עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי צמח הגנום תוכנית מחקר של הקרן הלאומית למדע (NSF-PGRP-IOS-1339388).

1. הגידול של הצמחים
<ol><li>לזרוע זרעי סויה 5-10 (82 וויליאמס) בתוך סיר 13 ס מ בחממה בתנאים היום (16 h אור 1,500 µmol m s-2 -1) 25 ° c-תערובת אדמה מותאם אישית עבור סויה (1:1:1 יחס של חול אדמה, פרליט, טורפדו).</li>
</ol>2. הכנת פלסמיד דנ א
<ol><li>באמצעות פיפטה סטרילי עצה או קיסם, בחר שמושבה בודדת או גליצרול קפואים מלאי של e. coli נושאת את פלסמיד המכיל את הגן עניין, לחסן אותו 20 מ"ל לוריא-Bertani (LB) בינוני נוזלי באנטיביוטיקה המתאימה בבקבוקון 50 מ.</li>
	<li>דגירה. הבקבוק ב- 37 מעלות צלזיוס למשך הלילה על מטרף. לאסוף את החיידקים על ידי צריך שתוציאו את המתלים ב g x 12,000 בטמפרטורת החדר במשך 5 דקות ומחיקת את תגובת שיקוע. תמצית ולטהר את פלסמיד הליך של היצרן של ערכת ההכנה פלסמיד.</li>
</ol>3. פרוטופלאסט בידוד
<ol><li>חותכים את העלים unifoliate שהורחבו זה מכבר מן סויה 10 - בן יום שתילים (איור 1). הערה: מבחר עלים בשלב ההתפתחותי המתאים הוא המפתח להצלחת להכנה פרוטופלאסט סויה. השתמש רק עלים רק מורחב בשלבים התפתחותיים מוקדם. עלים בוגרים, קירות התא להיות קשה יותר לעיכול.</li>
	<li>עם סכין גילוח טריים, הסר את midrib עלה unifoliate ולאחר מכן לחתוך השאריות לתוך 0.5-1 מ מ רצועות. הערה: שני עלים unifoliate מתעכל 10 מ ל תמיסת האנזים ייתן protoplasts מספיק להמרות יותר מ-10.</li>
	<li>העלה באמצעות זוג מלקחיים, העברת רצועות מיידית ובעדינות לתוך 10 מ"ל של אנזים הטרי פתרון (טבלה 1) צינור 15 מ"ל. לחדור ואקום העלה רצועות למשך 15 דקות בטמפרטורת החדר.</li>
	<li>דגירה את רצועות עלה בהפתרון האנזים עם עצבנות עדין (40 סל ד) תחת אור נמוכה עבור 4-6 שעות בטמפרטורת החדר. ודא כי הפתרון האנזים הופך צהוב, ירוק כמו protoplasts משתחררים. בדוק את הפתרון אנזים/protoplasts תחת המיקרוסקופ (X10). הערה: protoplasts שפורסמו הם כדורי בצורת, בעוד תאי מעוכל בצורה לא סדירה או אליפסה.</li>
	<li>להעביר את 10 מ ל אנזים/פרוטופלאסט פתרון בשפופרת 50 מ על ידי לשפוך בעדינות ולהוסיף 10 מ"ל של W5 פתרון (טבלה 1) בטמפרטורת החדר כדי לעצור את העיכול. בעדינות היפוך הצינור כמה פעמים. יוצקים בעדינות את הפתרון אנזים/protoplasts על רשת ניילון נקייה 75 מיקרומטר להציב על גבי צינור 50 מ ל להסיר רקמות עלים מעוכל.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge הפתרון זרימה דרך האנזים/protoplasts ב g x 100 לשפופרת 50 מ ל 1-2 דקות בטמפרטורת החדר. הסר בעדינות את תגובת שיקוע באמצעות פיפטה סרולוגית 10 מ ל מבלי להפריע בגדר פרוטופלאסט.</li>
	<li>Resuspend את protoplasts ו לדלל את ריכוז של 2 x 105 מ ל-1 בפתרון W5 צוננת ב 4 ° C על ידי ספירת מספר פרוטופלאסט hemacytometer תחת המיקרוסקופ (x10). שמור את protoplasts על קרח למשך 30 דקות.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge את המתלים ב g x 100 למשך 1-2 דקות בטמפרטורת החדר ולהסיר בעדינות את הפתרון W5 באמצעות פיפטה 1 מ"ל מבלי להפריע בגדר פרוטופלאסט. Resuspend את protoplasts בתמיסה MMG (טבלה 1)-ריכוז של 2 x 105 מ ל-1 בטמפרטורת החדר.</li>
</ol>4. פרוטופלאסט טרנספורמציה
<ol><li>להפוך 100 aliquots µL של protoplasts (protoplasts4 עונה 2 פרק 10-2 x 105 מ ל-1) 1.5 מ ל נמוכה אדהזיה microcentrifuge צינורות באמצעות טיפים פיפטה µL 200 נימולים. לשים אחד aliquot הצידה כדי לשמש בקרה שלילית. להוסיף 10 µL של פלסמיד (10-20 µg) לתוך כל אחד aliquot יתר של protoplasts.</li>
	<li>לאט לאט להוסיף µL 110 של פג הטרי פתרון (טבלה 1) על הקיר הפנימי של הצינור microcentrifuge 1.5 mL, ואז בעדינות היפוך, סובב את הצינורית עד הפתרון הופכת הומוגנית.</li>
	<li>דגירה התערובת שינוי בטמפרטורת החדר למשך 15 דקות.</li>
	<li>כדי לעצור את השינוי, לאט להוסיף 400 µL של פתרון W5 הצינור 1.5 mL בטמפרטורת החדר, היפוך בעדינות את הצינורית עד הפתרון הופך הומוגנית. Centrifuge את הצינור ב- 100 גרם עבור 1-2 דקות בטמפרטורת החדר וזורקים את תגובת שיקוע באמצעות פיפטה.</li>
	<li>להוסיף 1 מ"ל של פתרון אינטרנט (טבלה 1) הצינור, resuspend על ידי בעדינות pipetting 1 - 2 פעמים. להוסיף 1 מ"ל של נסיוב עגל סטרילי (vol/כרך) 5% כל טוב של צלחת תרביות רקמה 6-ובכן מעיל השטח ולמנוע את protoplasts מפני לצלחת.</li>
	<li>לאחר מספר שניות, למחוק את הנסיוב עגל באמצעות פיפטה. להעביר את protoplasts resuspended לבאר של צלחת תרבות. מכסים את הצלחת עם מכסה.</li>
</ol>5. פרוטופלאסט הדגירה והקציר
<ol><li>תקופת דגירה של protoplasts בטמפרטורת החדר של 1-2 ימים בחושך. הערה: מצאנו כי שני ימי דגירה התשואות באופן כללי לעומת יום אחד הדגירה האות החזק של חלבון פלואורסצנטי, כי האות חלבון פלואורסצנטי עשוי להימשך עד 3-4 ימים.</li>
	<li>להעביר את הפתרון פרוטופלאסט צינור microcentrifuge 1.5 mL אדהזיה נמוכה. Centrifuge את הצינור ב g x 100 למשך 1-2 דקות בטמפרטורת החדר למסוק protoplasts. הסר את תגובת שיקוע באמצעות פיפטה ולהעביר protoplasts 10 µL על זכוכית.</li>
	<li>להתבונן אות ניאון תחת זריחה או מיקרוסקופיה קונפוקלית. להשתמש protoplasts הפך ללא שליטה שלילי (אין אות להתייחס).</li>
</ol>

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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+and+spatial+Bean+pod+mottle+virus-induced+gene+silencing+in+soybean.">Temporal and spatial Bean pod mottle virus-induced gene silencing in soybean.</a> Mol. Plant Pathol. 13 (9), 1140-1148 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, C., Bradshaw, J. D., Whitham, S. A., Hill, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+an+efficient+multipurpose+bean+pod+mottle+virus+viral+vector+set+for+foreign+gene+expression+and+RNA+silencing.">The development of an efficient multipurpose bean pod mottle virus viral vector set for foreign gene expression and RNA silencing.</a> Plant Physiol. 153 (1), 52-65 (2010).</li><li>Lin, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+mesophyll+protoplasts+from+mature+leaves+of+soybeans.">Isolation of mesophyll protoplasts from mature leaves of soybeans.</a> Plant Physiol. 73 (4), 1067-1069 (1983).</li><li>Yi, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single-repeat+MYB+transcription+factor,+GmMYB176,+regulates+CHS8+gene+expression+and+affects+isoflavonoid+biosynthesis+in+soybean.">A single-repeat MYB transcription factor, GmMYB176, regulates CHS8 gene expression and affects isoflavonoid biosynthesis in soybean.</a> Plant J. 62 (6), 1019-1034 (2010).</li><li>Faria, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+NAC+domain-containing+protein,+GmNAC6,+is+a+downstream+component+of+the+ER+stress-and+osmotic+stress-induced+NRP-mediated+cell-death+signaling+pathway.">The NAC domain-containing protein, GmNAC6, is a downstream component of the ER stress-and osmotic stress-induced NRP-mediated cell-death signaling pathway.</a> BMC Plant Biol. 11 (1), 129 (2011).</li><li>Kidokoro, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soybean+DREB1/CBF-type+transcription+factors+function+in+heat+and+drought+as+well+as+cold+stress-responsive+gene+expression.">Soybean DREB1/CBF-type transcription factors function in heat and drought as well as cold stress-responsive gene expression.</a> Plant J. 81 (3), 505-518 (2015).</li><li>Sun, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+mutagenesis+in+soybean+using+the+CRISPR-Cas9+system.">Targeted mutagenesis in soybean using the CRISPR-Cas9 system.</a> Sci Rep-UK. 5, 10342 (2015).</li><li>Karimi, M., Inz&#233;, D., Depicker, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GATEWAY&#8482;+vectors+for+Agrobacterium-mediated+plant+transformation.">GATEWAY&#8482; vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation.</a> Trends Plant Sci. 7 (5), 193-195 (2002).</li><li>Xia, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positional+cloning+and+characterization+reveal+the+molecular+basis+for+soybean+maturity+locus+E1+that+regulates+photoperiodic+flowering.">Positional cloning and characterization reveal the molecular basis for soybean maturity locus E1 that regulates photoperiodic flowering.</a> P. Natl. A. Sci. USA. 109 (32), E2155-E2164 (2012).</li></ol>

המחברים מצהירים כי יש להם אינטרסים כלכליים אין מתחרים.

פרוטוקול זה עבור בידודו של סויה protoplasts לבין היישום ללימודים ביטוי ארעית נבדק ביסודיות, עובד טוב מאוד במעבדה שלנו. ההליכים הם פשוט וקל, דורשת ציוד רגיל, עלות מינימלית. פרוטוקול שלנו מניב כמויות גדולות של protoplasts איכותי אחיד לעומת שיטות שדווחה בעבר34,35,<sup cl...

Protoplasts הם תאי הצמח יש קירות התא הוסר. ככל שישמרו על רוב תכונות ופעילויות של תאי צמחים, protoplasts הם מערכת מודל טוב להתבונן ולהעריך מגוון אירועים הסלולר, הם כלי רב ערך מחקר סומאטית hybridisation1 ולשתול התחדשות2. Protoplasts כבר נעזרו גם נרחב צמח טרנספורמציה3,4,5, שכן קירות התא אחרת לחסום את המעבר של ה-DNA בתא. Protoplasts מחזיקים חלק התגובות הפיזיולוגיות, תהליכים תאיים של צמחים שלמים, ולכן מציע ערך יסוד במחקר בסיסי ללמוד חלבון subcellular לוקליזציה6,7,8, 9,אינטראקציות חלבון-חלבון10ויזם פעילות11,12,13 חיים תאים.
בידודו של צמח protoplasts דווחה לראשונה בשנת 196014 , הפרוטוקולים עבור בידוד והן טרנספורמציה של protoplasts יש פותחה, אופטימיזציה. תהליך סטנדרטי של בידוד פרוטופלאסט כרוך החיתוך של עלים עיכול אנזימטי של קירות התא, ולאחריה הפרדת protoplasts המשוחררים פסולת רקמות שאינו מתעכל. אסטרטגיות שינוי כולל אלקטרופורציה15,16,17,microinjection18ושיטות מבוסס-פוליאתילן גליקול (PEG)4,5,19 . מגוון רחב של מינים דווחו מוצלחת פרוטופלאסט בידוד, כולל הדרים20, כרוב21, סולניים22 ו23,משפחות אחרות צמח נוי24. בעוד סוגי רקמות מגוונות משמשים במינים שונים, מערכת של ביטוי ארעי תודרנית פרוטופלאסט mesophyll (TEAMP) מבודד מן העלים של צמח מודל תודרנית לבנה כבר וותיקה25 אומץ באופן נרחב ליישומים מגוונים.
סויה (מקסימום גליצין (ל') עליזה משחק.) הוא אחד של חלבון חשוב ביותר, שמן גידולי26. בניגוד תודרנית , אורז, קבלת הצמחים הטרנסגניים סויה ידועה להיות קשה למדי ויעילות הנמוכה. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-חדירה בתיווך העממי שימש במשך הלימודים ביטוי גנים ארעי התאים באפידרמיס טבק27 שתילים תודרנית28,29, ואילו Agrobacterium rhizogenes שימש במשך טרנספורמציה של שורשים שעירים סויה30. גישות שתיקה הנוצרות על-ידי וירוס הגן כבר נעזרו downregulation של היעד גנים31,32 ו ארעי ביטוי33 באופן מערכתי. Protoplasts לספק אלטרנטיבה יקר ופסיביות הגישות האלה. Protoplasts ניתן להשיג חומרים מעל פני הקרקע של סויה ומאפשרים ביטוי transgene מהירה ומסונכרן. עם זאת, הבידוד מוצלח הראשונית של סויה protoplasts בשנת 198334, מאז דוחות מוגבלת על היישום של protoplasts ב סויה35,36,37, 38, בעיקר בשל תפוקה נמוכה יחסית של סויה protoplasts.
כאן, אנו מתארים פרוטוקול פשוט ויעיל עבור בידוד של סויה protoplasts ויישומו ללימודי ביטוי גנים ארעית. באמצעות צעיר עוזב unifoliate של סויה שתילים, הצלחנו להשיג כמויות גדולות של protoplasts חיוני תוך מספר שעות. בנוסף, אנו יש אופטימיזציה שיטה טרנספורמציה פג סידן-בתיווך פשוט וניתן בעלות נמוכה כדי לספק את ה-DNA לתוך protoplasts סויה עם יעילות גבוהה.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="723">
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">MES</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Sigma Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M8250-100G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cellulase CELF</td>
			<td>Worthington Biological Corporation</td>
			<td>LS002611</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pectolyase Y-23</td>
			<td>BioWorld</td>
			<td>9033-35-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CELLULASE &#34;ONOZUKA&#34; R-10</td>
			<td>yakult</td>
			<td>10g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MACEROZYME R-10</td>
			<td>yakult</td>
			<td>10g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mannitol</td>
			<td>ICN Biomedicals&#160;</td>
			<td>152540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>C79-500g&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BSA</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>R3535S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DTT</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>D5545-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>S7653-1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KCl</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>P217-500g&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>M8266-100g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PEG4000</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>81240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">nylon mesh</td>
			<td>carolina</td>
			<td>652222N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Tissue Culture Plates&#160;</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>CC7682-7506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Razor Blades</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>12-640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">hemacytometer</td>
			<td>hausserscientific</td>
			<td>1483</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>27104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">EZNA plasmid miniprep kit</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Omega</td>
			<td>D6942-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">GeneJET Plasmid Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>K0502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Centrifuge 5810</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5811000827</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Centrifuge 5424</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">eppendorf</td>
			<td>22620401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Jencons Powerpette Plus Pipet Controller</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Jencons</td>
			<td>14526-202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:25px;width:256px;">Zeiss 710 Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:256px;">Nonstick, RNase-free Microfuge Tubes, 1.5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM12450</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">15 mL Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Denville</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C1018-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">50 mL Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Denville</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C1060-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Newborn Calf Serum</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16010159</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Soil</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Ingram&#39;s Nursery</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">perlite</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Vigoro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100521091</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">Torpedo Sand</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">JKS Ventures</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:256px;">LB Broth, Lennox (Powder)</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP1427-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple method for isolation of soybean protoplasts and application to transient gene expression analyses

סויה (מקסימום גליצין (ל') עליזה משחק.) הוא מין חשוב חיתוך, הפך למודל קטניות המחקרים של מסלולים גנטי וביוכימי. לכן, חשוב להקים מערכת ביטוי גנים ארעי יעיל סויה. כאן, אנו מדווחים פרוטוקול פשוט להכנת protoplasts סויה ויישומו עבור ניתוחים פונקציונליים ארעית. מצאנו כי צעיר עוזב unifoliate של סויה שתילים, גרמו כמויות גדולות של protoplasts באיכות גבוהה. על-ידי מיטוב שיטה פג סידן-בתיווך טרנספורמציה, השגנו יעילות המרה גבוהה באמצעות protoplasts unifoliate סויה. מערכת זו מספקת מודל רב תכליתי ויעיל לבדיקה של מנגנונים מורכבים איתות ולניהולו בתאים חיים סויה, עזרה טוב יותר להבין תהליכים מגוונים הסלולר, התפתחותית, פיזיולוגיים של קטניות.

איברים שונים של פולי סויה 10 - בן יום נבדקו עבור פרוטופלאסט הכנה (איור 1), התשואות נצפו תחת המיקרוסקופ (איור 2). קירות התא hypocotyl, epicotyl היו בקושי מתעכל, ונשאר כמה תאים המחוברים אחד לשני (איור 2B, 2 ג). Cotyledon (דמות 2D...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses at JoVE.com

A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses

פיתחנו פרוטוקול פשוט ויעיל עבור הכנת כמויות גדולות של סויה protoplasts ללמוד מנגנוני איתות ולניהולו מורכבים בתאים חיים.

שיטה פשוטה עבור בידוד של סויה Protoplasts, ליישום ניתוחים ביטוי גנים ארעית

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop species and has become a legume model for the studies of genetic and biochemical pathways. ...

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24.4K Views.  California State University, Northridge. פיתחנו פרוטוקול פשוט ויעיל עבור הכנת כמויות גדולות של סויה protoplasts ללמוד מנגנוני איתות ולניהולו מורכבים בתאים חיים.

Video: A Simple Method for Isolation of Soybean Protoplasts and Application to Transient Gene Expression Analyses

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

הכנת ראשי בתרביות תאים hematopoietic ממח העצם Murine עבור electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

RNA Isolation from Embryonic Zebrafish and cDNA Synthesis for Gene Expression Analysis

Many important and complex laboratory procedures require an input of high quality, intact RNA.  A degraded sample or the presence of impurities can lead to disastrous results in downstream experimental applications.  It is therefore, of utmost importance to use solid techniques with numerous safeguards and quality control checks to ensure a superior sample.  Herein, we detail a protocol to isolate total RNA from whole zebrafish embryos using a commercially available chemical denaturant and subsequent cleanup to remove traces of DNA and impurities using a commercial RNA isolation kit. As RNA is relatively unstable and easily prone to cleavage by RNAses, most protocols assay gene expression using a cDNA product that is directly synthesized from an RNA template. We detail a procedure to convert RNA into the more stable cDNA product using a commercially available kit. Throughout these procedures there are numerous quality control checks to ensure that the sample is not degraded or contaminated.  The end product of these protocols is cDNA that is suitable for microarray analysis, RT-PCR or long-term storage.    

The isolation of high quality, intact RNA is an essential step in many laboratory protocols. Here, we demonstrate RNA extraction from whole zebrafish embryos and cDNA synthesis for subsequent application in various experimental procedures including gene expression microarray analysis.

RNA סינתזה ניתוק מן דג הזברה cDNA עובריים עבור ניתוח ביטוי גנים

Many important and complex laboratory procedures require an input of high quality, intact RNA.  A degraded sample or the presence of impurities can lead ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

שימוש ג&#39;ין Pulser מערכת MXcell electroporation כדי Transfect תאים ראשוניים עם יעילות גבוהה

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, into close spatial proximity 2-6. Deciphering the relationship between chromosome organization and genome activity will aid in understanding genomic processes, like transcription and replication. However, little is known about how chromosomes fold. Microscopy is unable to distinguish large numbers of loci simultaneously or at high resolution. To date, the detection of chromosomal interactions using chromosome conformation capture (3C) and its subsequent adaptations required the choice of a set of target loci, making genome-wide studies impossible 7-10.
We developed Hi-C, an extension of 3C that is capable of identifying long range interactions in an unbiased, genome-wide fashion. In Hi-C, cells are fixed with formaldehyde, causing interacting loci to be bound to one another by means of covalent DNA-protein cross-links. When the DNA is subsequently fragmented with a restriction enzyme, these loci remain linked. A biotinylated residue is incorporated as the 5' overhangs are filled in. Next, blunt-end ligation is performed under dilute conditions that favor ligation events between cross-linked DNA fragments. This results in a genome-wide library of ligation products, corresponding to pairs of fragments that were originally in close proximity to each other in the nucleus. Each ligation product is marked with biotin at the site of the junction. The library is sheared, and the junctions are pulled-down with streptavidin beads. The purified junctions can subsequently be analyzed using a high-throughput sequencer, resulting in a catalog of interacting fragments.
Direct analysis of the resulting contact matrix reveals numerous features of genomic organization, such as the presence of chromosome territories and the preferential association of small gene-rich chromosomes. Correlation analysis can be applied to the contact matrix, demonstrating that the human genome is segregated into two compartments: a less densely packed compartment containing open, accessible, and active chromatin and a more dense compartment containing closed, inaccessible, and inactive chromatin regions. Finally, ensemble analysis of the contact matrix, coupled with theoretical derivations and computational simulations, revealed that at the megabase scale Hi-C reveals features consistent with a fractal globule conformation.

The Hi-C method allows unbiased, genome-wide identification of chromatin interactions (1). Hi-C couples proximity ligation and massively parallel sequencing. The resulting data can be used to study genomic architecture at multiple scales: initial results identified features such as chromosome territories, segregation of open and closed chromatin, and chromatin structure at the megabase scale.

Hi-C: שיטה לחקר ארכיטקטורה תלת ממדי של הגנום.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, ...

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

שימוש מונה תא אוטומטי כדי לפשט את הביטוי מחקרים ג&#39;ין: siRNA מציאה הביטוי IL 4-Gene תלויים תאים Namalwa

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of muscle specification, formation and function in model systems has provided valuable insight into muscle physiology. Therefore, identifying and characterizing molecular mechanisms that underlie muscle damage is critical. The structure of adult Drosophila multi-fiber muscles resemble vertebrate striated muscles 1 and the genetic tractability of Drosophila has made it a great system to analyze dystrophic muscle morphology and characterize the processes affecting muscular function in ageing adult flies 2. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. These preparations allow for the tissue to be stained with classical histological stains and labeled with protein detecting dyes, and specifically cryosections are ideal for immunohistochemical detection of proteins in intact muscles. This allows for analysis of muscle tissue structure, identification of morphological defects, and detection of the expression pattern for muscle/neuron-specific proteins in Drosophila adult muscles. These techniques can also be slightly modified for sectioning of other body parts.

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

Identification of mechanisms underlying muscle damage is crucial. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. This allows analysis of muscle morphology and localization of protein and other muscle cell components.

מדורים פרפין-Embedded קפואים של תסיסנית סקס שרירים

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

ב הכינון במבחנה של ט פעילים castaneum שהטלומרז

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

The rate of translational elongation is non-uniform. mRNA secondary structure, codon usage and mRNA associated proteins may alter ribosome movement on the messagefor review see 1. However, it's now widely accepted that synonymous codon usage is the primary cause of non-uniform translational elongation rates1. Synonymous codons are not used with identical frequency. A bias exists in the use of synonymous codons with some codons used more frequently than others2. Codon bias is organism as well as tissue specific2,3. Moreover, frequency of codon usage is directly proportional to the concentrations of cognate tRNAs4. Thus, a frequently used codon will have higher multitude of corresponding tRNAs, which further implies that a frequent codon will be translated faster than an infrequent one. Thus, regions on mRNA enriched in rare codons (potential pause sites) will as a rule slow down ribosome movement on the message and cause accumulation of nascent peptides of the respective sizes5-8. These pause sites can have functional impact on the protein expression, mRNA stability and protein foldingfor review see 9. Indeed, it was shown that alleviation of such pause sites can alter ribosome movement on mRNA and subsequently may affect the efficiency of co-translational (in vivo) protein folding1,7,10,11. To understand the process of protein folding in vivo, in the cell, that is ultimately coupled to the process of protein synthesis it is essential to gain comprehensive insights into the impact of codon usage/tRNA content on the movement of ribosomes along mRNA during translational elongation.
Here we describe a simple technique that can be used to locate major translation pause sites for a given mRNA translated in various cell-free systems6-8. This procedure is based on isolation of nascent polypeptides accumulating on ribosomes during in vitro translation of a target mRNA. The rationale is that at low-frequency codons, the increase in the residence time of the ribosomes results in increased amounts of nascent peptides of the corresponding sizes. In vitro transcribed mRNA is used for in vitro translational reactions in the presence of radioactively labeled amino acids to allow the detection of the nascent chains. In order to isolate ribosome bound nascent polypeptide complexes the translation reaction is layered on top of 30% glycerol solution followed by centrifugation. Nascent polypeptides in polysomal pellet are further treated with ribonuclease A and resolved by SDS PAGE. This technique can be potentially used for any protein and allows analysis of ribosome movement along mRNA and the detection of the major pause sites. Additionally, this protocol can be adapted to study factors and conditions that can alter ribosome movement and thus potentially can also alter the function/conformation of the protein.

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

A technique to identify translational pause sites on mRNA is described. This procedure is based on isolation of nascent polypeptides accumulating on ribosomes during in vitro translation of a target mRNA, followed by the size analysis of the nascent chains using a denaturing gel electrophoresis.

הבידוד של הריבוזום פוליפפטידים המתהווה כרוכים<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; כדי לזהות אתרים השהה של תרגום לאורך ה-mRNA

The rate of translational elongation is non-uniform. mRNA secondary structure, codon usage and mRNA associated proteins may alter ribosome movement on the ...

Analysis of Global RNA Synthesis at the Single Cell Level following Hypoxia

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a particular transcriptional program in order to mount an appropriate and coordinated cellular response. The cell possesses several oxygen sensor enzymes that require molecular oxygen as cofactor for their activity. These range from prolyl-hydroxylases to histone demethylases. The majority of studies analyzing cellular responses to hypoxia are based on cellular populations and average studies, and as such single cell analysis of hypoxic cells are seldom performed. Here we describe a method of analysis of global RNA synthesis at the single cell level in hypoxia by using Click-iT RNA imaging kits in an oxygen controlled workstation, followed by microscopy analysis and quantification.&nbsp; Using cancer cells exposed to hypoxia for different lengths of time, RNA is labeled and measured in each cell. This analysis allows the visualization of temporal and cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis following hypoxic stress.

We describe a technique for analysis of global RNA synthesis in hypoxia using imaging. Click-chemistry labeling of RNA has not previously been performed under hypoxia and allows visualization of global RNA changes at the single cell level. This approach complements the existing averaged RNA techniques, allowing direct visualization of cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis.

ניתוח של גלובל RNA סינתזה ברמת התא בודד הבאות היפוקסיה

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a ...

Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice

Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past years, hydrodynamic gene delivery (HGD) has emerged as a simple, fast, safe and effective method for delivering transgenes into rodents. This technique relies on the force generated by the rapid injection of a large volume of physiological solution to increase the permeability of cell membranes of perfused organs and thus deliver DNA into cells. One of the main advantages of HGD is the ability to introduce transgenes into mammalian cells using naked plasmid DNA (pDNA). Introducing an exogenous gene using a plasmid is minimally laborious, highly efficient and, contrary to viral carriers, remarkably safe. HGD was initially used to deliver genes into mice, it is now used to deliver a wide range of substances, including oligonucleotides, artificial chromosomes, RNA, proteins and small molecules into mice, rats and, to a limited degree, other animals. This protocol describes HGD in mice and focuses on three key aspects of the method that are critical to performing the procedure successfully: correct insertion of the needle into the vein, the volume of injection and the speed of delivery. Examples are given to show the application of this method to the transient expression of two genes that encode secreted, primate-specific proteins, apolipoprotein L-I (APOL-I) and haptoglobin-related protein (HPR).

In vivo transfection of naked DNA by hydrodynamic gene delivery introduces genes into the tissue of an animal with minimal inflammatory response. Sufficient amounts of gene product are generated such that gene function and regulation as well as protein structure and function can be analyzed.

ביטוי חולף של חלבונים על ידי הידרודינמית ג&#39;ין משלוח בעכברים

Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past ...