capable of being worn, including its characterization and performance. Air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure systems are often large and bulky, making transport to the field and operation at the source of emission or within the breathing zone difficult. Through miniaturization of these systems, the lab can be brought to the field, expediting processing time and providing a more appropriate exposure method that does not alter the aerosol prior to contacting the cells. The Portable In vitro Exposure Cassette (PIVEC) adapts a 37 mm filter cassette to allow for in vitro toxicity testing outside of a traditional laboratory setting. The PIVEC was characterized using three sizes of copper nanoparticles to determine deposition efficiency based on gravimetric and particle number concentration analysis. Initial cytotoxicity experiments were performed with exposed lung cells to determine the ability of the system to deposit particles while maintaining cell viability. The PIVEC provides a similar or increased deposition efficiency when comparing to available perpendicular flow in vitro exposure devices. Despite the lower sample throughput, the small size gives some advantages to the current in vitro ALI exposure systems. These include the ability to be worn for personal monitoring, mobility from the laboratory to the source of emission, and the option to set-up multiple systems for spatial resolution while maintaining a lower user cost. The PIVEC is a system capable of collecting aerosols in the field and within the breathing zone onto an air-interfaced, in vitro model.

A New Portable In Vitro Exposure Cassette for Aerosol Sampling

Here, we present a protocol to perform portable cellular aerosol exposures and measure cellular response. The method uses cells, grown at the air-liquid interface, mimicking in vivo physiology. Cellular response to copper nanoparticle aerosols was observed as oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species generation and cytotoxicity as lactate dehydrogenase release.

جديدة محمولة في المختبر تعرض كاسيت لأخذ العينات الهباء الجوي

This protocol introduces a new in vitro exposure system, capable of being worn, including its characterization and performance. Air-liquid interface (ALI) ...

Combined Size and Density Fractionation of Soils for Investigations of Organo-Mineral Interactions

Combined size and density fractionation (CSDF) is a method used to physically separate soil into fractions differing in particle size and mineralogy. CSDF relies on sequential density separation and sedimentation steps to isolate (1) the free light fraction (uncomplexed organic matter), (2) the occluded light fraction (uncomplexed organic matter trapped in soil aggregates) and (3) a variable number of heavy fractions (soil minerals and their associated organic matter) differing in composition. Provided that the parameters of the CSDF (dispersion energy, density cut-offs, sedimentation time) are properly selected, the method yields heavy fractions of relatively homogeneous mineral composition. Each of these fractions is expected to have a different complexing ability towards organic matter, rendering this a useful method to isolate and study the nature of organo-mineral interactions. Combining density and particle size separation brings an improved resolution compared to simple size or density fractionation methods, allowing the separation of heavy components according to both mineralogy and size (related to surface area) criteria. As is the case for all physical fractionation methods, it may be considered as less disruptive or aggressive than chemically-based extraction methods. However, CSDF is a time-consuming method and furthermore, the quantity of material obtained in some fractions can be limiting for subsequent analysis. Following CSDF, the fractions may be analyzed for mineralogical composition, soil organic carbon concentration and organic matter chemistry. The method provides quantitative information about organic carbon distribution within a soil sample and brings light to the sorptive capacity of the different, naturally-occurring mineral phases, thus providing mechanistic information about the preferential nature of organo-mineral interactions in soils (i.e., which minerals, what type of organic matter).

Combined size and density fractionation (CSDF) is a method to physically separate soil into fractions differing in texture (particle size) and mineralogy (density). The purpose is to isolate fractions with different reactivities towards soil organic matter (SOM), in order to better understand organo-mineral interactions and SOM dynamics.

حجم المدمجة ووجود كثافة التربة للتحقيقات المتعلقة بالتفاعلات المعدنية Organo

Combined size and density fractionation (CSDF) is a method used to physically separate soil into fractions differing in particle size and mineralogy. CSDF ...

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density requires a method with high detection probability and a known sampling area. While most described methods provide a qualitative or semi-quantitative estimate adequate for describing species presence, richness, and diversity, few provide an adequately consistent detection probability and known or consistent sampling areas to provide an index or estimate with adequate precision to detect differences in abundance across environmental, spatial, or temporal variables. We describe how to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate and quantify them. As we demonstrate, this method can be used at a landscape scale to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods with adequate precision to test for and describe how spatial, temporal, environmental, and ecological variables influence arthropod richness and abundance. This method allowed us to detect differences in density, richness, and diversity of leaf-dwelling arthropods among 5 genera of trees commonly found in southeastern deciduous forests.

We describe how to quantify leaf dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate for quantification.

طريقه لقياس المفصليات المسكنة لأوراق الشجر

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density ...