This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32370135), the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-CSAL-202302), the Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry (2021kj29).

1. Sterile hydroponic A. thaliana cultivation
<ol>
	<li>Prepare A. thaliana seedlings.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare culture A. thaliana seedlings medium, which consists of 1/2 MS medium (Murashige and Skoog) with 2% (wt/vol) sucrose and 0.9% (wt/vol) agar.</li>
		<li>Pour the prepared sterilization medium into sterile square Petri dishes (13 cm x 13 cm) before solidification. Avoid air drying to maintain humidity.</li>
		<li>Immerse A. thaliana seeds in a 2 m...

Rhizobacterial Colonization Detection on &lt;i&gt;Arabidopsis thaliana&lt;/i&gt;

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To achieve good reproducibility, there are four critical steps for the colonization detection process of this protocol. First, it is necessary to ensure that the number of inoculated bacteria cells is exactly the same in each experiment. Second, controlling the uncolonized bacteria cleaning intensity with sterile water is also necessary. Third, every sample dilution process needs to be vortexed before being performed to let the sample be in a complete mixing state to avoid the absorption errors due to the characteristics...

There are quantitative and qualitative methods for detecting rhizosphere colonization by a single bacterial strain. For the qualitative method, a strain that constitutively expresses fluorescence should be used, and the fluorescence distribution and intensity should be examined under fluorescence microscopy or laser confocal instruments1,2. Those strategies can well reflect bacterial colonization in situ3, but they are not as accurate as traditional plate counting methods in quantification. Besides, due to the limitation of only displaying partial root zones under the microscope, sometimes it can be influenced by subjective bias. 
Here, we describe a quantitative method, which includes collecting the colonized bacterial cells and counting the bacterial CFUs on a plate. This method is based on dilution and plating by which the colonized strains that were stripped from plant roots can be counted, and the total colonized bacteria number on the root can be calculated4,5. 
First, A. thaliana was cultured in hydroponic conditions, and then bacterial cells were inoculated in the rhizosphere at a final concentration of 0.01 OD600. The infected root tissues were harvested 2 days post-inoculation and washed in sterile water to remove the uncolonized bacterial cells. Further, bacterial cells colonized on the root were collected, diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer, and plated onto a Luria-Bertani (LB) agar medium. After incubation at 37 &#176;C for 10 h, single colonies on LB plates were counted and normalized to determine the bacterial cells colonized on roots.
This method is highly applicable, has good repeatability, and is more suitable for accurate rhizosphere bacterial colonization determination.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter cell stainer</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>F8200-40&#181;m</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate reader&#160;</td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td>Infinite M200 PRO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murashige and Skoog medium</td>
			<td>Hopebio</td>
			<td>HB8469-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaClO</td>
			<td>Alfa</td>
			<td>L14709</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phytagel</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8169</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Square petri dish</td>
			<td>Ruiai Zhengte</td>
			<td>PYM-130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex Genie2</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries</td>
			<td>G560E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring bacterial colonization on arabidopsis thaliana roots in hydroponic condition

Measuring bacterial colonization on Arabidopsis thaliana root is one of the most frequent experiments in plant-microbe interaction studies. A standardized method for measuring bacterial colonization in the rhizosphere is necessary to improve reproducibility. We first cultured sterile A.thaliana in hydroponic conditions and then inoculated the bacterial cells in the rhizosphere at a final concentration of OD600 of 0.01. At 2 days post-inoculation, the root tissue was harvested and washed three times in sterile water to remove the uncolonized bacterial cells. The roots were then weighed, and the bacterial cells colonized on the root were collected by vortex. The cell suspension was diluted in a gradient with a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer, followed by plating onto a Luria-Bertani (LB) agar medium. The plates were incubated at 37 &#176;C for 10 h, and then, the single colonies on LB plates were counted and normalized to indicate the bacterial cells colonized on roots. This method is used to detect bacterial colonization in the rhizosphere in mono-interaction conditions, with good reproducibility.

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Rhizobacteria Colonization on Plant Roots for Improved Microbial Fertilizer Efficiency

Measuring Bacterial Colonization on Arabidopsis thaliana Roots in Hydroponic Condition

Our research focuses on the interaction of beneficial rhizobacteria with plant roots. We are looking for the key mechanisms to enhance the colonization of beneficial bacteria, thus improving the efficiency and the stability of microbial fertilizers in the field. The methods for bacterial colonization of plant roots have been extensively studied, but there are still problems.For example, it's hard to measure the colonization on different sites distinctively, In the future we think applying microscope and high throughput counting will help to solve the problems. Our protocol is highly applicable with good repeatability, and it is more suitable for accurate rhizosphere bacteria colonization determination.

To test the accuracy of the bacteria colonization ability detected by this method in the A. thaliana&#160;rhizosphere, we inoculated Bacillus velezensis SQR9 WT and a derived mutant &#916;8mcp into A. thaliana rhizosphere separately. The &#916;8mcp is a mutant that lacks all the chemoreceptor encoding genes, and it has a significantly decreased colonization6. We measured their colonization at 2 days post-inoculation by the present root colonization assa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Enhancing Rhizobacteria Colonization on Plant Roots for Improved Microbial Fertilizer Efficiency at JoVE.com

Colonization of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the rhizosphere is essential for its growth-promoting effect. It is necessary to standardize the method of detection of bacterial rhizosphere colonization. Here, we describe a reproducible method for quantifying bacterial colonization on the root surface.

Measuring bacterial colonization on Arabidopsis thaliana root is one of the most frequent experiments in plant-microbe interaction studies. A standardized ...

measuring-bacterial-colonization-on-arabidopsis-thaliana-roots