A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial Temporal Lobe Structures

The present paper describes a comprehensive protocol for manual tracing of the set of brain regions comprising the medial temporal lobe (MTL): amygdala, ...

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

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Complex dynamic behaviour involves reciprocal influences between emotion and cognition. On the one hand, emotion is a "double-edged sword" that may affect various aspects of our cognition and behaviour, by enhancing or hindering them and exerting both transient and long-term influences. On the other hand, emotion processing is also susceptible to cognitive influences, typically exerted in the form of emotion regulation. Noteworthy, both of these reciprocal influences are subjective to individual differences that may affect the way we perceive, experience, and eventually remember emotional experiences, or respond to emotionally challenging situations. Understanding these relationships is critical, as unbalanced emotion-cognition interactions may lead to devastating effects, such as those observed in mood and anxiety disorders. The present review analyses the reciprocal relationships between emotion and cognition, based on evidence derived from brain imaging investigations focusing on three main topics: (1) the impact of emotion on cognition, (2) the impact of cognition on emotion, and (3) the role of individual differences in emotion-cognition interactions. This evidence will be discussed in the context of identifying aspects that are fundamental to understanding the mechanisms underlying emotion-cognition interactions in healthy functioning, and to understanding changes associated with affective disorders.

Neural correlates of emotion-cognition interactions: A review of evidence from brain imaging investigations.

Complexe comportement dynamique implique des influences r&#xE9;ciproques entre l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;motion et la cognition. D&#x26;#39;une part, l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;motion est une &#xAB;&#xE9;p&#xE9;e &#xE0; double tranchant&#x26;quot; qui peuvent influer sur divers aspects de notre cognition et le comportement, en am&#xE9;liorant ou en entravant les influences et exer&#xE7;ant &#xE0; la fois transitoires et &#xE0; long terme. D&#x26;#39;autre part, traitement des &#xE9;motions est aussi sensible aux influences cognitives, g&#xE9;n&#xE9;ralement exerc&#xE9;es sous la forme de la r&#xE9;gulation des &#xE9;motions. Il convient de noter, &#xE0; la fois de ces influences r&#xE9;ciproques sont subjectifs des diff&#xE9;rences individuelles qui peuvent affecter la fa&#xE7;on dont nous percevons, l&#x26;#39;exp&#xE9;rience et, &#xE9;ventuellement, se souvenir des exp&#xE9;riences affectives, ou de r&#xE9;pondre &#xE0; des situations &#xE9;motionnellement difficiles. La compr&#xE9;hension de ces relations est essentielle, comme d&#xE9;s&#xE9;quilibr&#xE9; &#xE9;motion-cognition interactions peuvent conduire &#xE0; des effets d&#xE9;vastateurs, tels que ceux observ&#xE9;s dans les troubles de l&#x26;#39;humeur et l&#x26;#39;anxi&#xE9;t&#xE9;. La pr&#xE9;sente revue analyse les relations r&#xE9;ciproques entre l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;motion et la cognition, bas&#xE9;es sur des preuves provenant d&#x26;#39;enqu&#xEA;tes d&#x26;#39;imagerie du cerveau mettant l&#x26;#39;accent sur trois th&#xE8;mes principaux: (1) l&#x26;#39;impact de l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;motion sur la cognition, (2) l&#x26;#39;impact de la cognition sur l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;motion, et (3) le r&#xF4;le des diff&#xE9;rences individuelles dans l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;motion-cognition interactions. Cette preuve sera discut&#xE9;e dans le contexte de l&#x26;#39;identification des aspects qui sont essentiels &#xE0; la compr&#xE9;hension des m&#xE9;canismes sous-jacents &#xE9;motion-cognition interactions dans le fonctionnement sain, et pour comprendre les changements associ&#xE9;s &#xE0; des troubles affectifs.

Corr&#xE9;lats neuronaux de la cognition &#xE9;motion-Interactions: Un examen de la preuve &#xE0; partir des enqu&#xEA;tes d&#x26;#39;imagerie c&#xE9;r&#xE9;brale

Komplexes dynamisches Verhalten beinhaltet gegenseitige Einfl&uuml;sse zwischen Emotion und Kognition. Auf der einen Seite ist die Emotion ein &quot;zweischneidiges Schwert&quot;, das verschiedene Aspekte unserer Wahrnehmung und Verhalten, durch Verbesserung oder behindern sie und &uuml;bt sowohl fl&uuml;chtige als auch langfristige Einfl&uuml;sse beeintr&auml;chtigen k&ouml;nnen. Auf der anderen Seite ist die Emotion Verarbeitung auch anf&auml;llig f&uuml;r kognitive Einfl&uuml;sse, normalerweise in Form von Emotion Verordnung ausge&uuml;bt. Bemerkenswert, beide dieser wechselseitige Einfl&uuml;sse sind subjektive, individuelle Unterschiede, die beeinflussen, wie wir wahrnehmen, erleben, und schlie&szlig;lich emotionale Erlebnisse erinnern oder zu emotional an Situationen reagieren k&ouml;nnen. Verst&auml;ndnis dieser Beziehungen ist kritisch, da unausgewogen Emotion-Kognition-Interaktionen zu verheerenden Effekte wie bei Stimmung und Angstst&ouml;rungen f&uuml;hren k&ouml;nnen. Dieser &Uuml;berpr&uuml;fung analysiert die wechselseitigen Beziehungen zwischen Emotion und Kognition, anhand von beweisen abgeleitet Gehirns Untersuchungen konzentriert sich auf drei Hauptthemen: (1) die Auswirkungen von Emotionen auf Kognition, (2) die Auswirkungen der Wahrnehmung von Emotionen und (3) die Rolle der individuellen Unterschiede im Emotion-Kognition-Interaktionen. Dieser Beweis wird diskutiert werden, im Rahmen der Ermittlung der Aspekte, die grundlegend f&uuml;r das Verst&auml;ndnis der Mechanismen Emotion-Kognition-Interaktionen in gesunde Funktionieren und zum Verst&auml;ndnis der &Auml;nderungen affektive St&ouml;rungen zugeordnet sind.

Neural Correlates Emotion-Kognition-Interaktionen: eine &Uuml;berpr&uuml;fung der Belege aus Gehirns Untersuchungen.

Comportamento dinamico complesso coinvolge reciproche influenze tra emozione e cognizione. Da un lato, l&#39;emozione &egrave; una &quot;spada a doppio taglio&quot; che possa influenzare vari aspetti della nostra cognizione e comportamento, migliorando o che li ostacolano e esercitare influenze transitorie e a lungo termine. D&#39;altra parte, elaborazione di emozione &egrave; anche suscettibile alle influenze cognitive, tipicamente esercitate in forma di regolamento di emozione. Degno di nota, queste influenze reciproche sono entrambi a differenze individuali che possono influenzare il modo noi percepiamo, esperienza e infine ricordare esperienze emotive o rispondere emotivamente impegnativo situazioni soggettive. Comprendere queste relazioni &egrave; fondamentale, come interazioni sbilanciato emozione-cognizione possono portare a devastanti effetti, come quelle osservate nei disturbi dell&#39;umore e ansia. La presente rassegna analizza le relazioni reciproche tra emozione e cognizione, basato sull&#39;evidenza derivata da brain imaging indagini concentrandosi su tre argomenti principali: (1) l&#39;impatto delle emozioni sulla cognizione, (2) l&#39;impatto della cognizione sull&#39;emozione e (3) il ruolo delle differenze individuali nelle interazioni di emozione-cognizione. Questa prova sar&agrave; discusso nel contesto di individuare gli aspetti che sono fondamentali per la comprensione dei meccanismi sottostanti le interazioni di emozione-cognizione in funzionamento sano e per capire i cambiamenti associati con disturbi affettivi.

Neural correlates delle interazioni di emozione-cognizione: A review of evidence da indagini di imaging cerebrale.

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Comportamiento din&#xE1;mico complejo incluye las influencias rec&#xED;procas entre la emoci&#xF3;n y la cognici&#xF3;n. Por un lado, la emoci&#xF3;n es una &#x26;quot;espada de doble filo&#x26;quot; que puede afectar varios aspectos de nuestra cognici&#xF3;n y el comportamiento, mediante la mejora o dificultar ellos y ejercer influencias tanto transitorios y largo plazo. Por otro lado, el procesamiento emoci&#xF3;n tambi&#xE9;n es susceptible a las influencias cognitivas, t&#xED;picamente ejercidas en la forma de regulaci&#xF3;n de la emoci&#xF3;n. Digno de menci&#xF3;n, tanto de estas influencias rec&#xED;procas son subjetivas a las diferencias individuales que pueden afectar la forma en que percibimos, la experiencia, y, finalmente, recordar experiencias emocionales, o responder a situaciones emocionalmente desafiantes. La comprensi&#xF3;n de estas relaciones es fundamental, ya desequilibrado cognici&#xF3;n emoci&#xF3;n interacci&#xF3;n puede ocasionar efectos devastadores, como los observados en los trastornos del humor y la ansiedad. La presente revisi&#xF3;n analiza las relaciones rec&#xED;procas entre la emoci&#xF3;n y la cognici&#xF3;n, con base en evidencias derivadas de las investigaciones de im&#xE1;genes cerebrales se centran en tres temas principales: (1) el impacto de la emoci&#xF3;n sobre la cognici&#xF3;n, (2) el impacto de la cognici&#xF3;n en la emoci&#xF3;n, y (3) el papel de las diferencias individuales en la interacci&#xF3;n cognici&#xF3;n-emoci&#xF3;n. Esta evidencia ser&#xE1; discutido en el contexto de la identificaci&#xF3;n de aspectos que son fundamentales para la comprensi&#xF3;n de los mecanismos subyacentes a la cognici&#xF3;n emoci&#xF3;n interacciones en el funcionamiento saludable, y para entender los cambios asociados con los trastornos afectivos.

Correlatos neurales de la cognici&#xF3;n Interacciones las emociones: una revisi&#xF3;n de la evidencia de Investigaciones de im&#xE1;genes cerebrales

Evidence has suggested that women have greater emotional reactivity than men. However, it is unclear whether these differences in basic emotional responses are also associated with differences in emotional distractibility, and what the neural mechanisms that implement differences in emotional distractibility between women and men are. Functional MRI recording was used in conjunction with a working memory (WM) task, with emotional distraction (angry faces) presented during the interval between the memoranda and the probes. First, we found an increased impact of emotional distraction among women in trials associated with high-confidence responses, in the context of overall similar WM performance in women and men. Second, women showed increased sensitivity to emotional distraction in brain areas associated with "hot" emotional processing, whereas men showed increased sensitivity in areas associated with "cold" executive processing, in the context of overall similar patterns of response to emotional distraction in women and men. Third, a sex-related dorsal-ventral hemispheric dissociation emerged in the lateral PFC related to coping with emotional distraction, with women showing a positive correlation with WM performance in left ventral PFC, and men showing similar effects in the right dorsal PFC. In addition to extending to men results that have previously been reported in women, by showing that both sexes engage mechanisms that are similar overall in response to emotional distraction, the present study identifies sex differences in both the response to and coping with emotional distraction. These results have implications for understanding sex differences in the susceptibility to affective disorders, in which basic emotional responses, emotional distractibility, and coping abilities are altered.

Sex differences in the response to emotional distraction: an event-related fMRI investigation.

Theory and research link regulatory focus (RF) in the form of promotion and prevention goal orientation with internalizing symptoms (e.g., anxiety), but the relevant mechanisms are not well understood. This study investigated the role of two emotion regulation (ER) strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) as possible mediators. Path analysis using data from 179 healthy young participants (110 women, 69 men) revealed that stronger promotion orientation was significantly associated with less anxiety, and that the use of reappraisal and suppression partially mediated this association. Prevention was associated with more suppression but was not directly associated with anxiety. There were no gender differences in these effects. Collectively, these findings suggest that effective ER, through heightened use of reappraisal and dampened use of suppression, serves as a mechanism through which promotion confers protection against anxiety. This research provides empirical support to initiatives aimed at promoting healthy psychological adjustment and preventing anxiety, by optimizing ER strategies with respect to RF goal orientations.

Reappraisal and suppression mediate the contribution of regulatory focus to anxiety in healthy adults.

A fundamental question in the emotional memory literature is why emotion enhances memory in some conditions but disrupts memory in other conditions. For example, separate studies have shown that emotional stimuli tend to be better remembered in long-term episodic memory (EM), whereas emotional distracters tend to impair working memory (WM) maintenance. The first goal of this study was to directly compare the neural correlates of EM enhancement (EME) and WM impairing (WMI) effects, and the second goal was to explore individual differences in these mechanisms. During event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), participants maintained faces in WM while being distracted by emotional or neutral pictures presented during the delay period. EM for the distracting pictures was tested after scanning and was used to identify successful encoding activity for the picture distracters. The first goal yielded two findings: (1) emotional pictures that disrupted face WM but enhanced subsequent EM were associated with increased amygdala (AMY) and hippocampal activity (ventral system) coupled with reduced dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) activity (dorsal system); (2) trials in which emotion enhanced EM without disrupting WM were associated with increased ventrolateral PFC activity. The ventral-dorsal switch can explain EME and WMI, while the ventrolateral PFC effect suggests a coping mechanism. The second goal yielded two additional findings: (3) participants who were more susceptible to WMI showed greater amygdala increases and PFC reductions; (4) AMY activity increased and dlPFC activity decreased with measures of attentional impulsivity. Taken together, these results clarify the mechanisms linking the enhancing and impairing effects of emotion on memory, and provide insights into the role of individual differences in the impact of emotional distraction.

Alexandru D. Iordan

Neuroscience Program,
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial Temporal Lobe Structures

Alexandru D. Iordan

.css-o250i3{font-size:18px;font-family:Open Sans,sans-serif;line-height:21.6px;}Neuroscience Program,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial Temporal Lobe Structures

Neuroscience Program,
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology