وأيد هذا العمل "برنامج بحوث الجينوم المصنع" من "المؤسسة الوطنية للعلوم" (NSF--بجرب--دائرة الرقابة الداخلية--1339388).

1-نمو النباتات
<ol><li>زرع بذور فول الصويا 5-10 (ويليامز 82) في وعاء 13 سم في الدفيئة ظروف طويلة أيام (الخفيفة في 1,500 µmol m-2 s-116 ح) عند 25 درجة مئوية على مزيج التربة المخصصة لفول الصويا (1: نسبة 1:1 للتربة، البيرليت ونسف الرمال).</li>
</ol>2-إعداد بلازميد الحمض النووي
<ol><li>استخدام تلميح ماصة معقمة أو مسواك، اختيار مستعمرة واحدة أو الأسهم والغليسيرول المجمدة من كولاي يحمل بلازميد يحتوي على الجينات للفائدة وتطعيم أنه في 20 مل بيرتاني لوريا (رطل) المتوسطة السائل مع المضادات الحيوية المناسبة في قارورة 50 مل.</li>
	<li>احتضان قارورة على 37 درجة مئوية بين عشية وضحاها في شاكر. جمع البكتيريا سينتريفوجينج التعليق في 12,000 س ز في درجة حرارة الغرفة لمدة 5 دقائق وتجاهل المادة طافية. استخراج وتنقية بلازميد اتباع الإجراء الخاص بالشركة المصنعة لمجموعة الإعدادية بلازميد.</li>
</ol>3-جبلة مجردة العزلة
<ol><li>قص أوراق أونيفولياتي الموسعة حديثا من شتلة فول الصويا 10-اليوم القديم (الشكل 1). ملاحظة: اختيار الأوراق في مرحلة إنمائية مناسبة هو مفتاح النجاح لإعداد جبلة مجردة فول الصويا. فقط استخدام أوراق موسعة فقط في مراحل النمو المبكرة. كما يترك ناضجة، جدران الخلايا تصبح أكثر صعوبة لهضم.</li>
	<li>مع شفرة حلاقة جديدة، إزالة الضلع الأوسط من نبات أونيفولياتي وثم قص شرائط الرفات إلى 0.5-1 ملم. ملاحظة: سيعطي يترك أونيفولياتي اثنين يهضم في حل الإنزيم 10 مل بروتوبلاستس كافية لتحولات أكثر من 10.</li>
	<li>استخدام زوج من الملقط، نقل شرائط الورقة فورا لطف إلى 10 مل من محلول إنزيم الطازجة (الجدول 1) في أنبوب 15 مل. ارتشاح الفراغ شرائط الورقة لمدة 15 دقيقة في درجة حرارة الغرفة.</li>
	<li>احتضان الشرائط ليف في حل الإنزيم مع الانفعالات لطيف (40 لفة في الدقيقة) تحت ضوء منخفض ح 4-6 في درجة حرارة الغرفة. التأكد من أن الحل إنزيم يتحول الأصفر والأخضر كما يتم الإفراج عن بروتوبلاستس. تحقق من أن الحل إنزيم/بروتوبلاستس تحت المجهر (X10). ملاحظة: بروتوبلاستس المفرج عنهم كروية الشكل، في حين الخلايا عسر الهضم غير منتظمة أو بيضاوية الشكل.</li>
	<li>نقل 10 مل حل الإنزيم/جبلة مجردة في أنبوب 50 مل بصب بلطف وإضافة 10 مل من محلول W5 (الجدول 1) في درجة حرارة الغرفة لوقف عملية الهضم. عكس الأنبوب بلطف عدة مرات. صب بلطف الحل إنزيم/بروتوبلاستس على نايلون ميكرون 75 نظيفة وضعت على رأس أنبوب 50 مل لإزالة أنسجة نبات عسر الهضم.</li>
	<li>الطرد المركزي الحل من خلال تدفق إنزيم/بروتوبلاستس في 100 غرام x في أنبوب 50 مل لمدة 1-2 دقيقة في درجة حرارة الغرفة. إزالة المادة طافية باستخدام ماصة مصلية 10 مل دون إزعاج بيليه جبلة مجردة بلطف.</li>
	<li>ريسوسبيند بروتوبلاستس، وتمييع لتركيز من 2 × 105 مل-1 في حل W5 مبردة عند 4 درجة مئوية عن طريق العد عدد جبلة مجردة في هيماسيتوميتير تحت المجهر (x10). الحفاظ بروتوبلاستس على الجليد لمدة 30 دقيقة.</li>
	<li>الطرد المركزي من التعليق في 100 غ س ل 1-2 دقيقة في درجة حرارة الغرفة وإزالة بلطف الحل W5 باستخدام ماصة 1 مل دون إزعاج بيليه جبلة مجردة. ريسوسبيند بروتوبلاستس في الحل المعجل (الجدول 1) بتركيز 2 × 105 مل-1 في درجة حرارة الغرفة.</li>
</ol>4-جبلة مجردة التحول
<ol><li>جعل 100 ميليلتر مختبرين من بروتوبلاستس (2 × 104 بروتوبلاستس في 2 × 105 مل-1) في أنابيب ميكروسينتريفوجي التصاق منخفضة 1.5 مل استخدام تقطيعه 200 ميليلتر ماصة النصائح. وضع واحد قاسمة جانبا لتكون بمثابة مراقبة سلبية. إضافة 10 ميليلتر من بلازميد (10-20 ميكروغرام) إلى كل من قاسمة بقية من بروتوبلاستس.</li>
	<li>إضافة ببطء ميليلتر 110 الطازجة شماعة الحل (الجدول 1) على الجدار الداخلي للأنبوب ميكروسينتريفوجي 1.5 مل، وثم برفق عكس وتدوير الأنبوبة حتى يصبح الحل متجانسة.</li>
	<li>احتضان هذا الخليط التحول في درجة حرارة الغرفة لمدة 15 دقيقة.</li>
	<li>للتوقف عن التحويل وإضافة 400 ميليلتر من حل W5 ببطء إلى أنبوب 1.5 مل عند درجة حرارة الغرفة وعكس الأنبوب بلطف حتى يصبح الحل متجانسة. الطرد المركزي الأنبوب في 100 غرام لمدة 1-2 دقيقة في درجة حرارة الغرفة وتجاهل المادة طافية باستخدام ماصة.</li>
	<li>أضف 1 مل من محلول أي (الجدول 1) إلى الأنبوبة وريسوسبيند بلطف بيبيتينج 1-2 مرات. أضف 1 مل مصل العجل العقيمة (المجلد/المجلد) 5% في كل بئر من صفيحة زراعة الأنسجة 6-جيدا معطف السطح والحيلولة دون بروتوبلاستس من الالتصاق باللوحة.</li>
	<li>وبعد بضع ثوان، تجاهل مصل العجل باستخدام ماصة. نقل بروتوبلاستس ريسوسبينديد في بئر من لوحة الثقافة. وتغطي اللوحة مع غطاء.</li>
</ol>5-جبلة مجردة الاحتضان والحصاد
<ol><li>احتضان بروتوبلاستس في درجة حرارة الغرفة لمدة 1-2 يوما في الظلام. ملاحظة: لقد وجدنا أن حضانة يومين غلة أقوى إشارة بروتين فلورسنت بشكل عام بالمقارنة مع الاحتضان يوما واحداً، وأن إشارة البروتينات الفلورية قد تستمر لمدة تصل إلى 3-4 أيام.</li>
	<li>نقل الحل جبلة مجردة إلى أنبوب ميكروسينتريفوجي التصاق منخفضة 1.5 مل. الطرد المركزي الأنبوب في 100 غ س ل 1-2 دقيقة في درجة حرارة الغرفة لحصاد بروتوبلاستس. إزالة المادة طافية باستخدام ماصة ونقل 10 ميليلتر بروتوبلاستس إلى شريحة زجاج.</li>
	<li>مراقبة الإشارات الفلورسنت تحت الأسفار أو مجهرية [كنفوكل]. استخدام بروتوبلاستس عدم تحويلها كمراقبة سلبية (ينبغي أن تراعي أي إشارة).</li>
</ol>

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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+an+efficient+multipurpose+bean+pod+mottle+virus+viral+vector+set+for+foreign+gene+expression+and+RNA+silencing.">The development of an efficient multipurpose bean pod mottle virus viral vector set for foreign gene expression and RNA silencing.</a> Plant Physiol. 153 (1), 52-65 (2010).</li><li>Lin, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+mesophyll+protoplasts+from+mature+leaves+of+soybeans.">Isolation of mesophyll protoplasts from mature leaves of soybeans.</a> Plant Physiol. 73 (4), 1067-1069 (1983).</li><li>Yi, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single-repeat+MYB+transcription+factor,+GmMYB176,+regulates+CHS8+gene+expression+and+affects+isoflavonoid+biosynthesis+in+soybean.">A single-repeat MYB transcription factor, GmMYB176, regulates CHS8 gene expression and affects isoflavonoid biosynthesis in soybean.</a> Plant J. 62 (6), 1019-1034 (2010).</li><li>Faria, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+NAC+domain-containing+protein,+GmNAC6,+is+a+downstream+component+of+the+ER+stress-and+osmotic+stress-induced+NRP-mediated+cell-death+signaling+pathway.">The NAC domain-containing protein, GmNAC6, is a downstream component of the ER stress-and osmotic stress-induced NRP-mediated cell-death signaling pathway.</a> BMC Plant Biol. 11 (1), 129 (2011).</li><li>Kidokoro, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soybean+DREB1/CBF-type+transcription+factors+function+in+heat+and+drought+as+well+as+cold+stress-responsive+gene+expression.">Soybean DREB1/CBF-type transcription factors function in heat and drought as well as cold stress-responsive gene expression.</a> Plant J. 81 (3), 505-518 (2015).</li><li>Sun, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+mutagenesis+in+soybean+using+the+CRISPR-Cas9+system.">Targeted mutagenesis in soybean using the CRISPR-Cas9 system.</a> Sci Rep-UK. 5, 10342 (2015).</li><li>Karimi, M., Inz&#233;, D., Depicker, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GATEWAY&#8482;+vectors+for+Agrobacterium-mediated+plant+transformation.">GATEWAY&#8482; vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation.</a> Trends Plant Sci. 7 (5), 193-195 (2002).</li><li>Xia, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positional+cloning+and+characterization+reveal+the+molecular+basis+for+soybean+maturity+locus+E1+that+regulates+photoperiodic+flowering.">Positional cloning and characterization reveal the molecular basis for soybean maturity locus E1 that regulates photoperiodic flowering.</a> P. Natl. A. Sci. USA. 109 (32), E2155-E2164 (2012).</li></ol>

الكتاب يعلن أن لديهم لا تضارب المصالح المالية.

هذا البروتوكول لعزل بروتوبلاستس فول الصويا والتطبيق لدراسات التعبير عابر قد تم اختبارها بدقة، ويعمل بشكل جيد للغاية في المختبر. الإجراءات بسيطة وسهلة، وتتطلب معدات عادية وأقل تكلفة. لدينا بروتوكول ينتج كميات كبيرة من بروتوبلاستس موحدة وعالية الجودة بالمقارنة مع أساليب سبق الإبلاغ عنها<...

بروتوبلاستس هي الخلايا النباتية التي تحتوي على جدران الخلايا إزالة. كما يحتفظون بمعظم الميزات وأنشطة الخلايا النباتية، بروتوبلاستس هي نظام نموذجا جيدا لمراقبة وتقييم الأحداث الخلوية المتنوعة، وهي أدوات قيمة لدراسة تهجين جسمية1 ومصنع التجدد2. بروتوبلاستس على نطاق واسع أيضا استخدمت محطة التحول3،،من45، نظراً لجدران الخلايا إلا تعرقل مرور الحمض النووي في الخلية. بروتوبلاستس تمتلك بعض الاستجابات الفسيولوجية والعمليات الخلوية للنباتات سليمة، ومن ثم تقديم قيمة أساسية في البحوث الأساسية لدراسة البروتين سوبسيلولار التعريب6،،من78، يعيش البروتين-بروتين تفاعلات9،10، ومروج النشاط11،،من1213 في الخلايا.
عزل محطة بروتوبلاستس أبلغ أولاً في عام 196014 وقد وضعت بروتوكولات للعزلة والتحول من بروتوبلاستس ومحسن. إجراءات موحدة لعزل جبلة مجردة ينطوي على قطع أوراق الشجر والهضم الأنزيمي لجدران الخلية، متبوعاً بالفصل بين بروتوبلاستس المفرج عنهم من الحطام الأنسجة غير هضمها. وتشمل استراتيجيات التحول انهانسر15،16،17،microinjection18، والمستندة إلى البولي إثيلين غليكول (شماعة)4،5،19 أساليب. وأبلغ مجموعة واسعة من الأنواع الناجحة لعزل جبلة مجردة، بما في ذلك الحمضيات20وكرنب21، الباذنجانية22 و23،أسر أخرى من نباتات الزينة24. بينما يتم استخدام أنواع الأنسجة المتنوعة في مختلف الأنواع، نظام التعبير عابر في نبات mesophyll جبلة مجردة (تيمب) المعزولة من أوراق النبات نموذج التمويل نبات كانت راسخة25 واعتمدت على نطاق واسع لتطبيقات متنوعة.
فول الصويا (ماكس جليكاين (L.) Merr.) واحد من أهم البروتين ومحاصيل النفط26. وخلافا نبات الأرز، والحصول على نباتات فول الصويا المعدلة وراثيا المعروف أن صعبة بل ومنخفضة الكفاءة. Tumefaciens المتبعة-قد استخدم تسلل وساطة شعبيا لدراسات التعبير الجيني عابر في خلايا البشرة في27 من التبغ وشتلة في نبات،من2829، في حين وقد استخدمت رهيزوجينيس المتبعة لتحول جذور شعر في30من فول الصويا. استخدمت دوونريجوليشن31،الجينات المستهدفة32 وعابرة التعبير33 نهج إسكات الجينات الناجمة عن الفيروس بطريقة منهجية. بروتوبلاستس توفر بديلاً قيماً وتنوعاً لهذه النهج. ويمكن الحصول على مواد سطحي لفول الصويا بروتوبلاستس والسماح بالتعبير التحوير سريعة ومتزامنة. ومع ذلك، عزل بروتوبلاستس فول الصويا في عام 198334الناجحة الأولى، هناك منذ التقارير المحدودة على تطبيق بروتوبلاستس في فول الصويا35،،من3637، 38، أساسا بسبب المحاصيل منخفضة نسبيا من فول الصويا بروتوبلاستس.
هنا، يمكننا وصف بروتوكول بسيط وفعال للعزلة من فول الصويا بروتوبلاستس وتطبيقه لدراسات التعبير الجيني عابر. استخدام أوراق أونيفولياتي الشباب من بذور فول الصويا، كنا قادرين على الحصول على كميات كبيرة من بروتوبلاستس الحيوية في غضون ساعات قليلة. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، نحن الأمثل طريقة تحول الكالسيوم توسطت شماعة بسيطة ومنخفضة التكلفة إيصال الحمض النووي في بروتوبلاستس فول الصويا بكفاءة عالية.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="723">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">MES</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Sigma Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M8250-100G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cellulase CELF</td>
			<td>Worthington Biological Corporation</td>
			<td>LS002611</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pectolyase Y-23</td>
			<td>BioWorld</td>
			<td>9033-35-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CELLULASE &#34;ONOZUKA&#34; R-10</td>
			<td>yakult</td>
			<td>10g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MACEROZYME R-10</td>
			<td>yakult</td>
			<td>10g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mannitol</td>
			<td>ICN Biomedicals&#160;</td>
			<td>152540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>C79-500g&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BSA</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>R3535S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DTT</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>D5545-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>S7653-1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KCl</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>P217-500g&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>M8266-100g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PEG4000</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>81240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">nylon mesh</td>
			<td>carolina</td>
			<td>652222N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Tissue Culture Plates&#160;</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>CC7682-7506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Razor Blades</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>12-640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">hemacytometer</td>
			<td>hausserscientific</td>
			<td>1483</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>27104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">EZNA plasmid miniprep kit</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Omega</td>
			<td>D6942-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">GeneJET Plasmid Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>K0502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Centrifuge 5810</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5811000827</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Centrifuge 5424</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">eppendorf</td>
			<td>22620401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Jencons Powerpette Plus Pipet Controller</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Jencons</td>
			<td>14526-202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:25px;width:256px;">Zeiss 710 Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:256px;">Nonstick, RNase-free Microfuge Tubes, 1.5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM12450</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">15 mL Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Denville</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C1018-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">50 mL Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Denville</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C1060-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Newborn Calf Serum</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16010159</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Soil</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Ingram&#39;s Nursery</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">perlite</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Vigoro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100521091</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Torpedo Sand</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">JKS Ventures</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">LB Broth, Lennox (Powder)</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP1427-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple method for isolation of soybean protoplasts and application to transient gene expression analyses

فول الصويا (ماكس جليكاين (لام) مير.) هو أنواع محاصيل هامة، وأصبحت نموذجا البقول للدراسات الخاصة بالمسارات الجينية والبيوكيميائية. ولذلك، من المهم إقامة نظام تعبير الجيني عابر فعالة في فول الصويا. هنا، نحن تقرير بروتوكول بسيط لإعداد بروتوبلاستس فول الصويا وتطبيقه للتحليلات الفنية عابرة. ووجدنا أن يترك أونيفولياتي الشباب من بذور فول الصويا أدى إلى كميات كبيرة من بروتوبلاستس عالية الجودة. عن طريق تحسين أسلوب تحويل الكالسيوم توسطت شماعة، حققنا التحول عالية الكفاءة باستخدام فول الصويا أونيفولياتي بروتوبلاستس. هذا النظام يوفر نموذج كفاءة وتنوعاً للنظر في آليات تنظيمية والإشارات المعقدة في الخلايا الحية من فول الصويا، وقد تساعد على تحسين فهم العمليات الخلوية والتنموية والفسيولوجية المتنوعة من البقوليات.

تم اختبار أجهزة مختلفة من فول الصويا 10-يوم قديمة لإعداد جبلة مجردة (الشكل 1)، ولوحظت غلة تحت المجهر (الشكل 2). كان لا يكاد يهضم جدران الخلايا من hypocotyl وابيكوتيل، وبقيت بعض الخلايا المتصلة ببعضها البعض (الشكل 2، ج 2). وف?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses at JoVE.com

A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses

قمنا بتطوير بروتوكول بسيطة وفعالة لإعداد كميات كبيرة من فول الصويا بروتوبلاستس لدراسة آليات تنظيمية والإشارات المعقدة في الخلايا الحية.

طريقة بسيطة لعزل بروتوبلاستس فول الصويا وتطبيق لتحليل التعبير الجيني عابر

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop species and has become a legume model for the studies of genetic and biochemical pathways. ...

a-simple-method-for-isolation-soybean-protoplasts-application-to

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Biology

24.4K Views.  California State University, Northridge. قمنا بتطوير بروتوكول بسيطة وفعالة لإعداد كميات كبيرة من فول الصويا بروتوبلاستس لدراسة آليات تنظيمية والإشارات المعقدة في الخلايا الحية.

Video: A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

التحضير لزراعة الخلايا المكونة للدم الابتدائية من نخاع عظام الفئران لElectroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

RNA Isolation from Embryonic Zebrafish and cDNA Synthesis for Gene Expression Analysis

Many important and complex laboratory procedures require an input of high quality, intact RNA.  A degraded sample or the presence of impurities can lead to disastrous results in downstream experimental applications.  It is therefore, of utmost importance to use solid techniques with numerous safeguards and quality control checks to ensure a superior sample.  Herein, we detail a protocol to isolate total RNA from whole zebrafish embryos using a commercially available chemical denaturant and subsequent cleanup to remove traces of DNA and impurities using a commercial RNA isolation kit. As RNA is relatively unstable and easily prone to cleavage by RNAses, most protocols assay gene expression using a cDNA product that is directly synthesized from an RNA template. We detail a procedure to convert RNA into the more stable cDNA product using a commercially available kit. Throughout these procedures there are numerous quality control checks to ensure that the sample is not degraded or contaminated.  The end product of these protocols is cDNA that is suitable for microarray analysis, RT-PCR or long-term storage.    

The isolation of high quality, intact RNA is an essential step in many laboratory protocols. Here, we demonstrate RNA extraction from whole zebrafish embryos and cDNA synthesis for subsequent application in various experimental procedures including gene expression microarray analysis.

عزل الحمض النووي الريبي من الجنينية التجميعي واسماك الزرد [كدنا] لتحليل الجينات

Many important and complex laboratory procedures require an input of high quality, intact RNA.  A degraded sample or the presence of impurities can lead ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

باستخدام الجينات Electroporation MXcell بولسير النظام لTransfect الخلايا الأولية ذات الكفاءة العالية

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, into close spatial proximity 2-6. Deciphering the relationship between chromosome organization and genome activity will aid in understanding genomic processes, like transcription and replication. However, little is known about how chromosomes fold. Microscopy is unable to distinguish large numbers of loci simultaneously or at high resolution. To date, the detection of chromosomal interactions using chromosome conformation capture (3C) and its subsequent adaptations required the choice of a set of target loci, making genome-wide studies impossible 7-10.
We developed Hi-C, an extension of 3C that is capable of identifying long range interactions in an unbiased, genome-wide fashion. In Hi-C, cells are fixed with formaldehyde, causing interacting loci to be bound to one another by means of covalent DNA-protein cross-links. When the DNA is subsequently fragmented with a restriction enzyme, these loci remain linked. A biotinylated residue is incorporated as the 5' overhangs are filled in. Next, blunt-end ligation is performed under dilute conditions that favor ligation events between cross-linked DNA fragments. This results in a genome-wide library of ligation products, corresponding to pairs of fragments that were originally in close proximity to each other in the nucleus. Each ligation product is marked with biotin at the site of the junction. The library is sheared, and the junctions are pulled-down with streptavidin beads. The purified junctions can subsequently be analyzed using a high-throughput sequencer, resulting in a catalog of interacting fragments.
Direct analysis of the resulting contact matrix reveals numerous features of genomic organization, such as the presence of chromosome territories and the preferential association of small gene-rich chromosomes. Correlation analysis can be applied to the contact matrix, demonstrating that the human genome is segregated into two compartments: a less densely packed compartment containing open, accessible, and active chromatin and a more dense compartment containing closed, inaccessible, and inactive chromatin regions. Finally, ensemble analysis of the contact matrix, coupled with theoretical derivations and computational simulations, revealed that at the megabase scale Hi-C reveals features consistent with a fractal globule conformation.

The Hi-C method allows unbiased, genome-wide identification of chromatin interactions (1). Hi-C couples proximity ligation and massively parallel sequencing. The resulting data can be used to study genomic architecture at multiple scales: initial results identified features such as chromosome territories, segregation of open and closed chromatin, and chromatin structure at the megabase scale.

مرحبا - C : طريقة لدراسة الهندسة المعمارية ثلاثي الأبعاد للخريطة جينوم.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, ...

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

باستخدام خلية مكافحة الآلي لتبسيط دراسات التعبير الجيني : ضربة قاضية سيرنا من IL - 4 التعبير الجيني في الخلايا التابعة Namalwa

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of muscle specification, formation and function in model systems has provided valuable insight into muscle physiology. Therefore, identifying and characterizing molecular mechanisms that underlie muscle damage is critical. The structure of adult Drosophila multi-fiber muscles resemble vertebrate striated muscles 1 and the genetic tractability of Drosophila has made it a great system to analyze dystrophic muscle morphology and characterize the processes affecting muscular function in ageing adult flies 2. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. These preparations allow for the tissue to be stained with classical histological stains and labeled with protein detecting dyes, and specifically cryosections are ideal for immunohistochemical detection of proteins in intact muscles. This allows for analysis of muscle tissue structure, identification of morphological defects, and detection of the expression pattern for muscle/neuron-specific proteins in Drosophila adult muscles. These techniques can also be slightly modified for sectioning of other body parts.

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

Identification of mechanisms underlying muscle damage is crucial. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. This allows analysis of muscle morphology and localization of protein and other muscle cell components.

البارافين ، جزءا لا يتجزأ من والمجمدة أقسام ذبابة الفاكهة</emالعضلات الكبار>

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

إعادة إعماره في المختبر من أحدث T. castaneum تيلوميراز

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

The rate of translational elongation is non-uniform. mRNA secondary structure, codon usage and mRNA associated proteins may alter ribosome movement on the messagefor review see 1. However, it's now widely accepted that synonymous codon usage is the primary cause of non-uniform translational elongation rates1. Synonymous codons are not used with identical frequency. A bias exists in the use of synonymous codons with some codons used more frequently than others2. Codon bias is organism as well as tissue specific2,3. Moreover, frequency of codon usage is directly proportional to the concentrations of cognate tRNAs4. Thus, a frequently used codon will have higher multitude of corresponding tRNAs, which further implies that a frequent codon will be translated faster than an infrequent one. Thus, regions on mRNA enriched in rare codons (potential pause sites) will as a rule slow down ribosome movement on the message and cause accumulation of nascent peptides of the respective sizes5-8. These pause sites can have functional impact on the protein expression, mRNA stability and protein foldingfor review see 9. Indeed, it was shown that alleviation of such pause sites can alter ribosome movement on mRNA and subsequently may affect the efficiency of co-translational (in vivo) protein folding1,7,10,11. To understand the process of protein folding in vivo, in the cell, that is ultimately coupled to the process of protein synthesis it is essential to gain comprehensive insights into the impact of codon usage/tRNA content on the movement of ribosomes along mRNA during translational elongation.
Here we describe a simple technique that can be used to locate major translation pause sites for a given mRNA translated in various cell-free systems6-8. This procedure is based on isolation of nascent polypeptides accumulating on ribosomes during in vitro translation of a target mRNA. The rationale is that at low-frequency codons, the increase in the residence time of the ribosomes results in increased amounts of nascent peptides of the corresponding sizes. In vitro transcribed mRNA is used for in vitro translational reactions in the presence of radioactively labeled amino acids to allow the detection of the nascent chains. In order to isolate ribosome bound nascent polypeptide complexes the translation reaction is layered on top of 30% glycerol solution followed by centrifugation. Nascent polypeptides in polysomal pellet are further treated with ribonuclease A and resolved by SDS PAGE. This technique can be potentially used for any protein and allows analysis of ribosome movement along mRNA and the detection of the major pause sites. Additionally, this protocol can be adapted to study factors and conditions that can alter ribosome movement and thus potentially can also alter the function/conformation of the protein.

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

A technique to identify translational pause sites on mRNA is described. This procedure is based on isolation of nascent polypeptides accumulating on ribosomes during in vitro translation of a target mRNA, followed by the size analysis of the nascent chains using a denaturing gel electrophoresis.

عزلة البروتينية ريبوسوم الوليدة منضم<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; لتحديد المواقع وقفة بالحركة على طول مرنا

The rate of translational elongation is non-uniform. mRNA secondary structure, codon usage and mRNA associated proteins may alter ribosome movement on the ...

Analysis of Global RNA Synthesis at the Single Cell Level following Hypoxia

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a particular transcriptional program in order to mount an appropriate and coordinated cellular response. The cell possesses several oxygen sensor enzymes that require molecular oxygen as cofactor for their activity. These range from prolyl-hydroxylases to histone demethylases. The majority of studies analyzing cellular responses to hypoxia are based on cellular populations and average studies, and as such single cell analysis of hypoxic cells are seldom performed. Here we describe a method of analysis of global RNA synthesis at the single cell level in hypoxia by using Click-iT RNA imaging kits in an oxygen controlled workstation, followed by microscopy analysis and quantification.&nbsp; Using cancer cells exposed to hypoxia for different lengths of time, RNA is labeled and measured in each cell. This analysis allows the visualization of temporal and cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis following hypoxic stress.

We describe a technique for analysis of global RNA synthesis in hypoxia using imaging. Click-chemistry labeling of RNA has not previously been performed under hypoxia and allows visualization of global RNA changes at the single cell level. This approach complements the existing averaged RNA techniques, allowing direct visualization of cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis.

تحليل الحمض النووي الريبي العالمي التجميعي على مستوى خلية واحدة نقص الأكسجة التالي

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a ...

Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice

Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past years, hydrodynamic gene delivery (HGD) has emerged as a simple, fast, safe and effective method for delivering transgenes into rodents. This technique relies on the force generated by the rapid injection of a large volume of physiological solution to increase the permeability of cell membranes of perfused organs and thus deliver DNA into cells. One of the main advantages of HGD is the ability to introduce transgenes into mammalian cells using naked plasmid DNA (pDNA). Introducing an exogenous gene using a plasmid is minimally laborious, highly efficient and, contrary to viral carriers, remarkably safe. HGD was initially used to deliver genes into mice, it is now used to deliver a wide range of substances, including oligonucleotides, artificial chromosomes, RNA, proteins and small molecules into mice, rats and, to a limited degree, other animals. This protocol describes HGD in mice and focuses on three key aspects of the method that are critical to performing the procedure successfully: correct insertion of the needle into the vein, the volume of injection and the speed of delivery. Examples are given to show the application of this method to the transient expression of two genes that encode secreted, primate-specific proteins, apolipoprotein L-I (APOL-I) and haptoglobin-related protein (HPR).

In vivo transfection of naked DNA by hydrodynamic gene delivery introduces genes into the tissue of an animal with minimal inflammatory response. Sufficient amounts of gene product are generated such that gene function and regulation as well as protein structure and function can be analyzed.

التعبير عابرة من البروتينات عن طريق هيدرودينامي الجينات في الفئران التسليم

Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past ...