I would like to acknowledge Kelpie Wilson of Wilson Biochar, the Utah Bureau of Land Management, the USDA Forest Service, the Utah Division of Forestry, Fire and State Lands, the Utah Public Lands Initiative Grant Program, the Utah State University Extension Grant Program, Brandon Barron of Burns, OR,&#160;ANR Fabrication of Logan, Utah, and the U.S. Biochar Initiative.

1.&#160;Transportation to site
<ol>
	<li>Load the BB12 onto a trailer for transport using either a mini-excavator (with thumb) and chains OR a 4 x 4 forklift, utilizing the fork pockets. 
	NOTE: All further references to the mini-excavator assume it has an operable thumb with the bucket.</li>
	<li>Secure the kiln to the trailer with ratchet straps with a breaking strength of over 1,361 kilograms (3,000 lbs.) each. See Figure 4 for an example.</li>
	<li>Unload the kiln using the mini-excavator or forklift or&#160;tie it to a tree/vehicle and drive away, allowing it to fall on the ground. Once at the site, drag the kiln on the ground on its skids using a pickup truck and straps.</li>
</ol>
2.&#160;On-site preparation
<ol>
	<li>Place the BB12 on a relatively flat surface (slopes &#60; 10%) fairly close to the pile of wood, ensuring the dog-door draining panel is on the downhill side, if on a slope. 
	NOTE: Keep the dog-door draining panel closed during operation.</li>
	<li>Select feedstocks, which can be any woody species. Use small, dry material to get the kiln going, especially when working with wet feedstock.</li>
	<li>Gather and pile an adequate amount of feedstock to feed the kiln. Cut all the feedstock to a length that is shorter than the maximum dimension of the kiln so it fits in easily.</li>
</ol>
3.&#160;Hazard reduction
<ol>
	<li>Before ignition, check with local fire and air quality authorities to ensure that the fire danger is not too high for ignition and that the air quality regulations do not impact burning plans. Be sure to alert local fire authorities of plans before ignition.</li>
	<li>Before ignition, build a fire line (1 foot-wide trail scraped down to mineral soil) entirely around the kiln to prevent a fire from creeping away. Ensure there is a charged hose connected to an adequate water supply, dependent on the current fire hazard, for fire control before igniting the kiln.</li>
</ol>
4.&#160;Loading and lighting kiln
<ol>
	<li>Load the kiln randomly with feedstock using the mini-excavator; the size/order of adding the feedstocks does not matter. See Figure 5 for an image of a loaded&#160;kiln.</li>
	<li>Pile a layer of smaller-diameter fuels (feedstock) on top of the kiln to aid in quick ignition.</li>
	<li>Once loaded, light the kiln with a drip torch, propane torch, or other ignition device by lighting the top of the kiln first. See Figure 6 for images of lighting the kiln and kiln operation.</li>
</ol>
5.&#160;Tending kiln
<ol>
	<li>Allow the kiln to burn down and add fuels as the fire allows; expect a short period of smoke production after materials are added to the kiln. Observe that the flame cap will soon reform and continue to consume the combustibles as they rise through the heat/smoke column. Tend the kiln similar to a campfire; adding too much fuel at once will smother the fire, but too little will cause the fire to go out. See Figure 7 for an image of a flame cap.</li>
	<li>Monitor the kiln and surrounding vegetation for escaped sparks or embers that can cause unwanted ignition.</li>
	<li>Continue tending/loading the kiln this way until the kiln is full/ the feedstock is depleted/the end of the shift.</li>
</ol>
6.&#160;Quenching
<ol>
	<li>When the kiln is full or nearly full of coals and the flaming combustion gives way to smoldering or glowing combustion, quench to halt combustion and preserve the coals. Figure 8 shows a kiln ready to quench.</li>
	<li>Use a 3.8 cm (1.5 inch) diameter hose and water pump (often referred to as volume pump or trash pump at rental stores) from a water source or water truck to quench the kiln using approximately 300 gallons of water. Drown the coals; continue adding water until the coals are in standing water and stir using the mini-excavator to eliminate dry hot spots and continued combustion. Figure 9 demonstrates quenching with a hose.</li>
	<li>Once the kiln is fully quenched, open the dog door to drain out the water, which will make the kiln lighter for tipping out the biochar.</li>
</ol>
7.&#160;Tipping
<ol>
	<li>Once the kiln is completely quenched and drained, dump the contents onto the ground adjacent to the kiln.</li>
	<li>Prepare the area first by using the machine to construct a fire line around the space where the coals will be, and scrape away any fuels, including grass, sticks, brush, and logs from this space.</li>
	<li>Use the machine and chains/straps to pull the kiln over towards the machine. Figure 10 shows the kiln being tipped by the mini-excavator.</li>
	<li>Monitor the boom/hydraulic hoses/fittings of the mini-excavator for heat exposure; occasionally place the back of a hand first near and eventually on these parts to ensure they are not too hot to touch; if so, allow them to cool immediately.</li>
</ol>
8.&#160;Cold trailing
<ol>
	<li>Before leaving the site, ensure the fire is out by moving hands through the entire amount of biochar that was produced. Make sure that it is completely cool to the touch to call the fire out. 
	NOTE: The BB12 comes with lids that can be used for safety purposes; if an emergency were to occur, such as an escaped fire or injury, the lids can be placed on the kiln to prevent sparks/embers from exiting the kiln and the area can be evacuated safely. The procedure can be stalled at any time. In high-humidity locations where fire danger is generally low, lids may not be necessary.</li>
</ol>

Operating a Large Biochar Kiln and Implementing Best Practices

<ol>
	<li>Hardy, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wildland+fire+hazard+and+risk:+Problems,+definitions,+and+context.">Wildland fire hazard and risk: Problems, definitions, and context.</a> Forest Ecology and Management. 211 (1-2), 73-82 (2005).</li><li>Wollstein, K., O'Connor, C., Gear, J., Hoagland, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimize+the+bad+days:+Wildland+fire+response+and+suppression+success.">Minimize the bad days: Wildland fire response and suppression success.</a> Rangelands. 44 (3), 187-193 (2022).</li><li>Hessburg, P., Reynolds, K., Keane, R., James, K., Salter, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+wildland+fire+danger+and+prioritizing+vegetation+and+fuels+treatments.">Evaluating wildland fire danger and prioritizing vegetation and fuels treatments.</a> Forest Ecology and Management. 247 (1-3), 1-17 (2007).</li><li>Busse, M. D., Shestak, C. J., Hubbert, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+heating+during+burning+of+forest+slash+piles+and+wood+piles.">Soil heating during burning of forest slash piles and wood piles.</a> International Journal of Wildland Fire. 22 (6), 786-796 (2013).</li><li>Galinato, S. P., Yoder, J. K., Granatstein, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+economic+value+of+biochar+in+crop+production+and+carbon+sequestration.">The economic value of biochar in crop production and carbon sequestration.</a> Energy Policy. 39 (10), 6344-6350 (2011).</li><li>Spokas, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+of+the+stability+of+biochar+in+soils:+predictability+of+O:C+molar+ratios.">Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O:C molar ratios.</a> Carbon Management. 1 (2), 289 (2010).</li><li>Duku, M. H., Gu, S., Hagan, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochar+production+potential+in+Ghana-A+review.">Biochar production potential in Ghana-A review.</a> Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15 (8), 3539-3551 (2011).</li><li>Inoue, Y., Mogi, K., Yoshizawa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+of+cinders+from+red+pine,+black+locust,+and+henon+bamboo.">Properties of cinders from red pine, black locust, and henon bamboo.</a> Asia Pacific Biochar Conference, APBC Kyoto. , (2011).</li><li>Cornelissen, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emissions+and+char+quality+of+flame-curtain+&amp;#34;Kon-Tiki&amp;#34;+kilns+for+farmer-scale+charcoal/biochar+production.">Emissions and char quality of flame-curtain &amp;#34;Kon-Tiki&amp;#34; kilns for farmer-scale charcoal/biochar production.</a> PLoS ONE. 11 (5), e0154617 (2016).</li><li>Puettmann, M., Kamalakanta, S., Wilson, K., Oneil, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Life+cycle+assessments+of+biochar+produced+from+forest+residues+using+portable+systems.">Life cycle assessments of biochar produced from forest residues using portable systems.</a> Journal of Cleaner Production. 250 (2020), 119564 (2020).</li><li>. Utah Biomass Resources Website Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.usu.edu/ubrg/biochar/simple-kiln-technology">https://www.usu.edu/ubrg/biochar/simple-kiln-technology</a> (2017)</li><li>Adam, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+and+more+environmentally+friendly+charcoal+production+system+using+a+low-cost+retort-kiln+(Eco-charcoal).">Improved and more environmentally friendly charcoal production system using a low-cost retort-kiln (Eco-charcoal).</a> Renewable Energy. 34 (8), 1923-1925 (2009).</li><li>Biomass to biochar: Maximizing the carbon value. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://csanr.wsu.edu/biomass2biochar/">https://csanr.wsu.edu/biomass2biochar/</a> (2021)</li></ol>

The author has no conflict of interest to declare.

Typically, a portion of the biochar produced on the site is collected by workshop participants in buckets or bags and applied to people&#39;s gardens or agricultural projects. Biochar is friable and can be broken into small pieces to more readily incorporate into the soil by driving over it with a vehicle, stepping on it with a hard surface beneath, or mashing it with the bucket of the mini-excavator. This material can also be referred to as charcoal and has been collected for outdoor charcoal cooking, potentially providing a locally sourced material to add to the culinary features of a meal.
Comparing Big Box flame cap biochar kilns to other biochar production methods12, mobile carbonizers can process 63,502 kg per day (70 tons), compared with 12,500 kg per day with a Big Box kiln. The cost of mobile carbonizers is much higher than a Big Box kiln, starting at $500,000 to purchase, as opposed to less than $10,000 to have a Big Box kiln manufactured. Although a single Big Box kiln can process only 20% of the material that a mobile carbonizer can, it will cost only 2% of the purchase price of a mobile carbonizer.
Heated auger kilns can process up to 5,443 kg of biomass per day, as another example, which is much lower than the 12,500 kg per day capacity of Big Box kilns. Additionally, the cost of preprocessing (chipping) the material can be more than actually pyrolyzing the material. Furthermore, refined machines such as the heated auger will not tolerate soiled feedstock that is common in forestry operations; a shovelful of soil can shut down an auger kiln while a Big Box kiln can tolerate several shovelfuls of soil without significantly impacting the operation. Finally, the cost of an auger kiln can easily be 10 times that of a Big Box kiln.
The first Big Box kiln constructed is referred to as the BB16 as it measures 4.9 m (16 ft) long by 2.4 m (8 ft) wide and is a single-walled construction. It was originally 1.8m (6 ft) high and weighed close to 1,360 kg (3,000 lbs.), which required a larger excavator, a qualified operator, and a low-boy trailer, which led to scheduling challenges. This approach was oversized to deal with the typical Utah fuel loads, and at 1.8 m (6 ft) tall, it was very difficult to light or see what was going on down inside the kiln. To address these issues, to better scale this approach to Utah fuel loads, and to make it more accessible to the average forest manager, the height was reduced to 1.2 m (4 ft) tall. This makes it easier to see into and to ignite. It also got it down to 1,043 kg (2,300 lbs.), which made it manageable to transport with a more available pickup truck and trailer, and to move and operate with a mini-excavator that requires no previous experience and can be rented from most equipment rental shops.
The second kiln built by the UBRG is a double-walled construction, which allows for better heat protection to the operators and equipment near the kiln and allows for more even heating inside the kiln13. Part of this modification was to go from 12-guage steel to 14-gauge steel, which is thinner and lighter. The UBRG has done dozens of burns in these kilns and while they do get a little bent up in spots, they are not yet showing any obvious signs of heat-related metal fatigue. Certainly, additional learning is likely to occur and there is ample room for continued innovation.
The double-walled BB12 is the design that has garnered the most attention and is perhaps the most accessible/practical for fuels in the Intermountain West. Larger kilns will be more appropriate with more/larger fuels, such as the Northwest US. This method has been proven up to a 4.9 m (16-ft-long kiln). To date, Big Box kilns have been built by other parties in Utah, Colorado, Montana, Texas, and New York.
The kilns can be operated to maximize biochar production or maximize hazardous fuels reduction, or somewhere between. If hazardous fuel reduction is the primary goal, then the kilns can be loaded randomly and quenched only when the kiln is full of coals. If surrounding fire danger is low, such as when the ground is covered in several centimeters of snow, the kilns can be stacked high with fuels in the evening before the end of the shift and left to burn all night; thus, consuming fuels in a controlled space. If biochar production is the primary goal, the feedstock can be sorted into like sizes and the kilns loaded with similar size class material and quenched frequently to preserve the coals. Typically, it is a mixture of these opposing goals and the kilns are operated between these two extremes. The species of the feedstock is less important unless a biochar with specific properties is the goal.
A limited amount of smoke comes out of these kilns; the idea is that the flame cap consumes the combustibles as they rise through the column of heat. In 2019 and 2020, the Utah Smoke Management System Coordinator Paul Corrigan brought his emissions testing equipment to Big Box biochar kiln demonstrations near Logan, in northern Utah, and Moab, in southern Utah. In both cases, the equipment registered no increase in emissions from the kilns because the flame-cap consumes the combustibles as they rise through the heat column. In April of 2023, the USDA Forest Service Fire Lab&#39;s emissions testing team conduct emissions testing on the kilns in Tooele, Utah; these results are not yet available.
The workers tending the kiln will need firefighting hand tools such as shovels, rakes, Pulaskis, and chainsaws. Best practices include having all people present wear safety gear such as leather gloves, eye protection, fire-resistant clothing or at least natural fiber clothing; synthetic clothing must be avoided. Hard hats and leather boots, long sleeves, and pants help to protect operators.
Emergency communication; contingency planning: The location (often remote) of the operation must be considered in addition to the possibility of an emergency and the communication needs around that. It is crucial to know where local cell phone reception might work best; a satellite phone or emergency locator beacon such as a Garmin InReach would be highly recommended. It is important not to work alone.
In case of an escaped ember/spot fire, the lid must be placed on the kiln to prevent further sparks from exiting the kiln. The machinery must be used to quickly dig a fire line around the spot fire, and the burning fuels must be separated from the unburned fuels. The water source must be used to extinguish the fire. If extinguishment cannot be obtained immediately, call 911.
Biochar from Big Box kilns has been characterized by Control Laboratories in Watsonville, CA using the International Biochar Initiative (IBI) Laboratory Tests for Certification Program and the results show 85% Organic Carbon and 8% ash; these are the characteristics of a moderately high-quality biochar. Collaborators are experimenting with adding roll-off coasters on the bottom, similar to large garbage dumpsters, as well as a door that is one of the end-walls to aid in removing the finished biochar. It remains to be seen if these features remain operable after extreme heat exposure.

Hazardous fuels are a major problem on wildlands throughout the West1. As fire managers can do little to control the weather, controlling fuels is their best option2. The goal of this method is to provide a new, scalable tool for reducing waste wood while producing biochar in an economically and practically accessible manner. Foresters traditionally pile and burn material from logging and fuel reduction projects, but air quality restrictions and longer fire seasons have made open pile burning much more difficult over the past decades3. Furthermore, open pile burning has been shown to cause potential long-term damage to soils from the excessive heat4. All these challenges provide the reason why the UBRG is developing this technique for biochar production. The UBRG set out to provide a low-cost, high-accessibility approach to hazardous fuel reduction that results in a valuable product5. This approach of turning fuels into feedstocks and attempting to make value from low-value wood is rife with challenges. This approach conserves a portion of that carbon, which is otherwise lost to burning or rotting, and processes it into a durable form, with a half-life approaching 1,000 years in the soil6; this is 10-1,000 times longer than residence times of most soil organic matter7.
The Big Box kiln design process began with a review of other derivatives of a technology that originated in Japan. In 2011, Inoue et al.8 reported on the carbonizing efficiency and quality of biochar produced in the &#34;smokeless charcoal kiln M50&#34; manufactured by the Moki company in Japan. Biochar was produced in these small, cone-shaped kilns with conversion efficiencies ranging between 13% and 19.5% on a dry mass basis. The authors found that the values of fixed carbon and carbon content of the char were equal to those of charcoal made in a retort method at the temperature of about 600 &#176;C.
The Big Box shape was first suggested by Kelpie Wilson in a feasibility study for the North Dakota Forest Service on carbonizing shelterbelt tree removals. Wilson suggested using a modified steel trash dumpster as a flame cap kiln for processing larger-sized material. The Big Box kiln design includes several improvements to the concept that help with durability, usability, and mobility, as described below. Wilson&#39;s figure includes suggestions for repurposing containers such as dumpsters and oil tanks for this purpose; however, repurposed material generally has been painted or galvanized and may expose workshop participants to harmful chemicals in the air.
Emissions from the Big Box Kiln have not yet been reported, but Cornelissen et al.9 conducted emissions testing on several different types of Kon-Tiki kilns (a deep cone kiln) and found that emissions were generally lower than those from open burning of biomass feedstocks. They also tested the biochars produced for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and found that PAH levels were well below the Norwegian maximum tolerable risk (MTR) level for soils. A life-cycle analysis of the Oregon Kiln (a shallow pyramid-shaped kiln) showed that the in-woods operation of a flame cap kiln was carbon-negative, resulting in a net sequestration of atmospheric carbon in soil10.
One limitation of the Big Box approach is wet feedstock. While two batches per day of large-diameter material in these kilns is a reasonable expectation in arid climates and dry feedstock, one batch a day is a more reasonable expectation in locations with higher humidity and fuel moisture. Dry feedstock is more productive; wet feedstock will limit the productivity of the kiln. Wet feedstock on a wet day does not work well. Wet feedstock less than 10 cm in diameter will pyrolyze more completely than larger-diameter wet feedstock. Dry material can easily be pyrolyzed in wet and/or snowy weather. Big Box kilns have successfully pyrolyzed kiln-length dry logs upwards of 0.76 m (30 inches) in diameter and branches down to less than 1 cm in diameter.
Kiln operation is treated like open pile burning by most air quality regulators and, in Utah, permission is only granted three&#160;days in advance, which makes planning difficult, especially in winter months when atmospheric inversions are common around our communities. The cost of conducting a biochar burn is much higher than simply burning the piles, which presents another limitation of this approach. This technique is the first published low-tech method for biochar production at a scale that forgoes expensive preprocessing of feedstocks such as grinding and chipping prior to pyrolyzing. This method is useful for most woody debris that has not been chipped or processed beyond cutting into manageable piece sizes. This method is not useful for small piece-size feedstocks or feedstocks that will form mats or globs of material such as grasses, corn stover, and rice hulls.
Kiln design 
The BB12 is a double-walled kiln that is 3.7 m (12 feet) long, 1.8 m (6 feet) wide, and 1.2 m (4 feet tall), made from 14-gauge steel. The size and shape can be varied. Plans are available on the UBRG Website11. No air is allowed into the kiln except at the top; this is critical to developing the flame cap that consumes most of the combustibles as they rise through the heat column. See Figure 1 for details of the inside corners of the kiln. The exception is a drainage port, referred to as the dog door, shown in Figure 2 because it is similar in size to a common dog door. It has a sliding piece of metal with a handle so it can be pushed down closed when operating the kiln and lifted (Caution: Hot) when ready to dump the kiln.
The two walls are separated to provide an air gap12 and are open on the top and not completely sealed on the bottom, except on the interior of the kiln. See Figure 3 for details of the air gap and the top of walls. Avoid sealed spaces to avoid problems during heat expansion and resultant contraction. Single-walled kilns are still effective at reducing hazardous fuels and producing biochar, but the double-walled kiln allows for equipment and operators to get close with less heat exposure. If biochar production is the most important goal, a double-walled kiln might be more effective. If hazardous fuels reduction is the primary goal and biochar is secondary, a single-walled kiln is likely adequate.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Big Box biochar kiln</td>
			<td>ANR Fabrication</td>
			<td>BB12</td>
			<td>Phone: 435-753-0310</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chainsaw</td>
			<td>Ace Hardware</td>
			<td>#7000565</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drip torch</td>
			<td>Forestry Suppliers</td>
			<td>7.58182E+11</td>
			<td>Fill with: 30% gasoline, 70% diesel (or propane torch)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Garmin InReach</td>
			<td>Best Buy</td>
			<td>6499326</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Honda self priming water pump</td>
			<td>Northern Tool</td>
			<td>Item#&#160;109418</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lighter / matches</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Log chains</td>
			<td>Tractor Supply Co.</td>
			<td>SKU: 358788199</td>
			<td>Or similar; for moving/lifting kiln</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-excavator with thumb</td>
			<td>Local rental company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Must have a bucket with thumb</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulaski</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>485C27</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rachet straps</td>
			<td>US Cargo Control</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3,000 lbs strength per</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rags / cardboard</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>9JZ92</td>
			<td>To protect straps from abrasion while transporting kiln</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rake</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>1WG30</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shovel</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>12N166</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Truck / trailer</td>
			<td>Own/rent locally</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For transporting kiln</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water discharge hoses</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>45DT92</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water: 300 gallons per quench</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Plus more for fire control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Personal Protective Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chainsaw chaps</td>
			<td>Global industrial</td>
			<td>T9FB2019133</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ear protection</td>
			<td>Global industrial</td>
			<td>T9F708377</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye protection</td>
			<td>Global industrial</td>
			<td>T9F708119CLAF</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fire pants</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>12R487</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fire shirt</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>39EM96</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hard hat</td>
			<td>Global industrial</td>
			<td>T9FB2278977</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leather gloves</td>
			<td>Global industrial</td>
			<td>&#160;T9FB1145414</td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smokejumper fire boots</td>
			<td>Whites Boots</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Or similar</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

big box biochar kiln operation and best practices

Big Box biochar kilns are an alternative to open pile burning that allows for in-woods biochar production in a simple metal box with no moving parts. This approach is based on technology used by charcoal makers for centuries but with a modern, mechanized approach. A mini-excavator or other piece of machinery is used to load, tend, and empty the kilns. This article will outline Big Box biochar kiln best practices, including the design, transportation, placement, loading, lighting, quenching, and dumping procedures for beginners developing their own Big Box biochar kiln programs. 
Biochar production requires a low oxygen burning environment, and the Big Box kilns use a flame-cap (sometimes referred to as a flame-curtain) method to burn material with limited smoke production. These kilns have been designed to be easily transferred to the site using an adequately rated trailer. A mini-excavator or other piece of machinery is used to load, tend, and empty the kilns. The author is not aware of a more accessible means for people to sequester durable carbon on the farm, ranch, or in the backyard. This article outlines Big Box biochar kiln best practices, including the design, transportation, placement, loading, lighting, quenching, and dumping procedures for beginners developing their own Big Box biochar kiln programs.

From October to March, Big Box kilns pyrolyzed various types of feedstocks into biochar (Table 1). The drier and cleaner the fuels are, the more productive the kilns are. The diameter of the fuels is less important, the kilns have pyrolyzed full-length logs upwards of 76 cm diameter; however, if biochar production is the most important aspect of the project, it is necessary to note that filling the kilns with more consistently sized feedstock may yield the highest output of biochar. The kilns can be operated in such a way as to maximize biochar production, or they can be operated to maximize hazardous fuel consumption, or they can be operated to focus on any point along the continuum between these somewhat opposite goals.
The lids are heavy and sharp and must not be handled alone. Figure 11 shows the lid being moved by two people. It is best to have 2-3 people tending the kiln; one operating the machine, and the others keeping a lookout for escaped spot fires, cutting any material with a chainsaw that is too long to go into the kiln, picking up small pieces of burning material that may have fallen out of the kiln.
The skids on the bottom of the kiln allow it to be dragged short distances. The kilns can be dragged at least a quarter mile, on dirt roads and over the ground. Figure 12 shows the kiln being towed. When the last part of a feedstock pile is put in the kiln, instead of completing the batch and quenching a partially full kiln, it is more efficient to drag the kiln between piles while it is operating, using a pickup truck and straps. There are eyelets near the bottom of the kiln to attach straps or chains for dragging. Then, once at a fresh pile, operators can continue loading the kiln as per directions.
There will usually be logs that do not completely pyrolyze into biochar that can be added to the next kiln burn or can be spread in the forest as coarse woody debris, which offers ecological advantages or can be used for H&#252;gelkultur applications (wood is mounded and buried to create a raised garden bed). Figure 13 shows incompletely pyrolyzed logs, sometimes called bones.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Inside empty kiln. Inside of an empty kiln; note the lack of air gaps. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig02.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Open dog door. The dog door is partially opened and water is flowing out of the kiln after quenching is complete. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig03.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Gap between walls. The gap between the walls of the kiln, demonstrating no sealed cavities. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig03large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig04.jpg" /> 
Figure 4: Kiln secured for transport. Strapping and trailer are used to transport the kiln safely. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig04large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig05.jpg" /> 
Figure 5: Loading the kiln. The kiln is being loaded with Russian olive wood, demonstrating the loading method and lack of organization within the kiln. An example of a kiln loaded with light feedstocks. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig05large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig06.jpg" /> 
Figure 6: Lighting kiln. The operator is using drip torch to top-light a loaded kiln. An example of a kiln loaded with heavy materials. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig06large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig07.jpg" /> 
Figure 7: Flame cap. Flame cap formed over the top of the kiln, very little visible smoke coming from kiln; clean view to the landscape in the background. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig07large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 8" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig08.jpg" /> 
Figure 8: Ready to quench. A nearly full kiln shifting from flaming combustion to glowing combustion; the point at which the quench commences. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig08large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 9" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig09.jpg" /> 
Figure 9: Quench. A fire hose is being used to put approximately 1,100 liters of water on the coals in the kiln to halt combustion and preserve the char. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig09large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 10" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig10.jpg" /> 
Figure 10: Tipping. A mini-excavator is used to tip a BB16 Big Box biochar kiln to empty the char and start another batch. Note a second kiln operating in the background; one machine can operate several kilns simultaneously. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig10large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 11" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig11.jpg" /> 
Figure 11: Lids. Two operators wearing heavy leather gloves work together to place a lid on the kiln. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig11large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 12" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig12.jpg" /> 
Figure 12: Towing. Straps are used to attach the (still burning) kiln from the bottom eyelets to a pickup truck and drug over a dirt road to the next pile of feedstock. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig12large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 13" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig13.jpg" /> 
Figure 13: Bones. Incompletely pyrolyzed material, called bones, from the previous batch is added to a kiln before a new batch is started. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/65362/65362fig13large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Big Box kilns in&#160;</td>
			<td colspan="2">Pyrolysis of&#160;</td>
			<td>Biochar&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Logan Ranger District of Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest in November</td>
			<td>22,000 kg</td>
			<td>juniper</td>
			<td>14 cubic meters&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Moab, Utah in January</td>
			<td>1,200 kg</td>
			<td>Russian Olive feedstock</td>
			<td>8 cubic meters&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mill Hollow in Uinta-Wsatch-Cache National Forest in November</td>
			<td>25,000 kg</td>
			<td>large-diameter Engelmann Spruce and subalpine fir</td>
			<td>16 cubic meters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Near Dillon, Montana, in October</td>
			<td>10,000 kg</td>
			<td>Douglas fir feedstock</td>
			<td>10 cubic meters&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pine Valley Ranch, Utah, in March</td>
			<td>24,000 kg</td>
			<td>quaking aspen, subalpine fir, Engelmann Spruce feedstock</td>
			<td>14 cubic meters&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1: Pyrolysis of various feedstocks by Big Box kilns.

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Installation of the Big Box Biochar Kiln for Biochar Production

The Utah Biomass Resources Group (UBRG) has scaled-up simple biochar kilns in an innovative approach to hazardous fuel reduction and biochar production using metal boxes, called Big Box kilns, that allow for in-woods biochar production. This article outlines Big Box biochar kiln operation and best practices.

Big Box Biochar Kiln Operation and Best Practices

Big Box biochar kilns are an alternative to open pile burning that allows for in-woods biochar production in a simple metal box with no moving parts. This ...

Begin by loading the BB12 onto a trailer for transport, using either a mini excavator and chains or a four by four forklift using the fork pockets. Next, with the help of ratchet straps, with a breaking strength of over 1, 361 kilograms each, secure the kiln to the trailer. Proceed to unload the kiln, either by using the mini excavator or forklift, or by tying it to a tree or vehicle and driving away, allowing the kiln to fall to the ground.At the site, use a pickup truck and straps to drag the kiln on skids. Next, place the BB12 on a flat surface near the wood pile, and ensure the dog door draining panel faces downhill if placed on a slope. Select feedstocks of any woody species, and use small, dry material to start the kiln, particularly when working with wet feedstock.Gather an adequate amount of feedstock and cut it to lengths shorter than the maximum kiln dimensions for easy fitting. Then, construct a fire line around the kiln, ensuring the fire cannot escape. Make sure to have a charged hose with sufficient water supply on hand for fire control before starting the kiln, considering the current fire hazard.

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2.1K Views.  Utah State University. Begin by loading the BB12 onto a trailer for transport, using either a mini excavator and chains or a four by four forklift using the fork pockets. Next, with the help of ratchet straps, with a breaking strength of over 1, 361 kilograms each, secure the kiln to the trailer. Proceed to unload the kiln, either by using the mini excavator or forklift, or by tying it to a tree or vehicle and driving away, allowing the kiln to fall to the ground.At the site, use a pickup truck and straps to...

Video: Installation of the Big Box Biochar Kiln for Biochar Production

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes and soil organic matter formation to small-scale stable-isotope biomarker probing. Coupling multiple stable isotopes such as 13C with 15N, 18O or&#160;2H has the potential to reveal even more information about complex stoichiometric relationships during biogeochemical transformations. Isotope labeled plant material has been used in various studies of litter decomposition and soil organic matter formation1-4. From these and other studies, however, it has become apparent that structural components of plant material behave differently than metabolic components (i.e. leachable low molecular weight compounds) in terms of microbial utilization and long-term carbon storage5-7. The ability to study structural and metabolic components separately provides a powerful new tool for advancing the forefront of ecosystem biogeochemical studies. Here we describe a method for producing 13C and 15N labeled plant material that is either uniformly labeled throughout the plant or differentially labeled in structural and metabolic plant components.
Here, we present the construction and operation of a continuous 13C and 15N labeling chamber that can be modified to meet various research needs. Uniformly labeled plant material is produced by continuous labeling from seedling to harvest, while differential labeling is achieved by removing the growing plants from the chamber weeks prior to harvest. Representative results from growing Andropogon gerardii Kaw demonstrate the system&#39;s ability to efficiently label plant material at the targeted levels. Through this method we have produced plant material with a 4.4 atom%13C and 6.7 atom%15N uniform plant label, or material that is differentially labeled by up to 1.29 atom%13C and 0.56 atom%15N in its metabolic and structural components (hot water extractable and hot water residual components, respectively). Challenges lie in maintaining proper temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration,&#160;and light levels in an airtight 13C-CO2 atmosphere for successful plant production. This chamber description represents a useful research tool to effectively produce uniformly or differentially multi-isotope labeled plant material for use in experiments on ecosystem biogeochemical cycling.

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

This method explains how to build and operate a continuous 13C and 15N isotope labeling chamber for uniform or differential plant tissue labeling. Representative results from metabolic and structural labeling of Andropogon gerardii are discussed.

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes ...

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

Calcium looping (CaL) is a post-combustion CO2 capture technology that is suitable for retrofitting existing power plants. The CaL process uses limestone as a cheap and readily available CO2 sorbent. While the technology has been widely studied, there are a few available options that could be applied to make it more economically viable. One of these is to increase the oxygen concentration in the calciner to reduce or eliminate the amount of recycled gas (CO2, H2O and impurities); therefore, decreasing or removing the energy necessary to heat the recycled gas stream. Moreover, there is a resulting increase in the energy input due to the change in the combustion intensity; this energy is used to enable the endothermic calcination reaction to occur in the absence of recycled flue gases. This paper presents the operation and first results of a CaL pilot plant with 100% oxygen combustion of natural gas in the calciner. The gas coming into the carbonator was a simulated flue gas from a coal-fired power plant or cement industry. Several limestone particle size distributions are also tested to further explore the effect of this parameter on the overall performance of this operating mode. The configuration of the reactor system, the operating procedures, and the results are described in detail in this paper. The reactor showed good hydrodynamic stability and stable CO2 capture, with capture efficiencies of up to 70% with a gas mixture simulating the flue gas of a coal-fired power plant.

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

This manuscript describes a procedure for operating a calcium looping pilot-plant for post-combustion carbon capture with high oxygen concentrations in the calciner in order to reduce or eliminate the flue gas recycle.

Calcium looping (CaL) is a post-combustion CO2 capture technology that is suitable for retrofitting existing power plants. The CaL process uses limestone ...

Carbon Sequestration and Soil Enhancement Through Onsite Biochar Production

Producing, Characterizing and Quantifying Biochar in the Woods Using Portable Flame Cap Kilns

One of the biggest challenges in utilizing non-commercial forest biomass is its widely distributed nature. The best solution to the biomass problem, to avoid expensive and carbon-intensive processing (chipping) and transportation costs, is to process it onsite. However, conventional burn piles have destructive impacts on forest soil and provide no benefits other than fuel reduction. Converting forest slash to biochar onsite has many ecological advantages over the current practice of slash disposal by incineration in burn piles, including reduced soil heating and particulate emissions, along with multiple benefits of the biochar to forest soil health and water holding capacity when left in place. Making biochar onsite in the woods is a way to return a pyrogenic carbon component to forest soils that has been missing due to the recent history of fire suppression. Biochar is also a leading method of carbon removal and sequestration for climate change mitigation. In this study, we document a method for making biochar using a portable biochar kiln. This low-cost method utilizes hand crews equipped with water for quenching kilns before the biochar burns to ash. Simple techniques for quantifying and characterizing the biochar produced are incorporated into the method for the purpose of measuring impact and qualifying for carbon removal certificates to help pay for the cost of the work. We describe the CM002 Component Methodology that provides standardized procedures for the quantification of GHG benefits during three stages of the process: waste biomass sourcing, biochar production, and biochar soil application. The CM002 Methodology is based on international best practices, including the most recent VCS methodology VM0044 Standards and EBC C-Sink Artisan Standards. Reliable quantification methods utilizing appropriate safety factors are the first essential step toward eligibility for carbon removal finance.

Author Spotlight: On-Site Biochar Production for Woody Debris Incineration in Forestry 

New methods for disposing of forestry slash piles in place produce pyrogenic carbon for restoring forest soil health and for carbon removal and sequestration. Here, we present a biochar production method integrating a new carbon removal accounting methodology and a digital application.

One of the biggest challenges in utilizing non-commercial forest biomass is its widely distributed nature. The best solution to the biomass problem, to ...

Air Curtain Burners and Biochar &#8211; Advancing Forest Health and Carbon Capture

Continuous In-woods Production of Biochar Using a Trailer-Mounted Air Curtain Burner

Fuel treatments and other forest restoration thinning practices aim to reduce wildfire risk while building forest resilience to drought, insects, and diseases and increasing aboveground carbon (C) sequestration. However, fuel treatments generate large amounts of unmerchantable woody biomass residues that are often burned in open piles, releasing significant quantities of greenhouse gases and particulates, and potentially damaging the soil beneath the pile. Air curtain burners offer a solution to mitigate these issues, helping to reduce smoke and particulates from burning operations, more fully burn biomass residues compared to pile burning, and eliminate the direct and intense fire contact that can harm soil beneath the slash pile. In an air curtain burner, burning takes place in a controlled environment. Smoke is contained and recirculated by the air curtain, and therefore burning can be conducted under a variety of climatic conditions (e.g.,&#160;wind, rain, snow), lengthening the burning season for disposal of slash material. The mobile pyrolysis unit that continuously creates biochar was specifically designed to dispose of residual woody biomass at log landings, green wood at landfills, or salvaged logged materials and create biochar in the process. This high-carbon biochar output can be used to enhance soil resilience by improving its chemical, physical, and biological properties and has potential applications in remediating contaminated soils, including those at abandoned mine sites. Here, we describe the general use of this equipment, appropriate siting, loading methods, quenching requirements, and lessons learned about operating this new technology.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Place-Based Biochar Production for Ecosystem Restoration and Soil Health

We describe the use of a place-based mobile pyrolysis unit equipped with an air curtain to continuously create biochar. The technology reduces the need for open slash pile burning, which results in lower emissions and fewer soil impacts. The protocol includes guidelines for site selection, loading, and quenching.

Fuel treatments and other forest restoration thinning practices aim to reduce wildfire risk while building forest resilience to drought, insects, and ...

Assembling, Loading, and Lighting the Kiln for Biochar Production

Feeding and Tending the Kiln for Quantifying and Characterizing the Biochar

Finishing, Quenching, and Measuring the Biochar Produced from the Kiln

Protocol for Soil Hydraulic Property Measurement via Evaporation

Measurements of Soil Water Potential and Conductivity based on a Simple Evaporation Experiment using a Hydraulic Property Analyzer

The measurement of soil hydraulic properties is critical in understanding the physical components of soil health as well as integrated knowledge of soil systems under various management practices. Collecting reliable data is imperative for informing decisions that affect agriculture and the environment. The simple evaporation experiment described here uses instrumentation in a laboratory setting to analyze soil samples collected in the field. The soil water tension of the sample is measured by the instrument, and tension data is modeled by software to return soil hydraulic properties. This method can be utilized to measure soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity and give insight into differences in treatments or environmental dynamics over time. Initial establishment requires a user, but data acquisition is automated with the instrument. Soil hydraulic properties are not easily measured with traditional experiments, and this protocol offers a simple and optimal alternative. Interpretation of results and options for extending the data range are discussed.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Agricultural Land Ecosystem Research with a Hydraulic Property Analyzer to Assess Soil Health

This article features a simple evaporation experiment using a hydraulic property instrument for a soil sample. Through efficient means, measurements can be taken over a series of days to generate high-quality data.

The measurement of soil hydraulic properties is critical in understanding the physical components of soil health as well as integrated knowledge of soil ...