Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring <em>In Vivo</em> Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents.

Gastrointestinal dysfunction remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Indeed, gastrointestinal (GI) motility in health and disease remains an ...

Penn State University College of Medicine

&#x7535;&#x751F;&#x7406;&#x548C;&#x751F;&#x7406;&#x7684;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#xFF0C;&#x8179;&#x4FA7;&#x9AD3;&#x5EF6;&#x9AD3;&#x7F51;&#x72B6;&#x6838; &#xFF08;&#x5EF6;&#x9AD3;&#x4E18;&#x8111;&#x548C;&#x5E15;&#x5C14; alpha &#x539F;&#x5B50;&#x6838;&#x5982;&#x4EE5;&#x53CA;&#x76F8;&#x90BB;&#x6A2A;&#x5411; paragigantocellular &#x6838; &#xFF1B; &#x7F29;&#x5199; Gi LPGi &#x590D;&#x6742;&#x7EC4;&#x6210;&#xFF09; &#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x7684;&#x76C6;&#x5E95;&#x5668;&#x5B98;&#x964D;&#x5E8F;&#x63A7;&#x5236; (Mackel [1979] J.&#x7A81;&#x53D8; 294:105-122 &#xFF1B; (&#x571F;&#x5730;&#x3002;)&#x8BB8;&#x5E03;&#x820D;&#x5C14;&#x548C;&#x7EA6;&#x7FF0;&#x900A; [1996] J.Neurophysiol&#x3002;76:2474-2482 &#xFF1B;&#x8BB8;&#x5E03;&#x820D;&#x5C14;&#x548C;&#x7EA6;&#x7FF0;&#x900A; [1999] J.Neurophysiol&#x3002;82:1381-1389 &#xFF1B;&#x7EA6;&#x7FF0;&#x900A;&#x548C;&#x8BB8;&#x5E03;&#x820D;&#x5C14; [1998] Neuroreport 9:341-345&#xFF09;&#x3002;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x6765;&#x8BF4;&#xFF0C;&#x6B64;&#x590D;&#x5408;&#x4F53;&#x65C1;&#x6B63;&#x4E2D;&#x7F51;&#x72B6;&#x6838;&#x5377;&#x5165;&#x6027;&#x53CD;&#x5C04;&#x7684;&#x6291;&#x5236;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x672C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x987A;&#x884C;&#x8367;&#x5149;&#x793A;&#x8E2A;&#x5242;&#x7528;&#x6765;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x964D;&#x9884;&#x6D4B;&#x4ECE; Gi LPGi &#x590D;&#x6742;&#x5BF9;&#x96C4;&#x6027;&#x5927;&#x9F20;&#x9006;&#x884C;&#x6807;&#x8BB0;&#x9634;&#x90E8;&#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x5143; (MN)&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#x867D;&#x7136;&#x9AD8;&#x5BC6;&#x5EA6;&#x7684; Gi LPGi &#x7EA4;&#x7EF4;&#x4ECE; arborizations &#x4F3C;&#x4E4E;&#x662F;&#x5728;&#x5411;&#x9634;&#x90E8; MNs &#x5BC6;&#x5207;&#x540C;&#x4F4D;&#x8BED;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x5173;&#x7CFB;&#x4E5F;&#x9002;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x5176;&#x4ED6; MNs &#x6574;&#x4E2A;&#x7684;&#x810A;&#x9AD3;&#x635F;&#x4F24;&#x3002;Gi-LPGi &#x8FD8;&#x9879;&#x76EE;&#x5411;&#x810A;&#x9AD3;&#x81EA;&#x4E3B;&#x533A;&#x57DF;&#xFF0C;&#x5373;&#xFF0C;&#x4FA7;&#x89D2;&#x5355;&#x5143;&#x683C;&#x7684;&#x5217;&#x548C;&#x9AB6;&#x526F;&#x4EA4;&#x611F;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x6838;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x53CA;&#x533A;&#x57DF;&#x7684;&#x4E2D;&#x95F4;&#x7070;&#x8272;&#xFF0C;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;&#x5305;&#x542B; interneurons &#x53C2;&#x4E0E;&#x672C;&#x7EC4;&#x7EC7;&#x7684;&#x76C6;&#x5E95;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x53CD;&#x5C04;&#x3002;&#x6700;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;&#x6574;&#x4E2A;&#x810A;&#x9AD3;&#x7684;&#x957F;&#x5EA6;&#xFF0C;&#x4E3B;&#x8981;&#x4F4D;&#x4E8E;&#x690E;&#x677F;&#x4E03;-X&#xFF0C;&#x65E0;&#x6570;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x5143;&#x88AB;&#x9006;&#x884C;&#x6807;&#x6709;&#x6C1F;&#x7EA2;&#x5B9D;&#x77F3;&#x540E;&#x6CE8;&#x5165; Gi-LPGi&#x3002;&#x5F25;&#x6F2B;&#x7684;&#x964D;&#x5E8F;&#x9884;&#x6D4B;&#x548C; arborizations &#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x9014;&#x5F84;&#x5728;&#x810A;&#x9AD3;&#x6574;&#x4E2A;&#x5EFA;&#x8BAE;&#x6B64;&#x8111;&#x5E72;&#x533A;&#x53C2;&#x4E0E;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x3001; &#x964D;&#x5E8F;&#x7684;&#x5404;&#x79CD;&#x810A;&#x67F1;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x7684;&#x63A7;&#x5236;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x662F;&#x4E0E;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x610F;&#x89C1;&#x7684;&#x5C3E;&#x7AEF;&#x4E2D;&#x7F1D;&#x9690;&#x6838;&#xFF0C;&#x9488;&#x5BF9;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x53C2;&#x4E0E;&#x6027;&#x548C;&#x6D88;&#x9664;&#x804C;&#x80FD;&#x7684;&#x81EA;&#x4E3B;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x548C;&#x8EAF;&#x4F53; MNs &#x79BB;&#x6563;&#x9884;&#x6D4B; (Hermann &#x4E2D;&#x5357;&#x5DE5;&#x4E1A;&#x5927;&#x5B66; [1998] J.&#x5DE5;&#x65F6; Neurol.397:458-474)&#x3002;

&#x4ECE;&#x590D;&#x6742;&#x7684;&#x5EF6;&#x9AD3;&#x5DE8;&#x7EC6;&#x80DE;&#x7F51;&#x72B6;&#x6838;&#x964D;&#x5E8F;&#x810A;&#x67F1;&#x7684;&#x9884;&#x6D4B;&#x3002;

Electrophysiological and physiological studies have suggested that the ventral medullary gigantocellular reticular nuclei (composed of the gigantocellular ventralis and pars alpha nuclei as well as the adjacent lateral paragigantocellular nucleus; abbreviated Gi-LPGi complex) provide descending control of pelvic floor organs (Mackel [1979] J. Physiol. (Lond.) 294:105-122; Hubscher and Johnson [1996] J. Neurophysiol. 76:2474-2482; Hubscher and Johnson [1999] J. Neurophysiol. 82:1381-1389; Johnson and Hubscher [1998] Neuroreport 9:341-345). Specifically, this complex of paramedian reticular nuclei has been implicated in the inhibition of sexual reflexes. In the present study, an anterograde fluorescent tracer was used to investigate direct descending projections from the Gi-LPGi complex to retrogradely labeled pudendal motoneurons (MN) in the male rat. Our results demonstrated that, although a high density of arborizations from Gi-LPGi fibers appears to be in close apposition to pudendal MNs, this relationship also applies to other MNs throughout the entire spinal cord. The Gi-LPGi also projects to spinal autonomic regions, i.e., both the intermediolateral cell column and the sacral parasympathetic nucleus, as well as to regions of the intermediate gray, which contain interneurons involved in the organization of pelvic floor reflexes. Lastly, throughout the length of the spinal cord, numerous neurons located primarily in laminae VII-X, were retrogradely labeled with Fluoro-Ruby after injections into the Gi-LPGi. The diffuse descending projections and arborizations of this pathway throughout the spinal cord suggest that this brainstem area is involved in the direct, descending control of a variety of spinal activities. These results are in contrast with our observations of the discrete projections of the caudal nucleus raphe obscurus, which target the autonomic and somatic MNs involved specifically in sexual and eliminative functions (Hermann et al. [1998] J. Comp. Neurol. 397:458-474).

Descending spinal projections from the rostral gigantocellular reticular nuclei complex.

Les &#xE9;tudes &#xE9;lectrophysiologiques et physiologiques ont sugg&#xE9;r&#xE9; que les noyaux m&#xE9;dullaire ventrale gigantocellulaire r&#xE9;ticulaire (compos&#xE9; des ventralis gigantocellulaire et des noyaux alpha pars ainsi que le noyau lat&#xE9;ral adjacent paragigantocellulaire; abr&#xE9;g&#xE9;e Gi-LPGi complexe) fournissent descendant le contr&#xF4;le des organes pelviens (Mackel [1979] J. Physiol (Lond.) 294:105-122;. Hubscher et Johnson [1996] J. Neurophysiol 76:2474-2482;.. Hubscher et Johnson [1999] J. Neurophysiol 82:1381-1389; Johnson et Hubscher [ 1998] Neuroreport 9:341-345). Plus pr&#xE9;cis&#xE9;ment, ce complexe de noyaux r&#xE9;ticulaires param&#xE9;diane a &#xE9;t&#xE9; impliqu&#xE9;e dans l&#x26;#39;inhibition de r&#xE9;flexes sexuels. Dans la pr&#xE9;sente &#xE9;tude, un traceur ant&#xE9;rograde fluorescent a &#xE9;t&#xE9; utilis&#xE9; pour &#xE9;tudier directs projections descendantes du complexe Gi-LPGi marqu&#xE9;s de fa&#xE7;on r&#xE9;trograde &#xE0; motoneurones honteux (MN) chez le rat m&#xE2;le. Nos r&#xE9;sultats ont d&#xE9;montr&#xE9; que, m&#xEA;me si une forte densit&#xE9; de arborisations de Gi-LPGi fibres semble &#xEA;tre en apposition &#xE0; proximit&#xE9; de MNs honteux, cette relation s&#x26;#39;applique &#xE9;galement &#xE0; d&#x26;#39;autres tout au long de MNs le cordon toute la colonne vert&#xE9;brale. Le Gi-LPGi saillie &#xE9;galement de la colonne vert&#xE9;brale r&#xE9;gions autonome, &#xE0; savoir, &#xE0; la fois la colonne de cellules interm&#xE9;diolat&#xE9;rale et le noyau du sacrum parasympathique, ainsi que les r&#xE9;gions de l&#x26;#39;interm&#xE9;diaire de gris, qui contiennent interneurones impliqu&#xE9;s dans l&#x26;#39;organisation des r&#xE9;flexes du plancher pelvien. Enfin, sur toute la longueur de la moelle &#xE9;pini&#xE8;re, les neurones de nombreuses situ&#xE9;s principalement dans les lames VII-X, ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; marqu&#xE9;s avec r&#xE9;trograde fluoro-Ruby, apr&#xE8;s les injections dans le Gi-LPGi. Les projections diffuses descendant et arborisations de cette voie tout au long de la moelle &#xE9;pini&#xE8;re sugg&#xE8;rent que cette r&#xE9;gion du tronc c&#xE9;r&#xE9;bral est impliqu&#xE9; dans le contr&#xF4;le direct et descendant d&#x26;#39;une vari&#xE9;t&#xE9; d&#x26;#39;activit&#xE9;s &#xE9;pini&#xE8;re. Ces r&#xE9;sultats sont en contraste avec nos observations des projections discr&#xE8;tes de la caudale noyau du raph&#xE9; obscurus, qui cible les MNs autonomes et somatiques impliqu&#xE9;s sp&#xE9;cifiquement dans les fonctions sexuelles et &#xE9;liminatoire (Hermann et al. [1998] J. Comp. Neurol. 397:458 -474).

Descendant Projections de la colonne vert&#xE9;brale complexe noyaux gigantocellulaire r&#xE9;ticulaire rostral

Absteigende spinale Projektionen aus dem rostralen gigantocellular retikul&#xE4;ren Kernen komplex.

Studi elettrofisiologici e fisiologici hanno suggerito che i nuclei reticolari gigantocellulari midollare ventrale (composti da gigantocellulari ventralis e pars alfa nuclei come pure il nucleo paragigantocellular laterale adiacente; abbreviato complesso Gi-LPGi) forniscono il controllo discendente degli organi pelvici (Mackel [1979] J. Physiol. (Lond.) 294:105-122; Hubscher e Johnson [1996] J. Neurophysiol. 76:2474-2482; Hubscher e Johnson [1999] J. Neurophysiol. 82:1381-1389; 9:341 Johnson e Neuroreport Hubscher [1998]-345). In particolare, questo complesso di nuclei reticolari paramedian &egrave; stato implicato nella inibizione dei riflessi sessuali. Nel presente studio, &egrave; stato utilizzato un tracciante fluorescente anterograda per indagare su proiezioni discendente dirette dal complesso Gi-LPGi a retrogradely con etichetta motoneuroni del nervo pudendo (MN) nel ratto maschio. I nostri risultati hanno dimostrato che, anche se un&#39;alta densit&agrave; di arborizations da Gi-LPGi fibre sembra essere in stretta apposizione al pudendo MNs, questo rapporto vale anche per altri MNs per tutta l&#39;intera colonna vertebrale. Il Gi-LPGi anche progetti per regioni autonomiche spinale, cio&egrave;, intermediolateral delle cellule sia la colonna del nucleo parasimpatico sacro, cos&igrave; come nelle regioni del grigio intermedio, che contengono interneurons coinvolto nell&#39;organizzazione dei riflessi del pavimento pelvico. Infine, per tutta la lunghezza del midollo spinale, numerosi neuroni situati principalmente in lamine VII-X, sono stati retrogradely etichettato con Fluoro-Ruby dopo iniezioni in Gi-LPGi. Le proiezioni decrescente diffuse e arborizations di questo percorso in tutta la colonna vertebrale suggeriscono che questa zona del tronco encefalico &egrave; coinvolto in diretta, discendente di controllo di una variet&agrave; di attivit&agrave; spinale. Questi risultati sono in contrasto con le nostre osservazioni delle proiezioni discrete del nucleo caudale Rafe obscurus, cui indirizzare la MNs autonomiche e somatiche coinvolte in particolare le funzioni sessuali ed eliminative (Hermann et al [1998] J. Comp. Neurol. 397:458-474).

Discendente spinale proiezioni dai nuclei reticolari rostrale gigantocellulari complessi.

&#x9AA8;&#x76E4;&#x5E95;&#x81D3;&#x5668;&#xFF08;&#x30DE;&#x30C3;&#x30B1;&#x30EB;[1979]&#x306E;&#x4E0B;&#x964D;&#x5236;&#x5FA1;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x96FB;&#x6C17;&#x751F;&#x7406;&#x5B66;&#x7684;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x751F;&#x7406;&#x5B66;&#x7684;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x8179;&#x5074;&#x5EF6;&#x9AC4;&#x5DE8;&#x5927;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x7DB2;&#x69D8;&#x6838;&#xFF08;&#x7565;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x738B;LPGi&#x8907;&#x96D1;&#x306A;&#x5DE8;&#x5927;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x8179;&#x3068;&#x30D1;&#x30EB;&#x30B9;&#x30A2;&#x30EB;&#x30D5;&#x30A1;&#x6838;&#x3068;&#x540C;&#x69D8;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x96A3;&#x63A5;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x6A2A;paragigantocellular&#x6838;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x6210;&#x308B;&#xFF09;&#x304C;&#x793A;&#x5506;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;J.&#x751F;&#x7406;&#x5B66;&#xFF08;Lond.&#xFF09;294:105-122;&#x3002;Hubscher&#x3068;Johnson [1996] J. Neurophysiol 76:2474-2482; Hubscher&#x3068;Johnson [1999] J. Neurophysiol 82:1381-1389;&#x30B8;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x30BD;&#x30F3;&#x3068;Hubscher [ 1998] Neuroreport 9:341-345&#xFF09;&#x3002;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x508D;&#x7DB2;&#x69D8;&#x6838;&#x306E;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x8907;&#x5408;&#x4F53;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6027;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x53CD;&#x5C04;&#x306E;&#x6291;&#x5236;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x4E0E;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x672C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x9806;&#x884C;&#x6027;&#x86CD;&#x5149;&#x30C8;&#x30EC;&#x30FC;&#x30B5;&#x30FC;&#x306F;&#x3001;Gi-LPGi&#x8907;&#x5408;&#x4F53;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x96C4;&#x30E9;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x9006;&#x884C;&#x6027;&#x306B;&#x6A19;&#x8B58;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x9670;&#x90E8;&#x904B;&#x52D5;&#x30CB;&#x30E5;&#x30FC;&#x30ED;&#x30F3;&#xFF08;MN&#xFF09;&#x306B;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x964D;&#x9806;&#x4E88;&#x6E2C;&#x3092;&#x8ABF;&#x67FB;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x3005;&#x306E;&#x7D50;&#x679C;&#x306F;&#x3001;Gi-LPGi&#x7E4A;&#x7DAD;&#x304B;&#x3089;arborizations&#x306E;&#x9AD8;&#x5BC6;&#x5EA6;&#x9670;&#x90E8;MN&#x306E;&#x8FD1;&#x304F;&#x306B;&#x540C;&#x683C;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x304C;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x95A2;&#x4FC2;&#x306F;&#x3055;&#x3089;&#x306B;&#x810A;&#x9AC4;&#x5168;&#x4F53;&#x3092;&#x901A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x4ED6;&#x306E;MN&#x306B;&#x9069;&#x7528;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x308B;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x660E;&#x3089;&#x304B;&#x306B;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x810A;&#x9AC4;&#x306E;&#x81EA;&#x5F8B;&#x795E;&#x7D4C;&#x306E;&#x9818;&#x57DF;&#x306B;&#x738B;LPGi&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x3001;&#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30B8;&#x30A7;&#x30AF;&#x30C8;&#x3001;&#x3059;&#x306A;&#x308F;&#x3061;&#x3001;&#x4E21;&#x65B9;&#x306E;&#x4E2D;&#x9593;&#x5916;&#x5074;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x67F1;&#x3068;&#x4ED9;&#x9AA8;&#x526F;&#x4EA4;&#x611F;&#x795E;&#x7D4C;&#x6838;&#x3060;&#x3051;&#x3067;&#x306A;&#x304F;&#x3001;&#x9AA8;&#x76E4;&#x5E95;&#x53CD;&#x5C04;&#x306E;&#x7D44;&#x7E54;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x4E0E;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x4ECB;&#x5728;&#x3092;&#x542B;&#x3080;&#x4E2D;&#x9593;&#x306E;&#x7070;&#x8272;&#x306E;&#x9818;&#x57DF;&#x3078;&#x3002;&#x6700;&#x5F8C;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x810A;&#x9AC4;&#x306E;&#x5168;&#x9577;&#x306B;&#x308F;&#x305F;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x3001;&#x4E3B;&#x306B;&#x30E9;&#x30DF;&#x30CA;VII-X&#x306B;&#x4F4D;&#x7F6E;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x306E;&#x30CB;&#x30E5;&#x30FC;&#x30ED;&#x30F3;&#x304C;&#x9006;&#x884C;&#x6027;&#x622F;LPGi&#x306B;&#x6CE8;&#x5C04;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x5F8C;&#x306B;&#x30D5;&#x30C3;&#x7D20;Ruby&#x3067;&#x6A19;&#x8B58;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x810A;&#x9AC4;&#x5168;&#x4F53;&#x306B;&#x62E1;&#x6563;&#x964D;&#x9806;&#x7A81;&#x8D77;&#x3068;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x7D4C;&#x8DEF;&#x306E;arborizations&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x8133;&#x5E79;&#x9818;&#x57DF;&#x306F;&#x810A;&#x9AC4;&#x306E;&#x69D8;&#x3005;&#x306A;&#x6D3B;&#x52D5;&#x3092;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x3001;&#x4E0B;&#x964D;&#x5236;&#x5FA1;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x4E0E;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x5506;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x7D50;&#x679C;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x5C3E;&#x5074;&#x7E2B;&#x7DDA;&#x6838;obscurus&#x306E;&#x96E2;&#x6563;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x4E88;&#x6E2C;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x5BFE;&#x8C61;&#x6027;&#x3068;&#x8131;&#x96E2;&#x306E;&#x95A2;&#x6570;&#x3067;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x95A2;&#x4E0E;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x81EA;&#x5F8B;&#x795E;&#x7D4C;&#x3068;&#x4F53;MN&#x3092;&#xFF08;&#x30D8;&#x30EB;&#x30DE;&#x30F3;&#x3089;[1998] J.&#x30B3;&#x30F3;&#x30D7;&#x3002;Neurol&#x3002;397:458&#x306E;&#x6211;&#x3005;&#x306E;&#x89B3;&#x5BDF;&#x3068;&#x306F;&#x5BFE;&#x7167;&#x7684;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;-474&#xFF09;&#x3002;

&#x543B;&#x8EDF;&#x5DE8;&#x5927;&#x7D30;&#x80DE;&#x6027;&#x7DB2;&#x69D8;&#x6838;&#x8907;&#x5408;&#x4F53;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x810A;&#x9AC4;&#x6295;&#x5C04;&#x964D;&#x9806;

Electrophysiological &#xBC0F; &#xC0DD;&#xB9AC; &#xC801; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C; &#xC81C;&#xC548; (gigantocellular ventralis &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xAC08; &#xAC70; &#xC608;&#xC694; &#xC54C;&#xD30C; &#xD575; &#xBFD0;&#xB9CC; &#xC544;&#xB2C8;&#xB77C; &#xC778;&#xC811; &#xD55C; &#xCE21;&#xBA74; paragigantocellular &#xD575;; &#xAE30; LPGi &#xBCF5;&#xC7A1; &#xD55C; &#xC57D;&#xC2DD;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xAD6C;&#xC131;&#xB41C;) &#xBCF5; &#xBD80; &#xACE8; &#xC218; gigantocellular &#xB9DD;&#xC0C1; &#xD575; &#xACE8;&#xBC18; &#xC7A5;&#xAE30;&#xC758; &#xD558;&#xAC15; &#xC81C;&#xC5B4; (Mackel [1979] &#xC81C;&#xC774; &#xB144; (&#xC18C;&#xBAA8;&#xB7C9;&#xC774;.) 294:105-122; Hubscher&#xC640; &#xC874;&#xC2A8; [1996] &#xC81C;&#xC774; Neurophysiol&#xC785;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. 76:2474-2482; Hubscher&#xC640; &#xC874;&#xC2A8; [1999] &#xC81C;&#xC774; Neurophysiol&#xC785;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. 82:1381-1389; &#xC874;&#xC2A8;&#xACFC; [1998] Hubscher Neuroreport 9:341-345). &#xD2B9;&#xD788;, paramedian &#xB9DD;&#xC0C1; &#xD575;&#xC758;&#xC774; &#xBCF5;&#xC7A1; &#xD55C; &#xC131;&#xC801; &#xBC18;&#xC0AC;&#xC758; &#xC5B5;&#xC81C;&#xC5D0; &#xC5F0;&#xB8E8; &#xB418;&#xC5B4;&#xC788;&#xB2E4;. &#xD604;&#xC7AC;&#xC758; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C; &#xCC38;&#xAC00;&#xC790; &#xD615;&#xAD11; &#xCD94;&#xC801; &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xADF8;&#xB7A8; &#xAE30; LPGi &#xBCF5;&#xC7A1; &#xD55C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xB0A8;&#xC131; &#xC950;&#xC5D0; retrogradely &#xB808;&#xC774;&#xBE14;&#xB41C; pudendal motoneurons (&#xBBF8;&#xB124;&#xC18C;&#xD0C0;) &#xC608;&#xCE21; &#xB0B4;&#xB9BC;&#xCC28;&#xC21C;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC9C1;&#xC811; &#xC870;&#xC0AC; &#xD558;&#xAE30; &#xC704;&#xD574; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xC758; &#xACB0;&#xACFC;, &#xACE0;&#xBC00;&#xB3C4; arborizations Gi LPGi &#xC12C;&#xC720;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAC00;&#xAE4C;&#xC6B4; apposition pudendal MNs &#xBCF4;&#xC774;&#xC9C0;&#xB9CC;,&#xC774; &#xAD00;&#xACC4;&#xC5D0;&#xB3C4; &#xC801;&#xC6A9; &#xB429;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; MNs &#xCC99;&#xC218; &#xC804;&#xCCB4;&#xC5D0; &#xAC78;&#xCCD0; &#xC124;&#xBA85; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. Gi Lpgi&#xB294; &#xB610;&#xD55C; &#xACE8;&#xBC18; &#xBC14;&#xB2E5; &#xBC18;&#xC0AC;&#xC758; &#xC870;&#xC9C1;&#xC5D0; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xB41C; &#xC218;&#xB97C; &#xD3EC;&#xD568; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xC911;&#xAC04; &#xD68C;&#xC0C9;&#xC758; &#xC601;&#xC5ED; &#xBFD0;&#xB9CC; &#xC544;&#xB2C8;&#xB77C; &#xCC99;&#xC218; &#xC790;&#xC728; &#xC601;&#xC5ED;, &#xC989;, &#xBAA8;&#xB450; intermediolateral &#xC140; &#xC5F4; &#xBC0F; &#xC131; &#xB840; &#xBD80; &#xAD50;&#xAC10; &#xC2E0;&#xACBD; &#xD575; &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xC81D;&#xD2B8;. &#xB9C8;&#xC9C0;&#xB9C9;&#xC73C;&#xB85C;, &#xCC99;&#xC218;&#xC758; &#xAE38;&#xC774; &#xAC78;&#xCCD0; &#xC218;&#xB9CE;&#xC740; &#xB274;&#xB7F0; laminae 7 &#xC138; X&#xC5D0; &#xC8FC;&#xB85C; &#xC704;&#xCE58; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xC788;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4; retrogradely &#xD45C;&#xC2DC; &#xBD88; &#xD654; &#xB8E8;&#xBE44; Gi Lpgi&#xC5D0; &#xC8FC;&#xC0AC; &#xD55C; &#xD6C4;. &#xD655;&#xC0B0; &#xB0B4;&#xB9BC;&#xCC28;&#xC21C; &#xD22C;&#xC601; &#xBC0F; &#xCC99;&#xC218;&#xB97C; &#xD1B5;&#xD574;&#xC774; &#xD1B5;&#xB85C;&#xC758; arborizations&#xC774; brainstem &#xC9C0;&#xC5ED;&#xC5D0; &#xCC99;&#xCD94; &#xD65C;&#xB3D9;&#xC758; &#xB2E4;&#xC591; &#xD55C; &#xC81C;&#xC5B4;&#xB97C; &#xB0B4;&#xB9BC;&#xCC28;&#xC21C;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC9C1;&#xC811; &#xCC38;&#xC5EC; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xAC83;&#xC774; &#xC88B;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774;&#xB7EC;&#xD55C; &#xACB0;&#xACFC; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xC758; &#xAD00;&#xCC30; &#xB300;&#xC0C1;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xD2B9;&#xBCC4;&#xD788; &#xC131;&#xC801; &#xBC0F; eliminative &#xAE30;&#xB2A5;&#xC5D0;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xB41C; &#xC790;&#xC728; &#xACE0; &#xCCB4;&#xC138;&#xD3EC; MNs &#xAF2C;&#xB9AC; &#xD575; raphe obscurus&#xC758; &#xAC1C;&#xBCC4; &#xACC4;&#xD68D;&#xC758; &#xB2EC;&#xB9AC; (&#xD5E4;&#xB974;&#xB9CC; &#xC678;. [1998] &#xC81C;&#xC774; &#xBE4C;&#xB824; Neurol. 397:458-474).

&#xBCF5;&#xC7A1; &#xD55C; rostral gigantocellular &#xB9DD;&#xC0C1; &#xD575;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xCC99;&#xC218; &#xC608;&#xCE21;&#xC744; &#xB0B4;&#xB9BC;&#xCC28;&#xC21C;&#xC73C;&#xB85C;.

Los estudios electrofisiol&#xF3;gicos y fisiol&#xF3;gicos han sugerido que el gigantocelular ventral medular de n&#xFA;cleos reticulares (compuesto por los ventralis gigantocelular y los n&#xFA;cleos pars alpha, as&#xED; como el n&#xFA;cleo junto paragigantocelular lateral; abreviada Gi-LPGi complejo) proveen descendente control de los &#xF3;rganos del suelo p&#xE9;lvico (Mackel [1979] J. Physiol (Londres) 294:105-122;. Hubscher y Johnson [1996] J. 76:2474-2482 Neurophysiol;.. Hubscher y Johnson [1999] J. 82:1381-1389 Neurophysiol; Johnson y Hubscher [ 1998] Neuroreport 9:341-345). Espec&#xED;ficamente, este complejo de n&#xFA;cleos reticular paramediana ha sido implicada en la inhibici&#xF3;n de los reflejos sexuales. En el presente estudio, un marcador fluorescente anter&#xF3;grada se utiliz&#xF3; para investigar directamente las proyecciones descendentes desde el complejo Gi-LPGi de forma retr&#xF3;grada etiquetados motoneuronas pudendas (MN) en la rata macho. Nuestros resultados demuestran que, aunque una alta densidad de arborizaciones de Gi-LPGi fibras parece estar en estrecha aposici&#xF3;n a MNS pudendas, esta relaci&#xF3;n se aplica tambi&#xE9;n a otros MNS toda la m&#xE9;dula espinal entera. La Gi-LPGi tambi&#xE9;n proyecta a la columna vertebral regiones auton&#xF3;micas, es decir, tanto la columna de c&#xE9;lulas intermediolateral y el n&#xFA;cleo parasimp&#xE1;tico sacro, as&#xED; como a las regiones del intermedio gris, que contienen interneuronas involucradas en la organizaci&#xF3;n de los reflejos del piso p&#xE9;lvico. Por &#xFA;ltimo, en toda la longitud de la m&#xE9;dula espinal, neuronas numerosos situados principalmente en las l&#xE1;minas VII-X, se marcaron retr&#xF3;gradamente con fluoro-Rub&#xED; despu&#xE9;s de las inyecciones en la Gi-LPGi. Las proyecciones difusas descendiendo y arborizaciones de esta v&#xED;a a trav&#xE9;s de la m&#xE9;dula espinal sugieren que esta &#xE1;rea cerebral est&#xE1; implicada en el control directo, descendiendo de una variedad de actividades espinales. Estos resultados est&#xE1;n en contraste con nuestras observaciones de las proyecciones separadas de la aleta caudal n&#xFA;cleo del rafe obscurus, que se dirigen a los MNS aut&#xF3;nomos y som&#xE1;ticos que participan espec&#xED;ficamente en las funciones sexuales y la eliminatoria (Hermann et al. [1998] J. Comp. Neurol. 397:458 -474).

Proyecciones de la columna vertebral descendente del complejo reticular rostral N&#xFA;cleo gigantocelular

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF(alpha)) is a potent modulator of autonomic reflex mechanisms that control the stomach. Evidence suggests that TNF(alpha) action directly on vago-vagal reflex control circuits causes the autonomic misregulation of digestion manifested as gastrointestinal stasis, nausea, and emesis associated with illness. Neurophysiological studies indicated that TNF(alpha) may have effects on vagal afferents in the solitary nucleus, as well as neurons of the solitary nucleus (NST) and dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) of the vagus. The aim of this study was to determine the location of the TNFR1 receptor (p55) in the medulla using immunocytochemical methods. We devised a technique for localizing the p55 receptor using heat-induced antigen recovery in fixed tissue sections. This protocol allowed us to demonstrate that dense p55-immunoreactivity (p55-ir) is constitutively present on central (but not peripheral) vagal afferents in the solitary tract (ST) and nucleus; p55-ir is also present on afferents entering the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Unilateral supra-nodose vagotomy eliminated p55-ir from ipsilateral central vagal afferents. Virtually all neurons in the brainstem appeared to express p55-ir at a low level, i.e., just above background. However, vagotomy caused a dramatic up-regulation of p55-ir in vagal motor neurons. This increase in p55-ir in axotomized neurons may play a pivotal role in the connection between the occurrence of the injury and the initiation of apoptotic processes resulting in elimination of damaged neurons.

TNF alpha-p55 receptors: medullary brainstem immunocytochemical localization in normal and vagus nerve-transected rats.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is secreted in numerous pathophysiological situations by a variety of cell types. Tactile hypersensitivity (allodynia) is one component of a constellation of "illness behaviors" triggered by TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha is also implicated in neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury and apoptosis after spinal cord injury (SCI). It is possible that SCI, illness- and peripheral injury-induced hypersensitivity may share a similar spinal mediated etiology. These studies identify the locus of type-1 TNF (TNFR1 or p55) and type-2 TNF (TNFR2 or p75) receptors within the spinal cord. At all spinal levels, TNFR1 receptor immunoreactivity (TNFR1-ir) was constitutively expressed on cells and afferent fibers within the dorsal root ganglia, afferent fibers of the dorsal root, dorsal root entry zone (REZ) and within lamina I and II of the dorsal horn. Unilateral dorsal rhizotomy eliminated the characteristic pattern of TNFR1-ir at the rhizotomized REZ. In contrast, TNFR2-ir was consistently absent from dorsal root fibers and the region of the root entry zone. Consistent with our previous report, medullary afferent fibers in the solitary tract and spinal trigeminal tract labelled for TNF1-ir, but did not express TNFR2-ir. The presence TNFR1-ir on dorsal horn afferents, suggests that TNF-alpha may be a mechanism responsible for tactile hypersensitivity during illness. The presence of TNFR1 receptors, and perhaps their long-term activation or plasticity, may also play a critical role in the chronic allodynia and hyperreflexia observed after SCI or peripheral nerve damage.

Immunocytochemical localization of TNF type 1 and type 2 receptors in the rat spinal cord.

&#x672C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x62A5;&#x544A;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x89E3;&#x5256;&#x5230;&#x809B;&#x95E8;&#x5916;&#x62EC;&#x7EA6;&#x808C; (EAS) &#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x5143;&#xFF0C;serotonergic &#x9633;&#x6027;&#x9884;&#x6D4B;&#x7684;&#x53EF;&#x5851;&#x6027;&#x548C; EAS &#x53CD;&#x5C04;&#x3001; &#x9634;&#x830E;&#x52C3;&#x8D77;&#x548C;&#x5927;&#x9F20;&#x810A;&#x9AD3;&#x632B;&#x4F24;&#x635F;&#x4F24; (SCI) &#x6216;&#x810A;&#x9AD3;&#x5168;&#x6A2A;&#x65AD; (TX) &#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x884C;&#x4E3A;&#x7684;&#x53EF;&#x5851;&#x6027;&#x3002;&#x808C;&#x7535;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x7684; EAS&#x3001; &#x9634;&#x830E;&#x52C3;&#x8D77;&#x5EF6;&#x8FDF;&#x548C; BBB &#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x6210;&#x7EE9;&#x632B;&#x4F24;&#x8D28;&#x63A7;&#x540E; 6 &#x5468;&#x6062;&#x590D;&#x671F;&#x95F4;&#x5C55;&#x51FA;&#x5E76;&#x884C;&#x6062;&#x590D;&#x8FD9;&#x4E00;&#x6A21;&#x5F0F;&#x7684;&#x6062;&#x590D;&#x4E0D;&#x662F; TX &#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x4E2D;&#x89C2;&#x5BDF;&#x5230;&#x7684;&#x3002;&#x867D;&#x7136; TX&#xFF0C;&#x52C3;&#x8D77;&#x540E;&#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x6210;&#x7EE9;&#x8BC1;&#x660E;&#x5C0F;&#x7684;&#x589E;&#x52A0;&#x548C;&#x809B;&#x95E8;&#x76F4;&#x80A0;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x4ECD;&#x7136;&#x505C;&#x7559;&#x5728;&#x5F02;&#x5E38;&#x6C34;&#x5E73;&#x635F;&#x4F24;&#x540E;&#x7ACB;&#x5373;&#x6210;&#x7ACB;&#x3002;Serotonergic &#xFF08;5-&#x7F9F;&#x8272;&#x80FA;-&#x5982;&#x679C;&#xFF09; &#x6447;&#x5E8A;&#x5728;&#x75C5;&#x53D8;&#x90E8;&#x4F4D;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x5C11;&#x91CF;&#x7EA4;&#x7EF4;&#x540E;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x4E3A;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x6062;&#x590D;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x57FA;&#x677F;&#x7684; SCI &#x5E78;&#x514D;&#x3002;5-&#x7F9F;&#x8272;&#x80FA;-&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x9006;&#x884C;&#x6807;&#x8BB0;&#x7684; EAS &#x548C;&#x672A;&#x6807;&#x8BB0;&#x7684;&#x9634;&#x90E8;&#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x5143;&#x9634;&#x830E;&#x52C3;&#x8D77;&#x7684;&#x5FC5;&#x8981;&#x6761;&#x4EF6;&#x9644;&#x8FD1;&#x7684;&#x50CF;&#x7D20;&#x5BC6;&#x5EA6;&#x6D4B;&#x91CF;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B; serotonergic &#x53D1;&#x82BD;&#x5E73;&#x884C;&#x8D28;&#x63A7;&#x7684;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x4E2D;&#x89C2;&#x5BDF;&#x5230;&#x7684;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x6062;&#x590D;&#x7684;&#x95F4;&#x63A5;&#x8BC1;&#x636E;&#x6CA1;&#x6709; 5-&#x7F9F;&#x8272;&#x80FA;-&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x68C0;&#x6D4B;&#x5230;&#x5C3E;&#x7AEF;&#x5230; TX &#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x53D7;&#x4F24;&#x90E8;&#x4F4D;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#xFF1A; (1) &#x8170;&#x9AB6;&#x90E8;&#x6D88;&#x9664;&#x548C;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x53CD;&#x5C04;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x5B66;&#x4E60;&#x7684;&#x90AE;&#x653F; SCI &#x53EF;&#x5851;&#x6027; &#xFF1B; &#x673A;&#x5236;&#x7684;&#x6709;&#x6548;&#x624B;&#x6BB5;(2) &#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x7684;&#x6062;&#x590D;&#x66F2;&#x7EBF;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x56DE;&#x62A5;&#x7684;&#x964D;&#x5E8F;&#x63A7;&#x5236;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x8BB8;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x53D1;&#x82BD;&#x7684;&#x964D;&#x5E8F; serotonergic &#x7EA4;&#x7EF4; &#xFF1B;(3) &#x89C2;&#x5BDF;&#x5230;&#x7684;&#x8D64;&#x5B57;&#x540E; TX &#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x4EE3;&#x8868;&#x6C38;&#x4E45;&#x5220;&#x9664;&#x7684;&#x964D;&#x5E8F;&#x6291;&#x5236;&#x548C;&#x53CD;&#x6620;&#x91CD;&#x7EC4;&#x7684;&#x8282;&#x6BB5;&#x6027;&#x7535;&#x8DEF;&#x3002;

Serotonergic &#x7EA4;&#x7EF4;&#x810A;&#x9AD3;&#x632B;&#x4F24;&#x540E;&#x53D1;&#x82BD;&#x5230;&#x809B;&#x95E8;&#x5916;&#x62EC;&#x7EA6;&#x808C;&#x8FD0;&#x52A8;&#x795E;&#x7ECF;&#x5143;&#x3002;

The present study analyzed the anatomical plasticity of serotonergic immunoreactive projections to external anal sphincter (EAS) motoneurons, and the behavioral plasticity of EAS reflexes, penile erection, and locomotion in rats with spinal contusion injury (SCI) or complete spinal cord transection (TX). Electromyographic activity of the EAS, penile erection latency, and BBB locomotor score exhibited parallel recovery over the 6-week recovery period after contusion SCI. This pattern of recovery was not observed in TX animals. While locomotor scores demonstrated a small increase after TX, erectile and anorectal function remained at abnormal levels established immediately after injury. Serotonergic immunofluorescent (5-HT-IF) staining at the lesion site identified a small number of fibers spared after SCI that may provide a substrate for functional recovery. Pixel density measurements of 5-HT-IF in the vicinity of retrogradely labeled EAS and unlabeled pudendal motoneurons necessary for penile erection provide indirect evidence of serotonergic sprouting that parallels the observed functional recovery in animals with SCI. No 5-HT-IF was detected caudal to the injury site in TX animals. These studies indicate: (1) lumbosacral eliminative and reproductive reflexes provide a valid means of studying the mechanisms of post-SCI plasticity; (2) the similar recovery curves suggest similar return of descending control, perhaps through sprouting of descending serotonergic fibers; (3) the observed deficits after TX likely represent the permanent removal of descending inhibition and reflect reorganization of segmental circuitry.

Serotonergic fiber sprouting to external anal sphincter motoneurons after spinal cord contusion.

La pr&#xE9;sente &#xE9;tude a analys&#xE9; la plasticit&#xE9; anatomique du s&#xE9;rotoninergiques projections immunor&#xE9;actives &#xE0; l&#x26;#39;ext&#xE9;rieur du sphincter anal (EAS) motoneurones et la plasticit&#xE9; comportementale des r&#xE9;flexes EAS, &#xE9;rection du p&#xE9;nis, et la locomotion chez les rats avec l&#xE9;sion par contusion m&#xE9;dullaire (SCI) ou compl&#xE8;te section de la moelle &#xE9;pini&#xE8;re (TX) . L&#x26;#39;activit&#xE9; &#xE9;lectromyographique du SAE, la latence &#xE9;rection du p&#xE9;nis, et le score locomotrice BBB expos&#xE9; de r&#xE9;cup&#xE9;ration parall&#xE8;le sur la p&#xE9;riode de r&#xE9;cup&#xE9;ration de 6 semaines apr&#xE8;s une contusion m&#xE9;dullaire. Ce mod&#xE8;le de r&#xE9;cup&#xE9;ration n&#x26;#39;a pas &#xE9;t&#xE9; observ&#xE9; chez les animaux TX. Bien que les scores de locomotion d&#xE9;montr&#xE9; une l&#xE9;g&#xE8;re augmentation apr&#xE8;s TX, &#xE9;rectile et fonction ano-rectale est rest&#xE9;e &#xE0; des niveaux anormaux &#xE9;tablis imm&#xE9;diatement apr&#xE8;s la blessure. S&#xE9;rotoninergique immunofluorescence (5-HT-IF) &#xE0; l&#x26;#39;emplacement de la l&#xE9;sion a identifi&#xE9; un petit nombre de fibres &#xE9;pargn&#xE9;es apr&#xE8;s SCI qui peuvent fournir un substrat pour la r&#xE9;cup&#xE9;ration fonctionnelle. Des mesures de densit&#xE9; de pixels de la 5-HT-SI dans le voisinage de r&#xE9;trograde marqu&#xE9; EAS et non &#xE9;tiquet&#xE9;s motoneurones honteux n&#xE9;cessaires pour l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;rection du p&#xE9;nis fournissent des preuves indirectes de la germination s&#xE9;rotoninergique qui est parall&#xE8;le &#xE0; la reprise observ&#xE9;e fonctionnelle chez les animaux avec la SCI. N &#xB0; 5-HT-SI a &#xE9;t&#xE9; d&#xE9;tect&#xE9;e en aval de la site de la l&#xE9;sion chez les animaux TX. Ces &#xE9;tudes indiquent: (1) lombo-sacr&#xE9;e r&#xE9;flexes &#xE9;liminatrices et reproductive constituent un moyen valable d&#x26;#39;&#xE9;tudier les m&#xE9;canismes de la plasticit&#xE9; post-SCI; (2) les courbes de r&#xE9;cup&#xE9;ration similaires sugg&#xE8;rent rendement similaire de descendre de contr&#xF4;le, peut-&#xEA;tre par la germination des fibres descendantes s&#xE9;rotoninergiques; (3 ) les d&#xE9;ficits observ&#xE9;s apr&#xE8;s TX repr&#xE9;sentent probablement le retrait permanent de l&#x26;#39;inhibition descendante et refl&#xE8;tent la r&#xE9;organisation des circuits segmentaire.

Fibre s&#xE9;rotoninergique germination de motoneurones externes du sphincter anal apr&#xE8;s contusion de la moelle &#xE9;pini&#xE8;re

Serotonergen Faser sprie&#xDF;en zu externen analen Schlie&#xDF;muskel Motoneuronen nach Quetschung des R&#xFC;ckenmarks.

Il presente studio ha analizzato la plasticit&agrave; anatomica delle proiezioni serotoninergici immunoreattive a motoneuroni sfintere anale esterno (EAS) e la plasticit&agrave; comportamentale dei riflessi EAS, erezione del pene e locomozione in ratti con lesione spinale contusione (SCI) o transezione completa del midollo spinale (TX). Attivit&agrave; elettromiografiche di EAS, latenza di erezione del pene e punteggio motorio BBB esposto parallelo recupero durante il periodo di recupero di 6 settimane dopo la contusione SIC. Questo modello di recupero non &egrave; stato osservato negli animali TX. Mentre i punteggi dell&#39;apparato locomotore ha dimostrato un piccolo aumento dopo TX, erettile e funzione anorettale &egrave; rimasto a livelli anormali stabiliti subito dopo l&#39;infortunio. Serotoninergici immunofluorescenza colorazione (5-HT-IF) presso il sito di lesione identificato un piccolo numero di fibre risparmiati dopo SCI che possono fornire un substrato per il recupero funzionale. Le misure di densit&agrave; di pixel della 5-HT-se in prossimit&agrave; di retrogradely con etichetta EAS e adenoide motoneuroni del nervo pudendo necessarie per l&#39;erezione del pene forniscono prove indirette di germogliatura serotoninergici che parallels il recupero funzionale osservato negli animali con la SIC. No 5-HT-se &egrave; stato rilevato caudale al sito infortunio negli animali TX. Questi studi indicano: (1) lombosacrale eliminative e riproduttiva riflessi forniscono un valido mezzo di studiare i meccanismi della plasticit&agrave; post-SCI; (2) le curve di recupero simili suggeriscono simile ritorno di discendenti di controllo, magari attraverso germinazione del discendente serotoninergici fibre; (3) i deficit osservati dopo TX probabilmente rappresentano la rimozione permanente di discendente di inibizione e riflettono la riorganizzazione dei circuiti segmentali.

Fibra serotoninergici che spuntano ai motoneuroni sfintere anale esterno dopo la contusione del midollo spinale.

&#x672C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x810A;&#x9AC4;&#x632B;&#x50B7;&#x640D;&#x50B7;&#xFF08;SCI&#xFF09;&#x3001;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x306F;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x306A;&#x810A;&#x9AC4;&#x96E2;&#x65AD;&#xFF08;TX&#xFF09;&#x306E;&#x30E9;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x5916;&#x809B;&#x9580;&#x62EC;&#x7D04;&#x7B4B;&#xFF08;EAS&#xFF09;&#x904B;&#x52D5;&#x30CB;&#x30E5;&#x30FC;&#x30ED;&#x30F3;&#x3078;&#x306E;&#x30BB;&#x30ED;&#x30C8;&#x30CB;&#x30F3;&#x514D;&#x75AB;&#x53CD;&#x5FDC;&#x6027;&#x306E;&#x4E88;&#x6E2C;&#x3001;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;EAS&#x53CD;&#x5C04;&#x306E;&#x884C;&#x52D5;&#x306E;&#x53EF;&#x5851;&#x6027;&#x3001;&#x9670;&#x830E;&#x306E;&#x52C3;&#x8D77;&#x3068;&#x3001;&#x904B;&#x52D5;&#x306E;&#x89E3;&#x5256;&#x5B66;&#x7684;&#x53EF;&#x5851;&#x6027;&#x3092;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x3002; EAS&#x306E;&#x7B4B;&#x6D3B;&#x52D5;&#x3001;&#x9670;&#x830E;&#x306E;&#x52C3;&#x8D77;&#x306E;&#x5F85;&#x3061;&#x6642;&#x9593;&#x3001;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;BBB&#x904B;&#x52D5;&#x30B9;&#x30B3;&#x30A2;&#x306F;&#x632B;&#x50B7;SCI&#x5F8C;6&#x9031;&#x9593;&#x306E;&#x56DE;&#x5FA9;&#x671F;&#x9593;&#x306B;&#x308F;&#x305F;&#x308A;&#x30D1;&#x30E9;&#x30EC;&#x30EB;&#xB7;&#x30EA;&#x30AB;&#x30D0;&#x30EA;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x56DE;&#x5FA9;&#x306E;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x30D1;&#x30BF;&#x30FC;&#x30F3;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30C6;&#x30AD;&#x30B5;&#x30B9;&#x5DDE;&#x306E;&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x3067;&#x89B3;&#x5BDF;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x306A;&#x304B;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x904B;&#x52D5;&#x30B9;&#x30B3;&#x30A2;&#x306F;TX&#x5F8C;&#x306E;&#x308F;&#x305A;&#x304B;&#x306A;&#x5897;&#x52A0;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x306A;&#x304C;&#x3089;&#x3001;&#x52C3;&#x8D77;&#x3068;&#x76F4;&#x8178;&#x809B;&#x9580;&#x6A5F;&#x80FD;&#x306F;&#x3059;&#x3050;&#x306B;&#x602A;&#x6211;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x5F8C;&#x306B;&#x8A2D;&#x7ACB;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3001;&#x7570;&#x5E38;&#x306A;&#x30EC;&#x30D9;&#x30EB;&#x3067;&#x63A8;&#x79FB;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x30BB;&#x30ED;&#x30C8;&#x30CB;&#x30F3;&#x4F5C;&#x52D5;&#x6027;&#x514D;&#x75AB;&#xFF08;5-HT-IF&#xFF09;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x75C5;&#x5909;&#x90E8;&#x4F4D;&#x306E;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6A5F;&#x80FD;&#x56DE;&#x5FA9;&#x306E;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306E;&#x57FA;&#x8CEA;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x3067;&#x304D;&#x308B;SCI&#x5F8C;&#x306E;&#x8107;&#x306B;&#x7F6E;&#x3044;&#x3066;&#x3001;&#x7E4A;&#x7DAD;&#x306E;&#x5C11;&#x6570;&#x3092;&#x540C;&#x5B9A;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x306E;&#x753B;&#x7D20;&#x5BC6;&#x5EA6;&#x306E;&#x6E2C;&#x5B9A;5-HT-IF&#x9670;&#x830E;&#x306E;&#x52C3;&#x8D77;&#x306E;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x5FC5;&#x8981;&#x306A;&#x9006;&#x884C;&#x6027;&#x306B;&#x6A19;&#x8B58;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;EAS&#x3068;&#x30E9;&#x30D9;&#x30EB;&#x306E;&#x4ED8;&#x3044;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x9670;&#x90E8;&#x904B;&#x52D5;&#x30CB;&#x30E5;&#x30FC;&#x30ED;&#x30F3;&#x306E;&#x8FD1;&#x508D;&#x3067;SCI&#x3092;&#x6301;&#x3064;&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x3067;&#x89B3;&#x5BDF;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x6A5F;&#x80FD;&#x56DE;&#x5FA9;&#x3068;&#x4E26;&#x884C;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x767A;&#x82BD;&#x30BB;&#x30ED;&#x30C8;&#x30CB;&#x30F3;&#x306E;&#x9593;&#x63A5;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x8A3C;&#x62E0;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x306A;&#x3057;5-HT-IF TX&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x306E;&#x640D;&#x50B7;&#x90E8;&#x4F4D;&#x306B;&#x5C3E;&#x304C;&#x691C;&#x51FA;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306F;&#x793A;&#x3059;&#xFF1A;&#xFF08;1&#xFF09;&#x8170;&#x4ED9;&#x90E8;&#x306E;&#x8131;&#x96E2;&#x3068;&#x751F;&#x6B96;&#x306E;&#x53CD;&#x5C04;&#x306F;&#x3001;post-SCI&#x306E;&#x53EF;&#x5851;&#x6027;&#x306E;&#x30E1;&#x30AB;&#x30CB;&#x30BA;&#x30E0;&#x3092;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x6709;&#x52B9;&#x306A;&#x624B;&#x6BB5;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#xFF08;2&#xFF09;&#x540C;&#x69D8;&#x306E;&#x56DE;&#x5FA9;&#x66F2;&#x7DDA;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30BB;&#x30ED;&#x30C8;&#x30CB;&#x30F3;&#x4F5C;&#x52D5;&#x6027;&#x7E4A;&#x7DAD;&#x3092;&#x3001;&#x964D;&#x9806;&#x306E;&#x840C;&#x82BD;&#x3092;&#x4ECB;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3001;&#x304A;&#x305D;&#x3089;&#x304F;&#x30B3;&#x30F3;&#x30C8;&#x30ED;&#x30FC;&#x30EB;&#x964D;&#x9806;&#x540C;&#x69D8;&#x306E;&#x5FA9;&#x5E30;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x5506;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#xFF08;3 &#xFF09;TX&#x5F8C;&#x306B;&#x89B3;&#x5BDF;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x8D64;&#x5B57;&#x306E;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x6027;&#x304C;&#x9AD8;&#x3044;&#x963B;&#x5BB3;&#x3092;&#x964D;&#x9806;&#x3067;&#x306E;&#x6052;&#x4E45;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x9664;&#x53BB;&#x3092;&#x8868;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x304A;&#x308A;&#x3001;&#x30BB;&#x30B0;&#x30E1;&#x30F3;&#x30C8;&#x56DE;&#x8DEF;&#x306E;&#x518D;&#x7DE8;&#x6210;&#x3092;&#x53CD;&#x6620;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x30BB;&#x30ED;&#x30C8;&#x30CB;&#x30F3;&#x4F5C;&#x52D5;&#x6027;&#x7E4A;&#x7DAD;&#x306F;&#x810A;&#x9AC4;&#x632B;&#x50B7;&#x5F8C;&#x3001;&#x5916;&#x809B;&#x9580;&#x62EC;&#x7D04;&#x7B4B;&#x306E;&#x904B;&#x52D5;&#x30CB;&#x30E5;&#x30FC;&#x30ED;&#x30F3;&#x306B;&#x840C;&#x82BD;

&#xD604;&#xC7AC;&#xC758; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C; &#xBD84;&#xC11D; &#xC678;&#xBD80; &#xD56D;&#xBB38; &#xAD04;&#xC57D;&#xADFC; (EAS) motoneurons serotonergic immunoreactive &#xACC4;&#xD68D;&#xC758; &#xD574;&#xBD80;&#xD559; &#xC18C;&#xC131; &#xBC0F; EAS &#xBC18;&#xC0AC;, &#xC74C; &#xACBD; &#xBC1C;&#xAE30; &#xBC0F; &#xCC99;&#xC218; &#xD0C0; &#xBC15;&#xC0C1; &#xBD80;&#xC0C1; (&#xACF5;&#xC0C1; &#xACFC;&#xD559;) &#xB610;&#xB294; &#xC644;&#xC804; &#xD55C; &#xCC99;&#xC218; transection (TX) &#xC950;&#xC758; &#xC6B4;&#xB3D9; &#xD589;&#xB3D9; &#xC18C;&#xC131;. &#xD0C0; &#xBC15;&#xC0C1; &#xACFC;&#xD559; &#xD6C4; 6 &#xC8FC;&#xAC04;&#xC758; &#xD68C;&#xBCF5; &#xAE30;&#xAC04; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; &#xBCD1;&#xB82C; &#xBCF5;&#xAD6C;&#xB97C; &#xC804;&#xC2DC; &#xD558;&#xB294; EAS, &#xC74C; &#xACBD; &#xBC1C;&#xAE30; &#xB300;&#xAE30; &#xC2DC;&#xAC04; &#xBC0F; BBB &#xC6B4;&#xC804; &#xC810;&#xC218; electromyographic &#xD65C;&#xB3D9; &#xBCF5;&#xAD6C;&#xC758;&#xC774; &#xD328;&#xD134; &#xD558;&#xC9C0; TX &#xB3D9;&#xBB3C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAD00;&#xCC30; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC6B4;&#xC804; &#xC810;&#xC218; TX, &#xBC1C;&#xAE30; &#xD6C4; &#xC791;&#xC740; &#xC99D;&#xAC00; &#xC2DC;&#xC5F0; anorectal &#xD568;&#xC218; &#xBD80;&#xC0C1; &#xC9C1;&#xD6C4; &#xC124;&#xB9BD; &#xBE44;&#xC815;&#xC0C1;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC218;&#xC900;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC720;&#xC9C0; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB3D9;&#xC548;&#xC5D0;. &#xBCD1; &#xBCC0; &#xC0AC;&#xC774;&#xD2B8; serotonergic immunofluorescent (5-HT-IF) &#xC5BC;&#xB8E9; &#xC2DD;&#xBCC4; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5; &#xD68C;&#xBCF5;&#xC744; &#xC704;&#xD55C; &#xAE30;&#xD310;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xACF5;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xB294; SCI &#xD6C4; &#xC808;&#xC57D; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xC12C;&#xC720; &#xC218;&#xAC00; &#xC801;&#xC740;. 5-HT-if retrogradely &#xB808;&#xC774;&#xBE14;&#xB41C; EAS &#xBC0F; &#xB808;&#xC774;&#xBE14;&#xC774; &#xC5C6;&#xB294; pudendal motoneurons &#xC74C; &#xACBD; &#xBC1C;&#xAE30;&#xC5D0; &#xD544;&#xC694;&#xD55C; &#xC8FC;&#xBCC0; &#xD53D;&#xC140; &#xBC00;&#xB3C4; &#xCE21;&#xC815; &#xACFC;&#xD559;&#xC640; &#xB3D9;&#xBB3C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAD00;&#xCC30; &#xB41C; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5; &#xBCF5;&#xAD6C; &#xD3C9;&#xD589; serotonergic &#xB3CB; &#xC544;&#xC758; &#xAC04;&#xC811; &#xC99D;&#xAC70; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xC544;&#xB2C8; 5 HT &#xBA74; TX &#xB3D9;&#xBB3C;&#xC758; &#xC0C1;&#xD574; &#xC0AC;&#xC774;&#xD2B8;&#xB85C; &#xAF2C;&#xB9AC; &#xAC80;&#xC0C9; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774;&#xB7EC;&#xD55C; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;: (1) lumbosacral eliminative &#xBC0F; &#xC0DD;&#xC2DD; &#xBC18;&#xC0AC; &#xAC8C;&#xC2DC;&#xBB3C; SCI &#xC18C;&#xC131;;&#xC758; &#xBA54;&#xCEE4;&#xB2C8;&#xC998;&#xC744; &#xACF5;&#xBD80; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xC720;&#xD6A8;&#xD55C; &#xC218;&#xB2E8;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; (2) &#xBE44;&#xC2B7;&#xD55C; &#xBCF5;&#xAD6C; &#xACE1;&#xC120; &#xC81C;&#xC548; &#xC544;&#xB9C8;&#xB3C4; serotonergic &#xC12C;&#xC720;; &#xB0B4;&#xB9BC;&#xCC28;&#xC21C;&#xC758; &#xBC1C; &#xC544;&#xB97C; &#xD1B5;&#xD574; &#xC81C;&#xC5B4;&#xB97C; &#xB0B4;&#xB9BC;&#xCC28;&#xC21C;&#xC758; &#xBE44;&#xC2B7;&#xD55C; &#xBC18;&#xD658; (3) &#xD14D;&#xC0AC;&#xC2A4; &#xAC00;&#xB2A5;&#xC131;&#xC774; &#xD6C4; &#xAD00;&#xCC30; &#xB41C; &#xC801;&#xC790; &#xC800;&#xD574; &#xB0B4;&#xB9BC;&#xCC28;&#xC21C;&#xC744; &#xC601;&#xAD6C;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC81C;&#xAC70; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xB098;&#xD0C0;&#xB0B4;&#xACE0; segmental &#xD68C;&#xB85C;&#xC758; &#xC870;&#xC9C1; &#xAC1C;&#xD3B8;&#xC744; &#xBC18;&#xC601;.

Serotonergic &#xC12C;&#xC720;&#xB294; &#xCC99;&#xC218; &#xD0C0; &#xBC15;&#xC0C1; &#xD6C4; &#xC678;&#xBD80; &#xD56D;&#xBB38; &#xAD04;&#xC57D;&#xADFC; motoneurons&#xB97C; &#xB3CB; &#xC544;.

El presente estudio analiz&#xF3; la plasticidad anat&#xF3;mica de las proyecciones serotonin&#xE9;rgicas inmunorreactivas a esf&#xED;nter anal externo (EAS) motoneuronas, y la plasticidad del comportamiento de los reflejos de EAS, la erecci&#xF3;n del pene, y la locomoci&#xF3;n en ratas con lesi&#xF3;n de contusi&#xF3;n espinal (LME) o transecci&#xF3;n completa de la m&#xE9;dula espinal (TX) . La actividad electromiogr&#xE1;fica de la EAS, la latencia de la erecci&#xF3;n del pene, y la puntuaci&#xF3;n BBB locomotora mostraron una recuperaci&#xF3;n en paralelo durante el per&#xED;odo de recuperaci&#xF3;n de 6 semanas despu&#xE9;s de la contusi&#xF3;n en SCI. Este patr&#xF3;n de recuperaci&#xF3;n no se observ&#xF3; en los animales TX. Si bien los puntajes del aparato locomotor demostr&#xF3; un aumento peque&#xF1;o despu&#xE9;s de TX, er&#xE9;ctil y la funci&#xF3;n anorrectal se mantuvo en niveles anormales establecido inmediatamente despu&#xE9;s de la lesi&#xF3;n. Seroton&#xE9;rgica inmunofluorescencia (5-HT-SI) tinci&#xF3;n en la zona de la lesi&#xF3;n identificado un peque&#xF1;o n&#xFA;mero de fibras ahorrado despu&#xE9;s de SCI que pueden proporcionar un sustrato para la recuperaci&#xF3;n funcional. Mediciones de densidad de p&#xED;xeles de 5-HT-SI en las inmediaciones de la etiqueta EAS retr&#xF3;grada y sin etiquetar las motoneuronas pudendas necesarios para la erecci&#xF3;n del pene proporcionan evidencia indirecta de los serotonin&#xE9;rgicos brote que se asemeja a la recuperaci&#xF3;n observada funcional en los animales con lesi&#xF3;n medular. N &#xBA; 5-HT-SI se detect&#xF3; caudal al sitio de la lesi&#xF3;n en los animales TX. Estos estudios indican: (1) lumbosacra reflejos eliminadores y reproductiva constituyen un medio v&#xE1;lido de estudio de los mecanismos de post-SCI plasticidad; (2) las curvas de recuperaci&#xF3;n similares sugieren retorno similar de control descendente, quiz&#xE1;s a trav&#xE9;s de la brotaci&#xF3;n de fibras descendentes serotonin&#xE9;rgicas, (3 ) los d&#xE9;ficits observados despu&#xE9;s de TX probablemente representan la eliminaci&#xF3;n permanente de la inhibici&#xF3;n descendiente y reflejan la reorganizaci&#xF3;n de los circuitos segmentaria.

Fibra serotonin&#xE9;rgica Brote de Exteriores motoneuronas esf&#xED;nter anal despu&#xE9;s de una contusi&#xF3;n de la m&#xE9;dula espinal

The aim of this study was to determine the localization of 5-hydroxytryptamine2C (5-HT2C) receptors on the motoneurons innervating the external anal sphincter (EAS) of male rats. Motoneurons were retrogradely labeled after percutaneous intramuscular injection of Fluorogold (FG) into the EAS. Using fluorescent immunohistochemistry, FG-positive EAS motoneurons that were immunoreactive for the 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2C-IR) were targeted for specific examination with widefield microscopy or confocal laser scanning microscopy with spectral separation. Widefield microscopy revealed distributions of FG-positive EAS motoneurons in the L5-S1 gray matter corresponding to the dorsomedial cell group. 5-HT2C-IR positive cells were distributed in the intermediolateral cell column and the ventral horn. Ventral horn 5-HT2C-IR labeling included the dorsomedial cell group as well as the dorsolateral, ventromedial and ventrolateral areas. Confocal analysis of FG-positive EAS motoneurons and 5-HT2C-IR positive motoneuron profiles adjacent to EAS motoneurons that were not labeled with FG but presumably innervate the bulbospongiosus muscle confirmed that EAS motoneurons were immunopositive for the 5-HT2C receptor. These data suggest that previously identified descending serotonergic immunopositive fibers observed terminating on EAS motoneurons might mediate their input through the activation of 5-HT2C receptors.

5-Hydroxytryptamine2C receptors on pudendal motoneurons innervating the external anal sphincter.

The inability to maintain body weight within prescribed ranges occurs in a significant portion of the human spinal cord injury (SCI) population. Using a rodent model of long-term high thoracic (spinal level T3) spinal cord transection (TX), we aimed to identify derangements in body weight, body composition, plasma insulin, glucose tolerance, and metabolic function, as measured by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT). Sixteen weeks after SCI, body weights of injured female rats stabilized and were significantly lower than surgical control animals. At the same time point, SCI rats had a significantly lower whole body fat:lean tissue mass ratio than controls, as measured indirectly by NMR. Despite lower body weight and fat mass, the cumulative consumption of standard laboratory chow (4.0 kcal/g) and mean energy intake (kcal.day(-1).100 g body wt(-1)) of chronic SCI rats was significantly more than controls. Glucose tolerance tests indicated a significant enhancement in glucose handling in 16-wk SCI rats, which were coupled with lower serum insulin levels. The post mortem weight of gonadal and retroperitoneal fat pads was significantly reduced after SCI and IBAT displayed significantly lower real-time PCR expression of UCP1 mRNA. The reduced fat mass and IBAT UCP1 mRNA expression are contraindicative of the cumulative caloric intake by the SCI rats. The prolonged postinjury loss of body weight, including fat mass, is not due to hypophagia but possibly to permanent changes in gastrointestinal transit and absorption, as well as whole body homeostatic mechanisms.

Effects of chronic spinal cord injury on body weight and body composition in rats fed a standard chow diet.

The actions of cholecystokinin (CCK) on gastrointestinal functions occur mainly via paracrine effects on peripheral sensory vagal fibers, which engage vago-vagal brain stem circuits to convey effector responses back to the gastrointestinal tract. Recent evidence suggests, however, that CCK also affects brain stem structures directly. Many electrophysiological studies, including our own, have shown that brain stem vagal circuits are excited by sulfated CCK (CCK-8s) directly, and we have further demonstrated that CCK-8s induces a remarkable degree of plasticity in GABAergic brain stem synapses. In the present study, we used fasted, anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate the effects of brain stem administration of CCK-8s on gastric tone before and after activation of the esophageal-gastric reflex. CCK-8s microinjected in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) or applied on the floor of the fourth ventricle induced an immediate and transient decrease in gastric tone. Upon recovery of gastric tone to baseline values, the gastric relaxation induced by esophageal distension was attenuated or even reversed. The effects of CCK-8s were antagonized by vagotomy or fourth ventricular, but not intravenous, administration of the CCK-A antagonist lorglumide, suggesting a central, not peripheral, site of action. The gastric relaxation induced by DVC microinjection of CCK-8s was unaffected by pretreatment with systemic bethanecol but was completely blocked by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, suggesting a nitrergic mechanism of action. These data suggest that 1) brain stem application of CCK-8s induces a vagally mediated gastric relaxation; 2) the CCK-8s-induced gastric relaxation is mediated via activation of nonadrenergic, noncholinergic pathways; and 3) CCK-8s reverses the esophageal-gastric reflex transiently.

Effects of brain stem cholecystokinin-8s on gastric tone and esophageal-gastric reflex.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a neuropeptide released following meal ingestion that, among other effects, decreases gastric tone and motility. The central targets and mechanism of action of GLP-1 on gastric neurocircuits have not, however, been fully investigated. A high density of GLP-1 containing neurones and receptors are present in brainstem vagal circuits, suggesting that the gastroinhibition may be vagally mediated. We aimed to investigate: (1) the response of identified gastric-projecting neurones of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) to GLP-1 and its analogues; (2) the effects of brainstem application of GLP-1 on gastric tone; and (3) the vagal pathway utilized by GLP-1 to induce gastroinhibition. We conducted our experiments using whole-cell recordings from identified gastric-projecting DMV neurones and microinjection in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) of anaesthetized rats while monitoring gastric tone. Perfusion with GLP-1 induced a concentration-dependent excitation of a subpopulation of gastric-projecting DMV neurones. The GLP-1 effects were mimicked by exendin-4 and antagonized by exendin-9-39. In an anaesthetized rat preparation, application of exendin-4 to the DVC decreased gastric tone in a concentration-dependent manner. The gastroinhibitory effects of exendin-4 were unaffected by systemic pretreatment with the pro-motility muscarinic agonist bethanechol, but were abolished by systemic administration of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), or by bilateral vagotomy. Our data indicate that GLP-1 activates selective receptors to excite DMV neurones mainly and that the gastroinhibition observed following application of GLP-1 in the DVC is due to the activation of an inhibitory non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic input to the stomach.

Vagally mediated effects of glucagon-like peptide 1: in vitro and in vivo gastric actions.

Despite the widely recognized prevalence of gastric, colonic, and anorectal dysfunction after spinal cord injury (SCI), significant knowledge gaps persist regarding the mechanisms leading to post-SCI gastrointestinal (GI) impairments. Briefly, the regulation of GI function is governed by a mix of parasympathetic, sympathetic, and enteric neurocircuitry. Unlike the intestines, the stomach is dominated by parasympathetic (vagal) control whereby gastric sensory information is transmitted via the afferent vagus nerve to neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). The NTS integrates this sensory information with signals from throughout the central nervous system. Glutamatergic and GABAergic NTS neurons project to other nuclei, including the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). Finally, axons from the DMV project to gastric myenteric neurons, again, through the efferent vagus nerve. SCI interrupts descending input to the lumbosacral spinal cord neurons that modulate colonic motility and evacuation reflexes. In contrast, vagal neurocircuitry remains anatomically intact after injury. This review presents evidence that unlike the post-SCI loss of supraspinal control which leads to colonic and anorectal dysfunction, gastric dysmotility occurs as an indirect or secondary pathology following SCI. Specifically, emerging data points toward diminished sensitivity of vagal afferents to GI neuroactive peptides, neurotransmitters and, possibly, macronutrients. The neurophysiological properties of rat vagal afferent neurons are highly plastic and can be altered by injury or energy balance. A reduction of vagal afferent signaling to NTS neurons may ultimately bias NTS output toward unregulated GABAergic transmission onto gastric-projecting DMV neurons. The resulting gastroinhibitory signal may be one mechanism leading to upper GI dysmotility following SCI.

Upper gastrointestinal dysmotility after spinal cord injury: is diminished vagal sensory processing one culprit?

The efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery to produce weight loss has been well-documented, but few studies have measured the key components of energy balance, food intake, and energy expenditure longitudinally.

Longitudinal assessment of food intake, fecal energy loss, and energy expenditure after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in high-fat-fed obese rats.

Oxytocin (OXT) inputs to the dorsal vagal complex (DVC; nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) and area postrema) decrease gastric tone and motility. Our first aim was to investigate the mechanism(s) of OXT-induced gastric relaxation. We demonstrated recently that vagal afferent inputs modulate NTS-DMV synapses involved in gastric and pancreatic reflexes via group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Our second aim was to investigate whether group II mGluRs similarly influence the response of vagal motoneurons to OXT. Microinjection of OXT in the DVC decreased gastric tone in a dose-dependent manner. The OXT-induced gastric relaxation was enhanced following bethanechol and reduced by l-NAME administration, suggesting a nitrergic mechanism of gastroinhibition. DVC application of the group II mGluR antagonist EGLU induced a gastroinhibition that was not dose dependent and shifted the gastric effects of OXT to a cholinergic-mediated mechanism. Evoked and miniature GABAergic synaptic currents between NTS and identified gastric-projecting DMV neurones were not affected by OXT in any neurones tested, unless the brainstem slice was (a) pretreated with EGLU or (b) derived from rats that had earlier received a surgical vagal deafferentation. Conversely, OXT inhibited glutamatergic currents even in naive slices, but their responses were unaffected by EGLU pretreatment. These results suggest that the OXT-induced gastroinhibition is mediated by activation of the NANC pathway. Inhibition of brainstem group II mGluRs, however, uncovers the ability of OXT to modulate GABAergic transmission between the NTS and DMV, resulting in the engagement of an otherwise silent cholinergic vagal neurocircuit.

Vagal afferent fibres determine the oxytocin-induced modulation of gastric tone.

Stress impairs gastric emptying, reduces stomach compliance and induces early satiety via vagal actions. We have shown recently that the ability of the anti-stress neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) to modulate vagal brainstem circuits undergoes short-term plasticity via alterations in cAMP levels subsequent to vagal afferent fibre-dependent activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the OXT-induced gastric response undergoes plastic changes in the presence of the prototypical stress hormone, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). Whole cell patch clamp recordings showed that CRF increased inhibitory GABAergic synaptic transmission to identified corpus-projecting DMV neurones. In naïve brainstem slices, OXT perfusion had no effect on inhibitory synaptic transmission; following exposure to CRF (and recovery from its actions), however, re-application of OXT inhibited GABAergic transmission in the majority of neurones tested. This uncovering of the OXT response was antagonised by pretreatment with PKA or adenylate cyclase inhibitors, H89 and DDA, respectively, indicating a cAMP-mediated mechanism. In naïve animals, OXT microinjection in DVC induced a NO-mediated corpus relaxation. Following CRF pretreatment, however, microinjection of OXT attenuated or, at times reversed, the gastric relaxation which was insensitive to L-NAME but was antagonised by pretreatment with a VIP antagonist. Immunohistochemical analyses of vagal motoneurones showed an increased number of oxytocin receptors present on GABAergic terminals of CRF-treated or stressed vs. naïve rats. These results indicate that CRF alters vagal inhibitory circuits that uncover the ability of OXT to modulate GABAergic currents and modifies the gastric corpus motility response to OXT. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Gregory M. Holmes

Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences

Penn State University College of Medicine

Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring In Vivo Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents.

Gregory M. Holmes

.css-o250i3{font-size:18px;font-family:Open Sans,sans-serif;line-height:21.6px;}Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences

Penn State University College of Medicine

Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring In Vivo Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents.

Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences