preparing-injecting-embryos-culex-mosquitoes-to-generate-null

Preparing and Injecting Embryos of <em>Culex</em> Mosquitoes to Generate Null Mutations using CRISPR/Cas9

Culex mosquitoes are the major vectors of several diseases that negatively impact human and animal health including West Nile virus and diseases caused by ...

University of Maryland

Technical advances in mosquito biology are enabling the development of new approaches to vector control. Absent are powerful forward-genetics technologies, such as enhancer and gene traps, that permit determination of gene functions from the phenotypes arising from transposon insertion mutations. We show that the piggyBac transposon is highly active in the germline of the human malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. Up to 6% of the progeny from transgenic A. stephensi containing a single 6-kb piggyBac element with a marker gene expressing EGFP had the vector in new genomic locations when piggyBac transposase was provided in trans from a second integrated transgene. The active transposition of piggyBac resulted in the efficient detection of enhancers, with ~10% of the progeny with piggyBac in new locations with novel patterns of EGFP expression in third and fourth instar larvae and in adults. The availability of advanced transgenic capabilities such as efficient transposon-based forward-genetics technologies for Anopheles mosquitoes not only will accelerate our understanding of mosquito functional genomics and the development of novel vector and disease transmission control strategies, but also will enable studies by evolutionary developmental biologists, virologists, and parasitologists.

piggyBac transposon remobilization and enhancer detection in Anopheles mosquitoes.

Transposon-based forward and reverse genetic technologies will contribute greatly to ongoing efforts to study mosquito functional genomics. A piggyBac transposon-based enhancer-trap system was developed that functions efficiently in the human malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. The system consists of six transgenic lines of Anopheles stephensi, each with a single piggyBac-Gal4 element in a unique genomic location; six lines with a single piggyBac-UAStdTomato element; and two lines, each with a single Minos element containing the piggyBac-transposase gene under the regulatory control of the hsp70 promoter from Drosophila melanogaster. Enhancer detection depended upon the efficient remobilization of piggyBac-Gal4 transposons, which contain the yeast transcription factor gene Gal4 under the regulatory control of a basal promoter. Gal4 expression was detected through the expression of the fluorescent protein gene tdTomato under the regulatory control of a promoter with Gal4-binding UAS elements. From five genetic screens for larval- and adult-specific enhancers, 314 progeny were recovered from 24,250 total progeny (1.3%) with unique patterns of tdTomato expression arising from the influence of an enhancer. The frequency of piggyBac remobilization and enhancer detection was 2.5- to 3-fold higher in female germ lines compared with male germ lines. A small collection of enhancer-trap lines are described in which Gal4 expression occurred in adult female salivary glands, midgut, and fat body, either singly or in combination. These three tissues play critical roles during the infection of Anopheles stephensi by malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites. This system and the lines generated using it will be valuable resources to ongoing mosquito functional genomics efforts.

Gal4-based enhancer-trapping in the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi.

As the fat body is a critical tissue for mosquito development, metamorphosis, immune and reproductive system function, the characterization of regulatory modules targeting gene expression to the female mosquito fat body at distinct life stages is much needed for multiple, varied strategies for controlling vector-borne diseases such as dengue and malaria. The hexameric storage protein, Hexamerin-1.2, of the mosquito Aedes atropalpus is female-specific and uniquely expressed in the fat body of fourth instar larvae and young adults. We have identified in the Hex-1.2 gene, a short regulatory module that directs female-, tissue-, and stage-specific lacZ reporter gene expression using a heterologous promoter in transgenic lines of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. Male transgenic larvae and pupae of one line expressed no Escherichia coli β-galactosidase or transgene product; in two other lines reporter gene activity was highly female-biased. All transgenic lines expressed the reporter only in the fat body; however, lacZ mRNA levels were no different in males and females at any stage examined, suggesting that the gene regulatory module drives female-specific expression by post-transcriptional regulation in the heterologous mosquito. This regulatory element from the Hex-1.2 gene thus provides a new molecular tool for transgenic mosquito control as well as functional genetic analysis in aedine mosquitoes.

Targeting gene expression to the female larval fat body of transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

Saglin, a 100 kDa protein composed of two 50 kDa homodimers, is present in the salivary glands of Anopheles gambiae and has been considered an essential receptor for sporozoites (SPZ) of Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), allowing SPZ to recognize, bind to, and infect mosquito salivary glands. Spatial and temporal patterns of Saglin expression reported here, however, suggest that this model does not fully describe the Saglin-SPZ interaction.

Article	Year
piggyBac transposon remobilization and enhancer detection in Anopheles mosquitoes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\| PubMed ID: 21930941	2011
Gal4-based enhancer-trapping in the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi. G3 (Bethesda, Md.)\| PubMed ID: 23173082	2012
Targeting gene expression to the female larval fat body of transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Insect molecular biology\| PubMed ID: 23241066	2013
Is Saglin a mosquito salivary gland receptor for Plasmodium falciparum? Malaria journal\| PubMed ID: 30602380	2019

Robert Harrell

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