visualizing-early-infection-sites-rice-blast-disease-magnaporthe

Visualizing Early Infection Sites of Rice Blast Disease (<em>Magnaporthe oryzae</em>) on Barley (<em>Hordeum vulgare)</em> Using a Basic Microscope and a Smartphone

Understanding how plants and pathogens interact, and whether that interaction culminates in defense or disease, is required to develop stronger and more ...

University of Delaware

Rice blast is the most threatening disease to cultivated rice. Magnaporthe oryzae, its causal agent, is likely to encounter environmental challenges during invasive growth in its host plants that require shifts in gene expression to establish a compatible interaction. Here, we tested the hypothesis that gene expression patterns during in planta invasive growth are similar to in vitro stress conditions, such as nutrient limitation, temperature up shift and oxidative stress, and determined which condition most closely mimicked that of in planta invasive growth. Gene expression data were collected from these in vitro experiments and compared to fungal gene expression during the invasive growth phase at 72 hours post-inoculation in compatible interactions on two grass hosts, rice and barley.

Transcriptome profiling of the rice blast fungus during invasive plant infection and in vitro stresses.

&#x5728;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x75C5;&#x539F;&#x4EA4;&#x4E92;&#x8FC7;&#x7A0B;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x88C5;&#x8F7D;&#x591A;&#x79CD;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x9632;&#x5FA1;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x963B;&#x6B62;&#x75C5;&#x83CC;&#x6216;&#x6539;&#x5584;&#x75BE;&#x75C5;&#x7684;&#x91CF;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x91CA;&#x653E;&#x7684;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x6C27; (ROS) &#x653B;&#x51FB;&#x75C5;&#x83CC;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x53CA;&#x5F62;&#x6210;&#x7684;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x58C1;&#x4EE5; (CWAs) &#x4EE5;&#x7269;&#x7406;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x963B;&#x6B62;&#x75C5;&#x539F;&#x4F53;&#x6E17;&#x900F;&#x3002;&#x6210;&#x529F;&#x7684;&#x75C5;&#x539F;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x4F1A;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1; ROS &#x89E3;&#x6BD2;&#x673A;&#x5236;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x5E94;&#x4ED8;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x8352;&#x51C9;&#x7684;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x62A5;&#x544A;&#x4E2D;&#x7A3B;&#x761F;&#x75C5;&#x83CC;&#xFF0C;&#x6C34;&#x7A3B;&#x7A3B;&#xFF0C;&#x53D7;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x79F0;&#x4E3A; MoHYR1 &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x5019;&#x9009;&#x673A;&#x5236;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x57FA;&#x56E0; (MGG_07460) &#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x7F16;&#x7801;&#x8C37;&#x80F1;&#x7518;&#x80BD;&#x8FC7;&#x6C27;&#x5316;&#x7269;&#x9176; &#xFF08;GSHPx&#xFF09; &#x57DF;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x5728;&#x9175;&#x6BCD;&#x53CA;&#x5176;&#x540C;&#x7CFB;&#x7269;&#x636E;&#x62A5;&#x9053;&#xFF0C;&#x7279;&#x522B;&#x662F;&#x89E3;&#x6BD2;&#x78F7;&#x8102;&#x8FC7;&#x6C27;&#x5316;&#x7269;&#x3002;&#x6765;&#x63CF;&#x8FF0;&#x6B64; M.&#x6C34;&#x7A3B;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x5220;&#x9664; mutant&Delta;hyr1 &#x5176;&#x4E2D;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#x751F;&#x957F;&#x7684;&#x6291;&#x5236;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x4E0E;&#x8FC7;&#x6C27;&#x5316;&#x6C22; (H&#x2082;O&#x2082;) &#x7684;&#x6570;&#x91CF;&#x589E;&#x52A0;&#x3002;&#x6B64;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x89C2;&#x5BDF;&#x5230;&#x771F;&#x83CC;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7A81;&#x53D8;&#x4E86;&#x51CF;&#x5C11;&#x7684;&#x80FD;&#x591F;&#x5BB9;&#x5FCD; ROS &#x751F;&#x6210;&#x7684;&#x6613;&#x611F;&#x7684;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#xFF0C;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x6C27;&#x4E0E; CWAs &#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x3002;&#x6700;&#x7EC8;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x5BFC;&#x81F4;&#x5927;&#x9EA6;&#x548C;&#x6C34;&#x7A3B;&#x7684;&#x5927;&#x5927;&#x8F83;&#x5C0F;&#x75C5;&#x53D8;&#x5927;&#x5C0F;&#x3002;&#x4E3A;&#x4E86;&#x786E;&#x5B9A;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x4E0E;&#x5176;&#x4ED6; (ROS) M.&#x6C34;&#x7A3B;&#x6E05;&#x7406;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x4EA4;&#x4E92;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x5341;&#x4E2A;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7684;&#x7A81;&#x53D8;&#x4E0E;&#x91CE;&#x751F;&#x578B;&#x4E0E; H&#x2082;O&#x2082; &#x7684;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x6C34;&#x5E73;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x8868;&#x660E; HYR1 &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x662F;&#x5341;&#x5206;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x5141;&#x8BB8;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x771F;&#x83CC;&#x80FD;&#x5BB9;&#x5FCD; H&#x2082;O&#x2082; &#x4F53;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;&#x8DB3;&#x5E95;&#x548C;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x771F;&#x83CC;&#x7684;&#x6BD2;&#x529B;&#x3002;

&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x5145;&#x5206;&#x7A3B;&#x761F;&#x75C5;&#x83CC;&#x6BD2;&#x529B;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x6C27;&#x4ECB;&#x5BFC; HYR1 &#x89E3;&#x6BD2;&#x3002;

During plant-pathogen interactions, the plant may mount several types of defense responses to either block the pathogen completely or ameliorate the amount of disease. Such responses include release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to attack the pathogen, as well as formation of cell wall appositions (CWAs) to physically block pathogen penetration. A successful pathogen will likely have its own ROS detoxification mechanisms to cope with this inhospitable environment. Here, we report one such candidate mechanism in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, governed by a gene we refer to as MoHYR1. This gene (MGG_07460) encodes a glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) domain, and its homologue in yeast was reported to specifically detoxify phospholipid peroxides. To characterize this gene in M. oryzae, we generated a deletion mutantÎ”hyr1 which showed growth inhibition with increased amounts of hydrogen peroxide (Hâ‚‚Oâ‚‚). Moreover, we observed that the fungal mutants had a decreased ability to tolerate ROS generated by a susceptible plant, including ROS found associated with CWAs. Ultimately, this resulted in significantly smaller lesion sizes on both barley and rice. In order to determine how this gene interacts with other (ROS) scavenging-related genes in M. oryzae, we compared expression levels of ten genes in mutant versus wild type with and without Hâ‚‚Oâ‚‚. Our results indicated that the HYR1 gene was important for allowing the fungus to tolerate Hâ‚‚Oâ‚‚ in vitro and in planta and that this ability was directly related to fungal virulence.

HYR1-mediated detoxification of reactive oxygen species is required for full virulence in the rice blast fungus.

Au cours des interactions plante-pathog&egrave;ne, la plante peut monter plusieurs types de r&eacute;actions de d&eacute;fense &agrave; bloquer le pathog&egrave;ne compl&egrave;tement ou am&eacute;liorer le montant de la maladie. De telles r&eacute;actions comprennent les rejets des esp&egrave;ces r&eacute;actives de l&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne (ROS) pour attaquer les agents pathog&egrave;nes, ainsi que de la formation de la paroi cellulaire d&#39;apposition (AWR) pour bloquer physiquement la p&eacute;n&eacute;tration du pathog&egrave;ne. Un pathog&egrave;ne succ&egrave;s auront probablement ses propres m&eacute;canismes de d&eacute;toxification de ROS pour faire face &agrave; cet environnement hostile. Nous rapportons ici un de ces m&eacute;canismes de candidat dans le champignon de souffle de riz, Magnaporthe oryzae, gouvern&eacute; par un g&egrave;ne, que nous appelons MoHYR1. Ce g&egrave;ne (MGG_07460) encode un domaine de glutathion peroxydase (GSHPx), et son homologue chez la levure a &eacute;t&eacute; signal&eacute;e &agrave; d&eacute;toxifier sp&eacute;cifiquement les peroxydes de phospholipides. Pour caract&eacute;riser ce g&egrave;ne chez M. oryzae, nous avons g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute; un mutant&Delta;hyr1 de suppression qui a montr&eacute; une inhibition de la croissance avec des quantit&eacute;s accrues d&#39;eau oxyg&eacute;n&eacute;e (H&#x2082;O&#x2082;). En outre, nous avons observ&eacute; que les mutants fongiques ont une diminution de la capacit&eacute; &agrave; tol&eacute;rer les ROS g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute;es par une plante sensible, y compris ROS trouv&eacute; associ&eacute; &agrave; AWR. En fin de compte, cela a entra&icirc;n&eacute; beaucoup de plus petites tailles de l&eacute;sion sur l&#39;orge et le riz. Afin de d&eacute;terminer l&#39;interaction entre ce g&egrave;ne et d&#39;autres g&egrave;nes li&eacute;s au nettoyage de (ROS) &agrave; M. oryzae, nous avons compar&eacute; les niveaux d&#39;expression de dix g&egrave;nes mutant contre type sauvage avec et sans H&#x2082;O&#x2082;. Nos r&eacute;sultats indiquent que le g&egrave;ne HYR1 est essentielle pour que le champignon &agrave; tol&eacute;rer la H&#x2082;O&#x2082; in vitro et planta et que cette capacit&eacute; &eacute;tait directement li&eacute;e &agrave; la virulence fongique.

D&eacute;sintoxication induite par l&#39;HYR1 des esp&egrave;ces r&eacute;actives de l&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne est requise pour toute virulence chez le champignon de souffle de riz.

W&auml;hrend Pflanze-Pathogen Interaktionen kann die Pflanze montieren mehrere Typen von Verteidigung Antworten entweder der Erreger vollst&auml;ndig zu blockieren oder die H&ouml;he der Krankheit zu lindern. Solche Reaktionen sind Aufl&ouml;sungder reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) der Erreger angreifen sowie Bildung der Zellwand Appositions (CWA) Erreger Eindringen physisch zu blockieren. Ein erfolgreicher Erreger werden wahrscheinlich eigene ROS-Entgiftung-Mechanismen zur Bew&auml;ltigung dieser unwirtlichen Umgebung haben. Hier berichten wir ein solcher Kandidat-Mechanismus in den Reis Explosion Pilz, Magnaporthe Oryzae, geregelt durch ein Gen, das wir als MoHYR1 bezeichnen. Dieses Gen (MGG_07460) codiert eine Dom&auml;ne des Glutathion-Peroxidase (GSHPx) und seine Homologe in der Hefe wurde berichtet, dass speziell Phospholipid Peroxide zu entgiften. Um dieses Gen in M. Oryzae charakterisieren, generierten wir eine L&ouml;schung-mutant&Delta;hyr1 die Wachstums-Hemmung mit erh&ouml;hten Mengen von Wasserstoffperoxid (H&#x2082;O&#x2082;) zeigte. Dar&uuml;ber hinaus wir festgestellt, dass die pilzartigen Mutanten eine verminderte F&auml;higkeit hatte, ROS, erzeugt durch eine anf&auml;llige Pflanze, zu tolerieren einschlie&szlig;lich ROS gefunden CWA zugeordnet. Dies f&uuml;hrte letztlich deutlich kleinere L&auml;sion auf Gerste und Reis. Um festzustellen, wie dieses Gen in Wechselwirkung mit anderen (ROS) Aufr&auml;umen-bezogenen Gene in M. Oryzae, verglichen wir die Stufen der zehn Gene in Mutant im Vergleich zu Wildtyp mit und ohne H&#x2082;O&#x2082;. Unsere Ergebnisse darauf hingewiesen, dass das HYR1-gen wichtig war daf&uuml;r, dass des Pilzes, H&#x2082;O&#x2082; in-vitro zu tolerieren und Planta, und dass diese F&auml;higkeit direkt pilzartige Virulenz betraf.

HYR1-vermittelte Entgiftung von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies ist erforderlich f&uuml;r volle Heftigkeit in der Reis-Explosion-Pilz.

Durante le interazioni pianta-patogeno, la pianta pu&ograve; montare diversi tipi di risposte di difesa a bloccare completamente l&#39;agente patogeno o migliorare la quantit&agrave; di malattia. Tali risposte includono il rilascio di specie reattive dell&#39;ossigeno (ROS) per attaccare l&#39;agente patogeno, cos&igrave; come la formazione della parete cellulare appositions (CWA) per bloccare fisicamente la penetrazione di agenti patogeni. Un agente patogeno di successo probabilmente avr&agrave; i propri meccanismi di disintossicazione ROS per far fronte a questo ambiente inospitale. Riportiamo un tale meccanismo candidato nel fungo blast riso, Magnaporthe oryzae, governato da un gene che ci si riferisce a come MoHYR1. Questo gene (MGG_07460) codifica per un dominio di glutatione perossidasi (GSHPx), e il suo omologo nel lievito &egrave; stato segnalato per disintossicare specificamente fosfolipidi perossidi. Per caratterizzare questo gene in M. oryzae, abbiamo generato un mutant&Delta;hyr1 di eliminazione che ha mostrato inibizione della crescita con una maggiore quantit&agrave; di perossido di idrogeno (H&#x2082;O&#x2082;). Inoltre, abbiamo osservato che i mutanti fungini avevano una ridotta capacit&agrave; di tollerare ROS generati da una pianta sensibile, tra cui ROS trovato associato CWA. In ultima analisi, il risultato &egrave; significativamente pi&ugrave; piccole dimensioni lesione sia orzo e riso. Al fine di determinare come questo gene interagisce con altri geni correlati a lo scavenging (ROS) in M. oryzae, abbiamo confrontato i livelli di espressione di dieci geni nel mutante versus wild type con e senza H&#x2082;O&#x2082;. Nostri risultati indicano che il gene HYR1 &egrave; stato importante per permettere il fungo a tollerare H&#x2082;O&#x2082; in vitro e in planta e che questa capacit&agrave; &egrave; stato direttamente correlato alla virulenza fungina.

HYR1-mediata di detossificazione di specie reattive dell&#39;ossigeno &egrave; richiesto per piena virulenza nel fungo di scoppio di riso.

&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x30FB;&#x75C5;&#x539F;&#x83CC;&#x76F8;&#x4E92;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x4E2D;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x5DE5;&#x5834;&#x3044;&#x304F;&#x3064;&#x304B;&#x306E;&#x7A2E;&#x985E;&#x306E;&#x75C5;&#x539F;&#x4F53;&#x3092;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x306B;&#x30D6;&#x30ED;&#x30C3;&#x30AF;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x306F;&#x75C5;&#x6C17;&#x306E;&#x91CF;&#x3092;&#x6539;&#x5584;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x9632;&#x885B;&#x5FDC;&#x7B54;&#x30DE;&#x30A6;&#x30F3;&#x30C8;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x3088;&#x3046;&#x306A;&#x53CD;&#x5FDC;&#x306B;&#x306F;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x9178;&#x7D20;&#x7A2E; (ROS) &#x306E;&#x75C5;&#x539F;&#x4F53;&#x3092;&#x653B;&#x6483;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x306E;&#x30EA;&#x30EA;&#x30FC;&#x30B9;&#x306B;&#x306F;&#x3060;&#x3051;&#x3067;&#x306A;&#x304F;&#x3001;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x58C1; appositions &#xFF08;&#x7269;&#x7406;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x75C5;&#x539F;&#x4F53;&#x306E;&#x4FB5;&#x5165;&#x3092;&#x30D6;&#x30ED;&#x30C3;&#x30AF; CWAs&#xFF09; &#x306E;&#x5F62;&#x6210;&#x304C;&#x542B;&#x307E;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x6210;&#x529F;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x75C5;&#x539F;&#x4F53;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x304A;&#x305D;&#x3089;&#x304F;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x4EBA;&#x3092;&#x5BC4;&#x305B;&#x4ED8;&#x3051;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x74B0;&#x5883;&#x306B;&#x5BFE;&#x51E6;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x72EC;&#x81EA;&#x306E; ROS &#x89E3;&#x6BD2;&#x30E1;&#x30AB;&#x30CB;&#x30BA;&#x30E0;&#x304C;&#x3042;&#x308A;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x3053;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30A4;&#x30CD;&#x3044;&#x3082;&#x3061;&#x75C5;&#x83CC;&#x3001;&#x30A4;&#x30CD;&#x3044;&#x3082;&#x3061;&#x75C5;&#x83CC; MoHYR1 &#x3068;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x53C2;&#x7167;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x652F;&#x914D;&#x30E1;&#x30AB;&#x30CB;&#x30BA;&#x30E0;&#x306E; 1 &#x3064;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x3088;&#x3046;&#x306A;&#x5019;&#x88DC;&#x8005;&#x3092;&#x5831;&#x544A;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30BF;&#x30C1;&#x30AA;&#x30F3;&#x904E;&#x9178;&#x5316;&#x9175;&#x7D20; (GSHPx) &#x30C9;&#x30E1;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50; (MGG_07460) &#x3092;&#x30A8;&#x30F3;&#x30B3;&#x30FC;&#x30C9;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x30DB;&#x30E2;&#x30ED;&#x30B0;&#x9175;&#x6BCD;&#x3067;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x30EA;&#x30F3;&#x8102;&#x8CEA;&#x904E;&#x9178;&#x5316;&#x7269;&#x3092;&#x89E3;&#x6BD2;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x5831;&#x544A;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x306E; M. &#x9EB9;&#x83CC;&#x306E;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x3092;&#x7279;&#x5FB4;&#x4ED8;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x306B;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x751F;&#x80B2;&#x963B;&#x5BB3;&#x3068;&#x904E;&#x9178;&#x5316;&#x6C34;&#x7D20; (H&#x2082;O&#x2082;) &#x306E;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x91CF;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x524A;&#x9664; mutant&Delta;hyr1 &#x3092;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3055;&#x3089;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x6211;&#x3005; &#x306F;&#x83CC;&#x306E;&#x5909;&#x7570;&#x682A;&#x304C;&#x611F;&#x53D7;&#x6027;&#x306E;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F; ROS &#x3092;&#x5BB9;&#x8A8D;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x306E;&#x4F4E;&#x4E0B;&#x3092;&#x6301;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x305F;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x89B3;&#x5BDF; ROS &#x306E;&#x767A;&#x898B;&#x3092;&#x542B;&#x3080; CWAs &#x3068;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x4ED8;&#x3051;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x6700;&#x7D42;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x306F;&#x5927;&#x5E45;&#x306B;&#x5C0F;&#x3055;&#x306A;&#x75C5;&#x5909;&#x30B5;&#x30A4;&#x30BA;&#x5927;&#x9EA6;&#x3068;&#x7C73;&#x3092;&#x3082;&#x305F;&#x3089;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50; M. &#x9EB9;&#x83CC;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x4ED6; (ROS) &#x6E05;&#x6383;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x3068;&#x5BFE;&#x8A71;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x3092;&#x6C7A;&#x5B9A;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x8868;&#x73FE;&#x306E;&#x30EC;&#x30D9;&#x30EB; 10 &#x306E;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x5909;&#x7570;&#x3068; H&#x2082;O&#x2082; &#x306A;&#x3057;&#x306E;&#x91CE;&#x751F;&#x578B;&#x5BFE;&#x306E;&#x6BD4;&#x8F03;&#x3002;HYR1 &#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x306F;&#x83CC;&#x4F53;&#x5916; H&#x2082;O&#x2082; &#x3092;&#x5BB9;&#x8A8D;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x306B;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x3060;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3057;&#x3001;planta &#x3067;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x306F;&#x83CC;&#x985E;&#x306E;&#x75C5;&#x539F;&#x6027;&#x306B;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x304C;&#x793A;&#x5506;

HYR1 &#x3092;&#x4ECB;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x89E3;&#x6BD2;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x9178;&#x7D20;&#x7A2E;&#x306E;&#x30A4;&#x30CD;&#x3044;&#x3082;&#x3061;&#x75C5;&#x83CC;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x75C5;&#x539F;&#x6027;&#x304C;&#x5FC5;&#x8981;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#xD50C;&#xB79C;&#xD2B8; &#xBCD1;&#xC6D0; &#xCCB4; &#xC0C1;&#xD638; &#xC791;&#xC6A9; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C; &#xBCD1;&#xC6D0; &#xCCB4;&#xB97C; &#xC644;&#xC804;&#xD788; &#xCC28;&#xB2E8; &#xD558;&#xAC70;&#xB098; &#xC9C8;&#xBCD1;&#xC758; &#xC591;&#xC744; &#xAC1C;&#xB7C9; &#xBC29;&#xC5B4; &#xBC18;&#xC751;&#xC758; &#xC5EC;&#xB7EC; &#xC885;&#xB958;&#xB97C; &#xD0D1;&#xC7AC; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774;&#xB7EC;&#xD55C; &#xC751;&#xB2F5; &#xC138;&#xD3EC; &#xBCBD; appositions (&#xC544;&#xB4E4;&#xC778;)&#xC744; &#xBB3C;&#xB9AC;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xBCD1;&#xC6D0; &#xCCB4; &#xCE68;&#xD22C;&#xB97C; &#xCC28;&#xB2E8;&#xC758; &#xD615;&#xC131; &#xBFD0;&#xB9CC; &#xC544;&#xB2C8;&#xB77C; &#xBC18;&#xC751;&#xC131; &#xC0B0;&#xC18C; &#xC885; (&#xC120;&#xC0DD;&#xB2D8;)&#xC740; &#xBCD1;&#xC6D0; &#xCCB4;&#xB97C; &#xACF5;&#xACA9; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xC790;&#xB8CC;&#xB97C; &#xD3EC;&#xD568; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC131;&#xACF5;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xBCD1;&#xC6D0; &#xCCB4;&#xAC00; &#xD5D8;&#xD55C; &#xD658;&#xACBD;&#xC5D0; &#xB300;&#xCC98; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xC790;&#xC2E0;&#xC758; &#xC120;&#xC0DD;&#xB2D8; &#xD574;&#xB3C5; &#xBA54;&#xCEE4;&#xB2C8;&#xC998;&#xC744;&#xAC00;&#xC9C0;&#xACE0; &#xAC00;&#xB2A5;&#xC131;&#xC774; &#xAC83;&#xC785;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC5EC;&#xAE30;, &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC; &#xC300; &#xD3ED;&#xBC1C; &#xADE0;, Magnaporthe oryzae MoHYR1 &#xB77C;&#xACE0; &#xC9C0;&#xCE6D; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790;&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574; &#xC9C0;&#xBC30;&#xC5D0; &#xAC19;&#xC740; &#xD6C4;&#xBCF4; &#xBA54;&#xCEE4;&#xB2C8;&#xC998; &#xC911; &#xD558;&#xB098;&#xB97C; &#xBCF4;&#xACE0; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; (MGG_07460) glutathione &#xACFC;&#xC0B0;&#xD654; &#xD6A8;&#xC18C; (GSHPx) &#xB3C4;&#xBA54;&#xC778; &#xC778;&#xCF54;&#xB529;&#xD55C; &#xD6A8; &#xBAA8;&#xC5D0;&#xC758; homologue &#xB3C5; &#xD2B9;&#xD788; &#xC778;&#xC9C0;&#xC9C8; &#xC131; &#xACFC;&#xC0B0;&#xD654;&#xBB3C;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xAC70; &#xAC83;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC54C;&#xB824;&#xC84C;&#xB2E4;. M. oryzae&#xC5D0;&#xC774; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790;&#xB97C; &#xB098;&#xD0C0;&#xB0C5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;, &#xACFC;&#xC0B0;&#xD654; &#xC218;&#xC18C; (H&#x2082;O&#x2082;)&#xC758; &#xC99D;&#xAC00; &#xAE08;&#xC561;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC131;&#xC7A5; &#xC800;&#xD574;&#xB97C; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC;&#xC8FC;&#xB294; &#xC0AD;&#xC81C; Mutant&Delta;hyr1&#xC744; &#xC0DD;&#xC131; &#xD588;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB610;&#xD55C;, &#xACF0; &#xD321;&#xC774; &#xB3CC;&#xC5F0;&#xBCC0;&#xC774; &#xAC10;&#xC18C; &#xB2A5;&#xB825; &#xCDE8;&#xC57D; &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C;&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574; &#xC0DD;&#xC131; &#xB41C; &#xC120;&#xC0DD;&#xB2D8;&#xC744; &#xC6A9;&#xB0A9; &#xD588;&#xB2E4; &#xAD00;&#xCC30; &#xC544;&#xB4E4;&#xC778; &#xC5F0;&#xAD00; &#xC120;&#xC0DD;&#xB2D8; &#xBC1C;&#xACAC;&#xC744; &#xD3EC;&#xD568; &#xD558; &#xC5EC;. &#xAD81;&#xADF9;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C;,&#xC774; &#xBCF4; &#xB9AC;&#xC640; &#xC300;&#xC5D0; &#xD604;&#xC800; &#xD558; &#xAC8C; &#xC791;&#xC740; &#xBCD1; &#xBCC0; &#xD06C;&#xAE30; &#xADC0;&#xCC29;&#xB418; &#xC5C8; &#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; M. oryzae&#xC5D0; (&#xC120;&#xC0DD;&#xB2D8;) &#xCCAD;&#xC18C; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xC0C1;&#xD638; &#xC791;&#xC6A9; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xBC29;&#xBC95;&#xC744; &#xACB0;&#xC815; &#xD558;&#xAE30; &#xC704;&#xD574; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC; &#xC2DD; &#xC218;&#xC900;&#xC758; 10 &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xB3CC;&#xC5F0;&#xBCC0;&#xC774; &#xC57C;&#xC0DD; &#xC885;&#xB958;&#xC640; H&#x2082;O&#x2082; &#xC5C6;&#xC774; &#xB300;&#xC5D0; &#xBE44;&#xD574;. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xC758; &#xACB0;&#xACFC; &#xD45C;&#xC2DC; HYR1 &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790;&#xB294; &#xC6A9;&#xB0A9; H&#x2082;O&#x2082; &#xCCB4; &#xC678;&#xC5D0; &#xACF0; &#xD321;&#xC774; &#xD5C8;&#xC6A9;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xC911;&#xC694; &#xD55C; planta&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;&#xC774; &#xB2A5;&#xB825; &#xACF0; &#xD321;&#xC774; &#xB3C5;&#xC131;&#xC5D0; &#xC9C1;&#xACB0; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4;.

&#xBC18;&#xC791;&#xC6A9;&#xC744; &#xB098;&#xD0C0;&#xB0B8; &#xC0B0;&#xC18C; &#xC885;&#xC758; &#xD574;&#xB3C5; HYR1 &#xC911;&#xC7AC;&#xB294; &#xC300; &#xD3ED;&#xBC1C; &#xACF0; &#xD321;&#xC774; &#xC644;&#xC804; &#xB3C5;&#xC131;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xD544;&#xC694; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

Durante las interacciones planta-pat&oacute;geno, la planta puede montar varios tipos de respuestas de defensa para bloquear completamente el pat&oacute;geno o mejorar la cantidad de enfermedad. Estas respuestas incluyen la liberaci&oacute;n de especies reactivas del ox&iacute;geno (ROS) para atacar el pat&oacute;geno, as&iacute; como la formaci&oacute;n de la pared celular aposiciones (CWAs) para bloquear f&iacute;sicamente la penetraci&oacute;n del pat&oacute;geno. Un exitoso pat&oacute;geno probablemente tienen sus propios mecanismos de desintoxicaci&oacute;n ROS para hacer frente a este entorno inh&oacute;spito. Aqu&iacute;, Divulgamos un tal mecanismo de candidato en el arroz explosi&oacute;n hongo Magnaporthe oryzae, regido por un gen que nos referimos como MoHYR1. Este gen (MGG_07460) codifica un dominio de glutati&oacute;n peroxidasa (GSHPx), y su hom&oacute;logo en levadura inform&oacute; a desintoxicar espec&iacute;ficamente fosfol&iacute;pidos per&oacute;xidos. Para caracterizar este gen en M. oryzae, generamos un mutant&Delta;hyr1 de eliminaci&oacute;n que demostr&oacute; la inhibici&oacute;n del crecimiento con mayores cantidades de per&oacute;xido de hidr&oacute;geno (H&#x2082;O&#x2082;). Por otra parte, observamos que los hongos mutantes tuvieron una disminuci&oacute;n de la capacidad para tolerar ROS generada por una planta susceptible, incluyendo ROS encontrados asociados con CWAs. En &uacute;ltima instancia, esto produjo significativamente menor tama&ntilde;o de la lesi&oacute;n en cebada y arroz. Con el fin de determinar c&oacute;mo este gen interact&uacute;a con otros genes relacionados con la eliminaci&oacute;n de registros obsoletos de (ROS) en M. oryzae, comparamos los niveles de expresi&oacute;n de diez genes en mutante versus el tipo salvaje con y sin H&#x2082;O&#x2082;. Nuestros resultados indican que el gen de la HYR1 era importante para permitir que el hongo a tolerar H&#x2082;O&#x2082; in vitro y en la planta y esta capacidad se relaciona directamente hongo virulencia.

Desintoxicaci&oacute;n mediada por HYR1 de especies reactivas de ox&iacute;geno es necesaria para la plena virulencia en el hongo de la explosi&oacute;n de arroz.

Advances in genome sequencing technologies have facilitated production of a wealth of fungal data; within the last 5 years, experimental costs and labor have diminished, shifting the production bottleneck from genomic data generation to data analysis. Genome sequences and microarrays now exist for many fungi, and transcriptional profiling has been shown to be an efficient way to examine how the entire genome changes in response to many different environments or treatments. Multiple platforms, programs, and protocols exist for analyzing such data, making this task daunting for the bench-based scientist. Furthermore, many existing programs are expensive and require license renewals on a yearly basis for each user in the laboratory. Costs may be prohibitively high for bench-based scientists in academia. Our combined experiences with this kind of analysis have favored two programs, depending upon whether the scientist is working with single- or dual-channel hybridization data. Our protocols are aimed toward helping the bench-based PI get the most possible information from their data, without the need for expensive software or an experienced bioinformaticist.

Getting the most out of your fungal microarray data: two cost- and time-effective methods.

&#x7A3B;&#x6C34;&#x7A3B;&#x662F;&#x4E0D;&#x65AD;&#x5A01;&#x80C1;&#x7740;&#x5168;&#x7403;&#x6C34;&#x7A3B;&#x751F;&#x4EA7;&#x7684;&#x4E1D;&#x72B6;&#x5B50;&#x56CA;&#x83CC;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x75C5;&#x83CC;&#x7684;&#x611F;&#x67D3;&#x5468;&#x671F;&#x5F00;&#x59CB;&#x7684;&#x5206;&#x751F;&#x5B62;&#x5B50;&#x6C34;&#x7A3B;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#xFF0C;&#x5176;&#x6B21;&#x662F;&#x5F62;&#x6210;&#x548C;&#x6210;&#x719F;&#x7684;&#x4E13;&#x95E8;&#x7684;&#x611F;&#x67D3;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x9644;&#x7740;&#x80DE;&#x7684;&#x9644;&#x4EF6;&#x3002;&#x767D;&#x5316;&#x9644;&#x7740;&#x80DE;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x5DE8;&#x5927;&#x81A8;&#x538B;&#x7684;&#x538B;&#x529B;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x771F;&#x83CC;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x6E17;&#x900F; peg &#x7A81;&#x7834;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x89D2;&#x8D28;&#x5C42;&#x548C;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x58C1;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x9636;&#x6BB5;&#x5728;&#x8BE5;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x540E;&#x6302;&#xFF0C;&#x6E17;&#x900F;&#x7ED9;&#x4E0A;&#x5347;&#x5230;&#x548C;&#x968F;&#x540E;&#x7684;&#x5C0F;&#x5B66;&#x548C;&#x4E2D;&#x5B66;&#x611F;&#x67D3;&#x83CC;&#x4E1D;&#x7684;&#x7B2C;&#x4E8C;&#x5341;&#x56DB;&#x4E2A;&#x5C0F;&#x65F6;&#x5185;&#x53D1;&#x751F;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x611F;&#x67D3;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x8BC6;&#x522B;&#x75C5;&#x539F;&#xFF0C;&#x5F15;&#x53D1;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x7CFB;&#x5217;&#x7684;&#x9632;&#x5FA1;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#x548C;&#x4FE1;&#x53F7;&#x4E8B;&#x4EF6;&#x5305;&#x62EC;&#x5206;&#x6CCC;&#x7684;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x6C27; (ROS)&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x6700;&#x8FD1;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4EFD;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#x5927;&#x9EA6;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x6C27;&#x548C;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x58C1;&#x4EE5; (CWAs) &#x611F;&#x67D3;&#x5730;&#x70B9;&#x5468;&#x56F4;&#x548C;&#x771F;&#x83CC;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x79F0;&#x4E4B;&#x4E3A; MoHYR1 &#x662F;&#x6539;&#x5584;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x9632;&#x5FA1;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#x5E76;&#x786E;&#x4FDD;&#x6210;&#x529F;&#x611F;&#x67D3;&#x548C;&#x6B96;&#x6C11;&#x5316;&#x7684;&#x5FC5;&#x8981;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;&#x3002;&#x5F53;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x4ECE; M.&#x6C34;&#x7A3B;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x4E2D;&#x5220;&#x9664;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x6C27;&#x5316;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x66F4;&#x5F3A;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x51CF;&#x5C11;&#x4E86;&#x75BE;&#x75C5;&#x3002;

&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x6210;&#x529F;&#x611F;&#x67D3;&#x7A3B;&#x761F;&#x75C5;&#x83CC;&#x7684;&#x6291;&#x5236;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x6C27;&#x3002;

Magnaporthe oryzae is a filamentous ascomycete that continuously threatens global rice production. The infection cycle of this pathogen commences with the attachment of conidia to rice plants, followed by the formation and maturation of a specialized infection structure-the appressorium. Melanized appressoria generate immense turgor pressure, which allows the fungus to break through the plant cuticle and cell wall by means of a penetration peg. These stages occur within the first twenty-four hours after which time the penetration peg gives rise to and subsequent primary and secondary infection hyphae. Upon infection, the plant recognizes the pathogen, triggering a series of defense responses and signaling events including the secretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In a recent paper, we showed that barley plants generate ROS and cell wall appositions (CWAs) around infection sites and that a fungal gene we termed MoHYR1 is necessary for ameliorating these defense reactions and ensuring successful infection and colonization. When this gene is deleted from the M. oryzae genome, the plant oxidative responses are stronger and disease is reduced.

Suppression of plant-generated reactive oxygen species is required for successful infection by the rice blast fungus.

Magnaporthe oryzae est un ascomyc&egrave;te filamenteux qui menace continuellement la production mondiale de riz. Le cycle d&#39;infection de cet agent pathog&egrave;ne d&eacute;bute avec l&#39;attachement des conidies au riz plantes, suivies de la formation et la maturation d&#39;un appressorium la structure sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;e de l&#39;infection. M&eacute;lanis&eacute;es appressoria g&eacute;n&eacute;rer la pression de turgescence immense, qui permet au champignon de percer la cuticule de la plante et la paroi cellulaire au moyen d&#39;un hyphe de p&eacute;n&eacute;tration. Ces &eacute;tapes se produisent dans les premi&egrave;res heures de vingt-quatre, p&eacute;riode apr&egrave;s laquelle l&#39;hyphe de p&eacute;n&eacute;tration donne naissance &agrave; et hyphes d&#39;infection primaire et secondaire ult&eacute;rieure. Apr&egrave;s infection, l&#39;usine reconna&icirc;t l&#39;agent pathog&egrave;ne, d&eacute;clenchant une s&eacute;rie de r&eacute;actions de d&eacute;fense et de la signalisation d&#39;&eacute;v&eacute;nements dont la s&eacute;cr&eacute;tion des esp&egrave;ces r&eacute;actives de l&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne (ROS). Dans un article r&eacute;cent, nous avons montr&eacute; que les plants d&#39;orge g&eacute;n&egrave;rent ROS et les appositions de paroi cellulaire (AWR) autour des sites d&#39;infection et qu&#39;un g&egrave;ne fongique nous appel&eacute; MoHYR1 est n&eacute;cessaire pour am&eacute;liorer ces r&eacute;actions de d&eacute;fense et d&#39;assurer la colonisation et l&#39;infection r&eacute;ussie. Lorsque ce g&egrave;ne est supprim&eacute; du g&eacute;nome M. oryzae, les r&eacute;ponses oxydatif de la plante sont plus forts et la maladie est r&eacute;duite.

Suppression des esp&egrave;ces r&eacute;actives de l&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute;s par plante est requise pour infection r&eacute;ussie par le champignon de souffle de riz.

Magnaporthe Oryzae ist eine filament&ouml;se Schlauchpilze, die globalen Reisproduktion st&auml;ndig bedroht. Der Infektion-Zyklus von diesem Erreger beginnt mit der Anlage der Konidien auf Reis Pflanzen, gefolgt von der Entstehung und Reifung von einem spezialisierten Infektion Struktur-die Appressorium. Melanized Appressoria generieren immense Turgor Druck, wodurch den Pilz die Pflanze Kutikula und Zellwand mittels einem Eindringen-Peg zu brechen. Diese Phasen treten innerhalb der ersten 24 Stunden, nach welcher Zeit der Durchdringung Peg nachfolgende prim&auml;re und sekund&auml;re Infektion Hyphen und entstehen gibt. Nach Infektion erkennt die Anlage der Erreger, eine Reihe von Abwehr-Reaktionen ausl&ouml;sen und Signalisierung Ereignisse einschlie&szlig;lich die Sekretion von reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (ROS). In einem j&uuml;ngst ver&ouml;ffentlichten Papier haben wir gezeigt, dass Gerste Pflanzen ROS und Zellwand Appositions (CWA) um Infektion Websites generieren und ein Pilz gen wir MoHYR1 genannt notwendig ist f&uuml;r die Betrachtung dieser Abwehr-Reaktionen und erfolgreichen Infektion und Kolonisation. Wenn dieses Gen aus dem M. Oryzae Genom gel&ouml;scht wird, die Pflanze oxidative Reaktionen sind st&auml;rker und Krankheit wird reduziert.

Unterdr&uuml;ckung der Anlage erzeugte reaktive Sauerstoffspezies ist erforderlich f&uuml;r erfolgreiche Infektion durch den Reis-Explosion-Pilz.

Magnaporthe oryzae &egrave; un ascomiceti filamentosi che minaccia continuamente la produzione mondiale di riso. Il ciclo di infezione di questo agente patogeno inizia con l&#39;attaccamento di conidi di impianti, seguite dalla formazione e la maturazione di un&#39;infezione specializzato, la struttura appressorium di riso. Appressoria di Melanized generare turgescenza immenso, che permette al fungo di rompere attraverso la cuticola vegetale e la parete cellulare mediante un piolo di penetrazione. Queste fasi si verificano entro le prime ventiquattro ore dopo che il tempo la peg penetrazione d&agrave; luogo a e IFE successiva infezione primaria e secondaria. All&#39;infezione, la pianta riconosce l&#39;agente patogeno, innescando una serie di risposte di difesa e di segnalazione di eventi, tra cui la secrezione di specie reattive dell&#39;ossigeno (ROS). In un recente documento, abbiamo dimostrato che le piante d&#39;orzo generano ROS e parete cellulare appositions (CWA) intorno a siti di infezione e che un gene fungino abbiamo definito MoHYR1 &egrave; necessario per migliorare queste reazioni di difesa e per garantire successo infezione e colonizzazione. Quando questo gene viene eliminato dal genoma oryzae M., le risposte ossidativo della pianta sono pi&ugrave; forti e malattia &egrave; ridotto.

Soppressione di specie ossigenate reattive generati da pianta &egrave; richiesto per successo infezione da fungo blast riso.

&#x30A4;&#x30CD;&#x3044;&#x3082;&#x3061;&#x75C5;&#x83CC;&#x306F;&#x7D99;&#x7D9A;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x4E16;&#x754C;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x7C73;&#x306E;&#x751F;&#x7523;&#x3092;&#x8105;&#x304B;&#x3059;&#x7CF8;&#x72B6;&#x5B50;&#x56A2;&#x83CC;&#x985E;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x75C5;&#x539F;&#x4F53;&#x306E;&#x611F;&#x67D3;&#x30B5;&#x30A4;&#x30AF;&#x30EB;&#x5206;&#x751F;&#x80DE;&#x5B50;&#x5F62;&#x6210;&#x3068;&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x306A;&#x611F;&#x67D3;&#x306E;&#x69CB;&#x9020;&#x306F;&#x4ED8;&#x7740;&#x5668;&#x306E;&#x6210;&#x719F;&#x304C;&#x7D9A;&#x304F;&#x30A4;&#x30CD;&#x3078;&#x306E;&#x6DFB;&#x4ED8;&#x30D5;&#x30A1;&#x30A4;&#x30EB;&#x3092;&#x958B;&#x59CB;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;Melanized &#x4ED8;&#x7740;&#x83CC;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x308B;&#x7A7F;&#x30D7;&#x30E9;&#x30F3;&#x30C8;&#x8868;&#x76AE;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x58C1;&#x3092;&#x4ECB;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x7834;&#x308B;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x3067;&#x304D;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x8A08;&#x308A;&#x77E5;&#x308C;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x81A8;&#x5727;&#x3092;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x6BB5;&#x968E;&#x4E0A;&#x6607;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x5F8C;&#x306E;&#x30D7;&#x30E9;&#x30A4;&#x30DE;&#x30EA;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x30BB;&#x30AB;&#x30F3;&#x30C0;&#x30EA;&#x306E;&#x611F;&#x67D3;&#x83CC;&#x7CF8;&#x4FB5;&#x5165; peg &#x6642;&#x9593;&#x5F8C;&#x3092;&#x4E0E;&#x3048;&#x308B;&#x6700;&#x521D;&#x306E; 24 &#x6642;&#x9593;&#x4EE5;&#x5185;&#x306B;&#x767A;&#x751F;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x611F;&#x67D3;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x75C5;&#x539F;&#x4F53;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x4E00;&#x9023;&#x306E;&#x9632;&#x5FA1;&#x5FDC;&#x7B54;&#x3092;&#x30C8;&#x30EA;&#x30AC;&#x30FC;&#x3068;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x9178;&#x7D20;&#x7A2E; (ROS) &#x306E;&#x5206;&#x6CCC;&#x3092;&#x542B;&#x3080;&#x30A4;&#x30D9;&#x30F3;&#x30C8;&#x3092;&#x30B7;&#x30B0;&#x30CA;&#x30EB;&#x8A8D;&#x8B58;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x6700;&#x8FD1;&#x306E;&#x8AD6;&#x6587;&#x3067;&#x306F;, &#x30AA;&#x30AA;&#x30E0;&#x30AE;&#x306E; ROS &#x3068;&#x611F;&#x67D3;&#x90E8;&#x4F4D;&#x306E;&#x5468;&#x308A;&#x306E;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x58C1; appositions &#xFF08;CWAs&#xFF09; &#x751F;&#x6210;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6211;&#x3005; &#x306F; MoHYR1 &#x3068;&#x547C;&#x3070;&#x308C;&#x308B;&#x771F;&#x83CC;&#x306E;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x304C;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x9632;&#x885B;&#x53CD;&#x5FDC;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x6210;&#x529F;&#x306E;&#x611F;&#x67D3;&#x3068;&#x690D;&#x6C11;&#x5730;&#x5316;&#x3092;&#x78BA;&#x4FDD;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x5FC5;&#x8981;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x306F;&#x3001;M. &#x9EB9;&#x83CC;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x524A;&#x9664;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x308B;&#x3068;&#x3001;&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x9178;&#x5316;&#x53CD;&#x5FDC;&#x304C;&#x5F37;&#x304F;&#x306A;&#x308B;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x75C5;&#x6C17;&#x304C;&#x524A;&#x6E1B;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x690D;&#x7269;&#x304C;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x9178;&#x7D20;&#x7A2E;&#x306E;&#x6291;&#x5236;&#x306F;&#x6210;&#x529F;&#x306E;&#x611F;&#x67D3;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x308B;&#x30A4;&#x30CD;&#x3044;&#x3082;&#x3061;&#x75C5;&#x83CC;&#x304C;&#x5FC5;&#x8981;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x3002;

Magnaporthe oryzae &#xC9C0;&#xC18D;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC704;&#xD611; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xAE00;&#xB85C;&#xBC8C; &#xC300; &#xC0DD;&#xC0B0; filamentous ascomycete&#xC785;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xBCD1;&#xC6D0; &#xCCB4;&#xC758; &#xAC10;&#xC5FC; &#xC8FC;&#xAE30; &#xD615;&#xC131; &#xBC0F; &#xD2B9;&#xC218; &#xAC10;&#xC5FC; &#xAD6C;&#xC870;&#xB294; appressorium &#xC131;&#xC219; &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C; &#xC300; conidia &#xCCA8;&#xBD80; &#xAC1C;&#xC2DC; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. Melanized appressoria &#xACF0; &#xD321;&#xC774; &#xCE68;&#xD22C; &#xBABB;&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD558;&#xC5EC; &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C; &#xD45C; &#xD53C; &#xC138;&#xD3EC; &#xBCBD;&#xC744; &#xD1B5;&#xD574; &#xD734;&#xC2DD;&#xC744; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xC5C4;&#xCCAD;&#xB09C; turgor &#xC555;&#xB825;&#xC744; &#xC0DD;&#xC131;. &#xC774; &#xB2E8;&#xACC4;&#xB97C; &#xC0C1;&#xC2B9; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xD6C4;&#xC18D; &#xCC28; &#xBC0F; 2 &#xCC28; &#xAC10;&#xC5FC; &#xADE0; &#xCE68;&#xD22C; &#xBABB; &#xC900;&#xB2E4; &#xC5B4;&#xB290; &#xC2DC;&#xAC04; &#xD6C4; &#xCCAB; 24 &#xC2DC;&#xAC04; &#xC774;&#xB0B4;&#xC5D0; &#xBC1C;&#xC0DD; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xAC10;&#xC5FC;, &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C; &#xBCD1;&#xC6D0; &#xCCB4; &#xBC29;&#xC5B4; &#xC751;&#xB2F5; &#xC2DC;&#xB9AC;&#xC988; &#xD2B8;&#xB9AC;&#xAC70;&#xB9C1; &#xBC0F; &#xBC18;&#xC751;&#xC131; &#xC0B0;&#xC18C; &#xC885; (&#xC120;&#xC0DD;&#xB2D8;)&#xC758; &#xBD84; &#xBE44;&#xB97C; &#xD3EC;&#xD568; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xC774;&#xBCA4;&#xD2B8; &#xC2E0;&#xD638;&#xB97C; &#xC778;&#xC2DD; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xCD5C;&#xADFC; &#xB17C;&#xBB38;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC0B4;&#xD3B4;&#xBCF8; &#xBCF4; &#xB9AC; &#xC2DD;&#xBB3C; &#xC120;&#xC0DD;&#xB2D8; &#xBC0F; &#xAC10;&#xC5FC; &#xC0AC;&#xC774;&#xD2B8; &#xC8FC;&#xC704; &#xC138;&#xD3EC; &#xBCBD; appositions (&#xC544;&#xB4E4;&#xC778;) &#xC0DD;&#xC131; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC; MoHYR1 &#xB418; &#xB098; &#xACF0; &#xD321;&#xC774; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790;&#xB294; &#xC774;&#xB7EC;&#xD55C; &#xBC29;&#xC5B4; &#xBC18;&#xC751; &#xC7A5;&#xD669; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xC131;&#xACF5;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xAC10;&#xC5FC;&#xACFC; &#xC2DD;&#xBBFC;&#xC9C0;&#xB97C; &#xD655;&#xBCF4; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB370; &#xD544;&#xC694;&#xD55C;. M. oryzae &#xAC8C;&#xB188;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;&#xC774; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790;&#xB97C; &#xC0AD;&#xC81C; &#xD558;&#xBA74; &#xACF5;&#xC7A5; &#xC0B0;&#xD654; &#xBC18;&#xC751;&#xC744; &#xAC15;&#xD558;&#xAC8C; &#xB418;&#xBA70; &#xC9C8;&#xBCD1; &#xAC10;&#xC18C;.

&#xC2DD;&#xBB3C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC0DD;&#xC131; &#xB41C; &#xBC18;&#xC751;&#xC131; &#xC0B0;&#xC18C; &#xC885;&#xC758; &#xC5B5;&#xC81C;&#xB294; &#xC300; &#xD3ED;&#xBC1C; &#xACF0; &#xD321;&#xC774; &#xC758;&#xD574; &#xC131;&#xACF5;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xAC10;&#xC5FC;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xD544;&#xC694; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

Magnaporthe oryzae es un ascomiceto filamentoso que amenaza continuamente la producci&oacute;n mundial de arroz. El ciclo de infecci&oacute;n de este pat&oacute;geno comienza con el accesorio de conidios a plantas, seguidas por la formaci&oacute;n y maduraci&oacute;n de un apresorio estructura-la infecci&oacute;n especializados de arroz. Melanized apresorios generar presi&oacute;n de turgor inmenso, que permite el hongo romperse a trav&eacute;s de la cut&iacute;cula de la planta y la pared celular mediante una clavija de penetraci&oacute;n. Estas etapas se producen durante las primeras veinticuatro horas tras lo cual la clavija de penetraci&oacute;n da lugar a e hifas subsiguiente infecci&oacute;n primaria y secundaria. Sobre la infecci&oacute;n, la planta reconoce el pat&oacute;geno, desencadenando una serie de respuestas de defensa y se&ntilde;alizaci&oacute;n de eventos incluyendo la secreci&oacute;n de especies reactivas del ox&iacute;geno (ROS). En un reciente art&iacute;culo, mostramos que las plantas de cebada generan ROS y pared celular aposiciones (CWAs) alrededor de los sitios de infecci&oacute;n y que un gen f&uacute;ngico llama MoHYR1 es necesario para paliar estas reacciones de defensa y garantizar la colonizaci&oacute;n e infecci&oacute;n exitosa. Cuando este gen se elimina desde el genoma de M. oryzae, las respuestas oxidativas de la planta son m&aacute;s fuertes y se reduce la enfermedad.

Supresi&oacute;n de especies reactivas del ox&iacute;geno generado por planta es necesaria para la exitosa infecci&oacute;n por el hongo de la explosi&oacute;n de arroz.

Lima bean is an important vegetable processing crop to the mid-Atlantic USA and is highly susceptible to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora phaseoli, which causes downy mildew. Genetic resistance and fungicides are used to manage P. phaseoli and often fail. Currently, the molecular basis of the interaction between this host and pathogen is unknown. To begin to rectify this situation, we used Illumina RNA-Seq to perform a global transcriptome analysis comparing P. phaseoli growing in culture with P. phaseoli infecting its host. Sequence reads from a total of six libraries mapped to gene models from the closely related late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, resulting in 10 427 P. phaseoli genes with homology to P. infestans and expression in at least one library. Of these, 318 P. phaseoli homologues matched known or putative virulence genes in P. infestans. Two well-studied classes, RxLRs and elicitins, were up-regulated in planta, whereas the reverse was true for another class, called crinklers. These results are discussed with respect to the differences and similarities in the pathogenicity mechanisms of P. phaseoli and P. infestans.

RNA-Seq reveals infection-related global gene changes in Phytophthora phaseoli, the causal agent of lima bean downy mildew.

Fungal effectors have often been referred as a 'sea of diversity', but recently, experiments have shed some light onto effector biology, including discovery that unrelated fungi utilize some common methods for creating a more compatible host environment. A wheat pathogen and a rice pathogen, for example, have evolved mechanisms to suppress chitin-mediated basal defenses in their respective plant hosts. Smut fungi, on the other hand, might have evolved a unique mechanism to manipulate their host environment by altering cell metabolism. Genome mining and bioinformatics pipelines have streamlined the suite of effectors in important pathogen genomes, so researchers can make more targeted strikes on potentially important effectors. This combination of informatics and empirical studies will allow greater insight into effector function.

Roles and delivery mechanisms of fungal effectors during infection development: common threads and new directions.

The rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae is a destructive pathogen of rice and other related crops, causing significant yield losses worldwide. Endogenous small RNAs (sRNAs), including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical components of gene regulation in many eukaryotic organisms. Recently several new species of sRNAs have been identified in fungi. This fact along with the availability of genome sequence makes M. oryzae a compelling target for sRNA profiling. We have examined sRNA species and their biosynthetic genes in M. oryzae, and the degree to which these elements regulate fungal stress responses. To this end, we have characterized sRNAs under different physiological stress conditions, which had not yet been examined in this fungus.

Physiological stressors and invasive plant infections alter the small RNA transcriptome of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae.

Plants and animals have evolved a first line of defense response to pathogens called innate or basal immunity. While basal defenses in these organisms are well studied, there is almost a complete lack of understanding of such systems in fungal species, and more specifically, how they are able to detect and mount a defense response upon pathogen attack. Hence, the goal of the present study was to understand how fungi respond to biotic stress by assessing the transcriptional profile of the rice blast pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae, when challenged with the bacterial antagonist Lysobacter enzymogenes. Based on microscopic observations of interactions between M. oryzae and wild-type L. enzymogenes strain C3, we selected early and intermediate stages represented by time-points of 3 and 9 hours post-inoculation, respectively, to evaluate the fungal transcriptome using RNA-seq. For comparative purposes, we also challenged the fungus with L. enzymogenes mutant strain DCA, previously demonstrated to be devoid of antifungal activity. A comparison of transcriptional data from fungal interactions with the wild-type bacterial strain C3 and the mutant strain DCA revealed 463 fungal genes that were down-regulated during attack by C3; of these genes, 100 were also found to be up-regulated during the interaction with DCA. Functional categorization of genes in this suite included those with roles in carbohydrate metabolism, cellular transport and stress response. One gene in this suite belongs to the CFEM-domain class of fungal proteins. Another CFEM class protein called PTH11 has been previously characterized, and we found that a deletion in this gene caused advanced lesion development by C3 compared to its growth on the wild-type fungus. We discuss the characterization of this suite of 100 genes with respect to their role in the fungal defense response.

Transcriptomics of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in response to the bacterial antagonist Lysobacter enzymogenes reveals candidate fungal defense response genes.

The rhizospheric microbiome is comprised of many microbes, some of which reduce the virulence of their phytopathogenic neighbors; however, the mechanisms underlying these interactions are largely unknown. Rice soil isolate Pseudomonas chlororaphis EA105 strongly inhibits Magnaporthe oryzae's in vitro growth by restricting fungal diameter as well as inhibiting the formation of the appressorium, required for penetration. We were interested in elucidating M. oryzae's response to EA105 treatment, and utilized a microarray approach to obtain a global perspective of EA105 elicited changes in this pathogen. Based on this analysis, three genes of interest were knocked out in M. oryzae 70-15, and their sensitivity to EA105 treatment as well as their ability to infect rice was determined. Priming rice plants with EA105 prior to M. oryzae infection decreased lesion size, and the mutants were tested to see if this effect was retained. A null 70-15 mutant in a trichothecene biosynthesis gene showed less susceptibility to bacterial treatment, forming more appressoria than the parental type 70-15. A similar pattern was seen in a null mutant for a stress-inducible protein, MGG_03098. In addition, when this mutant was inoculated onto the leaves of EA105-primed rice plants, lesions were reduced to a greater extent than in 70-15, implicating the lack of this gene with an increased ISR response in rice. Understanding the global effect of biocontrol bacteria on phytopathogens is a key for developing successful and lasting solutions to crop loss caused by plant diseases and has the potential to greatly increase food supply.

Global gene expression in rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae treated with a natural rice soil isolate.

Redox and rice blast: new tools for dissecting molecular fungal-plant interactions.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and breakdown have been studied in detail in plant-pathogenic fungi, including the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae; however, the examination of the dynamic process of ROS production in real time has proven to be challenging. We resynthesized an existing ROS sensor, called HyPer, to exhibit optimized codon bias for fungi, specifically Neurospora crassa, and used a combination of microscopy and plate reader assays to determine whether this construct could detect changes in fungal ROS during the plant infection process. Using confocal microscopy, we were able to visualize fluctuating ROS levels during the formation of an appressorium on an artificial hydrophobic surface, as well as during infection on host leaves. Using the plate reader, we were able to ascertain measurements of hydrogen peroxide (H O ) levels in conidia as detected by the MoHyPer sensor. Overall, by the optimization of codon usage for N. crassa and related fungal genomes, the MoHyPer sensor can be used as a robust, dynamic and powerful tool to both monitor and quantify H O dynamics in real time during important stages of the plant infection process.

Optimization of the HyPer sensor for robust real-time detection of hydrogen peroxide in the rice blast fungus.

RNA interference (RNAi) is conserved in eukaryotic organisms, and it has been well studied in many animal and plant species and some fungal species, yet it is not well studied in fungal plant pathogens. In the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, we examined small RNA (sRNA) and their biogenesis in the context of growth and pathogenicity. Through genetic and genomic analyses, we demonstrate that loss of a single gene encoding Dicer, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, or Argonaute reduces sRNA levels. These three proteins are required for the biogenesis of sRNA-matching genome-wide regions (coding regions, repeats, and intergenic regions). The loss of one Argonaute reduced both sRNA and fungal virulence on barley leaves. Transcriptome analysis of multiple mutants revealed that sRNA play an important role in transcriptional regulation of repeats and intergenic regions in M. oryzae. Together, these data support that M. oryzae sRNA regulate developmental processes including, fungal growth and virulence.

Small RNA Functions Are Required for Growth and Development of Magnaporthe oryzae.

Common bean ( L.) is an important legume, useful for its high protein and dietary fiber. The fungal pathogen  (Pers.) Unger can cause major loss in susceptible varieties of the common bean. The  locus provides race specific resistance to virulent strains or races of the bean rust pathogen along with , (Complements resistance gene), which is required for -mediated rust resistance. In this study, we inoculated two common bean genotypes (resistant "Sierra" and susceptible crg) with rust race 53 of , isolated leaf RNA at specific time points, and sequenced their transcriptomes. First, molecular markers were used to locate and identify a 250 kb deletion on chromosome 10 in mutant crg (which carries a deletion at the  locus). Next, we identified differential expression of several disease resistance genes between Mock Inoculated (MI) and Inoculated (I) samples of "Sierra" leaf RNA within the 250 kb delineated region. Both marker assisted molecular profiling and RNA-seq were used to identify possible transcriptomic locations of interest regarding the resistance in the common bean to race 53. Identification of differential expression among samples in disease resistance clusters in the bean genome may elucidate significant genes underlying rust resistance. Along with preserving favorable traits in the crop, the current research may also aid in global sustainability of food stocks necessary for many populations.

Marker-Assisted Molecular Profiling, Deletion Mutant Analysis, and RNA-Seq Reveal a Disease Resistance Cluster Associated with Uromyces appendiculatus Infection in Common Bean Phaseolus vulgaris L.

The goal of this chapter is to provide a framework of sequential steps for small RNA (sRNA) analysis in filamentous fungi. Here, we present protocols for (1) comparative analysis of sRNAs in different conditions, (2) comparisons of sRNA libraries to RNAseq data and (3) identification and analysis of methylguanosine-capped and polyadenylated sRNAs (CPA-sRNAs). This species of small RNA is particularly interesting in Magnaporthe oryzae, as they map to transcription start and end sites of protein-coding genes. While we do not provide specific command lines for scripts, we provide a general framework for steps needed to carry out all three types of analyses, including relevant references, websites and free online tools. Screenshots are provided from our own customized interface using M. oryzae as an example, to assist the reader in visualizing many of the steps.

Characterizing Small RNAs in Filamentous Fungi Using the Rice Blast Fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, as an Example.

Lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus, is closely related to common bean and is high in fiber and protein, with a low glycemic index. Lima bean is widely grown in the state of Delaware, where late summer and early fall weather are conducive to pod production. The same weather conditions also promote diseases such as pod rot and downy mildew, the latter of which has caused previous epidemics. A better understanding of the genes underlying resistance to this and other pathogens is needed to keep this industry thriving in the region. Our current study sought to sequence, assemble, and annotate a commercially available cultivar called Bridgeton, which could then serve as a reference genome, a basis of comparison to other Phaseolus taxa, and a resource for the identification of potential resistance genes. Combined efforts of sequencing, linkage, and comparative analysis resulted in a 623 Mb annotated assembly for lima bean, as well as a better understanding of an evolutionarily dynamic resistance locus in legumes.

Article	Year
Transcriptome profiling of the rice blast fungus during invasive plant infection and in vitro stresses. BMC genomics\| PubMed ID: 21247492	2011
HYR1-mediated detoxification of reactive oxygen species is required for full virulence in the rice blast fungus. PLoS pathogens\| PubMed ID: 21533213	2011
Getting the most out of your fungal microarray data: two cost- and time-effective methods. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)\| PubMed ID: 21590413	2011
Suppression of plant-generated reactive oxygen species is required for successful infection by the rice blast fungus. Virulence\| PubMed ID: 21971181	2011
RNA-Seq reveals infection-related global gene changes in Phytophthora phaseoli, the causal agent of lima bean downy mildew. Molecular plant pathology\| PubMed ID: 22112294	2012
Roles and delivery mechanisms of fungal effectors during infection development: common threads and new directions. Current opinion in microbiology\| PubMed ID: 23164582	2012
Physiological stressors and invasive plant infections alter the small RNA transcriptome of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. BMC genomics\| PubMed ID: 23663523	2013
Transcriptomics of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in response to the bacterial antagonist Lysobacter enzymogenes reveals candidate fungal defense response genes. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 24098512	2013
Global gene expression in rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae treated with a natural rice soil isolate. Planta\| PubMed ID: 24126723	2014
Redox and rice blast: new tools for dissecting molecular fungal-plant interactions. The New phytologist\| PubMed ID: 26013301	2014
Optimization of the HyPer sensor for robust real-time detection of hydrogen peroxide in the rice blast fungus. Molecular plant pathology\| PubMed ID: 26950262	2017
Small RNA Functions Are Required for Growth and Development of Magnaporthe oryzae. Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI\| PubMed ID: 28504560	2017
Marker-Assisted Molecular Profiling, Deletion Mutant Analysis, and RNA-Seq Reveal a Disease Resistance Cluster Associated with Uromyces appendiculatus Infection in Common Bean Phaseolus vulg... International journal of molecular sciences\| PubMed ID: 28545258	2017
Characterizing Small RNAs in Filamentous Fungi Using the Rice Blast Fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, as an Example. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)\| PubMed ID: 30182228	2018
Genome assembly of a Mesoamerican derived variety of lima bean: a foundational cultivar in the Mid-Atlantic USA. G3 (Bethesda, Md.)\| PubMed ID: 34542584	2021

Nicole M. Donofrio

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