This work was supported by grant number &#34;PGC2018-095795-B-I00&#34; from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#243;n (https://ciencia.sede.gob.es/) and by grants &#8220;Grupo de Referencia: E35_17R&#8221; and grant number &#8220;LMP220_21&#8221; from Diputaci&#243;n General de Arag&#243;n (DGA) (https://www.aragon.es/) to PF-S and RM-L.&#160;

NOTE: The composition of all culture media and buffers is specified in Table 1 and details related to all materials and reagents used in this protocol are listed in the Table of Materials.
1. Mitochondria isolation from cell culture
NOTE: The minimum volume of cells assayed has been ~30-50 &#181;L of packed cells (step 1.4). This can correspond approximately to at least two or three 100 mm cell culture plates or to on...

Mitochondrial Fractionation in Small Tissue Samples for Supercomplex Analysis

<ol>
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P., Schagger, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blue+native+PAGE.">Blue native PAGE.</a> Nat Protoc. 1 (1), 418-428 (2006).</li><li>Chomyn, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelet-mediated+transformation+of+mtDNA-less+human+cells:+analysis+of+phenotypic+variability+among+clones+from+normal+individuals--and+complementation+behavior+of+the+tRNALys+mutation+causing+myoclonic+epilepsy+and+ragged+red+fibers.">Platelet-mediated transformation of mtDNA-less human cells: analysis of phenotypic variability among clones from normal individuals--and complementation behavior of the tRNALys mutation causing myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers.</a> Am J Hum Genet. 54 (6), 966-974 (1994).</li><li>Moreno-Loshuertos, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+reactive+oxygen+species+production+explain+the+phenotypes+associated+with+common+mouse+mitochondrial+DNA+variants.">Differences in reactive oxygen species production explain the phenotypes associated with common mouse mitochondrial DNA variants.</a> Nat Genet. 38 (11), 1261-1268 (2006).</li><li>Fern&#225;ndez-Vizarra, E., Fern&#225;ndez-Silva, P., Enr&#237;quez, J. 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The methodological adaptations introduced in the protocols described&#160;here are intended to avoid losses and increase the yield while maintaining mitochondrial complex activities (which is crucial when the availability of enough amounts of samples is compromised) and reproduce the tissue&#39;s or cell line&#39;s expected pattern of SCs (see Figure 2C). With this purpose and since a high mitochondrial purity is not required to properly detect the SCs, the number of steps, times, and volume...

Supercomplexes (SCs) are supramolecular associations between individual respiratory chain complexes1,2. Since the initial identification of SCs and the description of their composition by the group of Sch&#228;gger2,3, later confirmed by other groups, it was established that they contain respiratory complexes I, III, and IV (CI, CIII, and CIV, respectively) in different stoichiometries. Two main populations of SCs can be defined, those containing CI (and either CIII alone or CIII and CIV) and with very high molecular weight (MW, starting ~1.5 MDa for the smaller SC: CI + CIII2) and those containing CIII and CIV but not CI, with much smaller size (such as CIII2 + CIV with ~680 kDa). These SCs coexist in the inner mitochondrial membrane with free complexes, also in different proportions. Thus, while CI is mostly found in its associated forms (that is, in SCs: ~80% in bovine heart and more than 90% in many human cell types)3, CIV is very abundant in its free form (more than 80% in bovine heart), with CIII showing a more balanced distribution (~40% in its more abundant free form, as a dimer, in bovine heart).
While their existence is now generally accepted, their precise role is still under debate4,5,6,7,8,9,10. According to the plasticity model, different proportions of SCs and individual complexes can exist depending on the cell type or the metabolic status1,7,11. This dynamic nature of the assembly would allow cells to regulate the use of available fuels and the efficiency of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system in response to environmental changes4,5,7. SCs could also contribute to control the reactive oxygen species generation rate and participate in the stabilization and turnover of individual complexes4,12,13,14. Modifications of the SC assembly status have been described in association with different physiological and pathological situations15,16 and with the aging process17.
Thus, changes in the SC patterns have been described in yeast depending on the carbon source used for growth2&#160;and in cultured mammalian cells when glucose is substituted by galactose4. Modifications have also been reported in mouse liver after fasting8 and in astrocytes when mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation is blocked18. In addition, a decrease or alterations in SCs and OXPHOS have been found in Barth syndrome19, heart failure20, several metabolic21 and neurological22,23,24 disorders, and different tumors25,26,27,28. Whether these alterations in SC assembly and levels are a primary cause or represent secondary effects in these pathological situations is still under investigation15,16. Different methodologies can give information about the assembly and function of SCs; these include activity measurements8,29, ultrastructural analysis30,31, and proteomics32,33. A useful alternative that is increasingly being employed and is the starting point for some of the previously mentioned methodologies is the direct determination of SC assembly status by Blue native (BN) electrophoresis developed for this purpose by Sch&#228;gger&#39;s group34,35.
This approach requires reproducible and efficient procedures to obtain and solubilize mitochondrial membranes and can be complemented by other techniques such as in-gel activity analysis (IGA), second-dimension electrophoresis, and western blot (WB). A limitation in the studies on SC dynamics by BN electrophoresis can be the amount of starting cells or tissue samples. We present a series of protocols for the analysis of SC assembly and function, adapted from Sch&#228;gger&#39;s group methods, that can be applied to fresh or frozen cell or tissue samples starting from as little as 20 mg of tissue.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid</td>
			<td>PanReac</td>
			<td>131008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aminocaproic acid</td>
			<td>Fluka Analytical</td>
			<td>7260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2383</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bis Tris</td>
			<td>Acrons Organics</td>
			<td>327721000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bradford assay</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>5000002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coomassie Blue G-250</td>
			<td>Serva</td>
			<td>17524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coomassie Blue R-250</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1125530025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytochrome c</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C2506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamino&#160; benzidine (DAB)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5637</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digitonin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5628</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>PanReac</td>
			<td>131669</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E3889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fatty acids free BSA</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10775835001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>PanReac</td>
			<td>A1067</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homogenizer Teflon pestle</td>
			<td>Deltalab</td>
			<td>196102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imidazole</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I2399</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K2HPO4</td>
			<td>PanReac</td>
			<td>121512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>PanReac</td>
			<td>121509</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mannitol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M4125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Labkem</td>
			<td>MTOL-P0P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>PanReac</td>
			<td>131404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Trans-Blot Cell</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>1703930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MTCO1 Monoclonal Antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>459600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NADH</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10107735001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NativePAGE 3 to 12% Mini Protein Gels</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>BN1001BOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NativePAGE Cathode Buffer Additive (20x)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>BN2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NativePAGE Running Buffer (20x)&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>BN2001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NDUFA9 Monoclonal Antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>459100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitroblue tetrazolium salt (NBT)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N6876</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pb(NO3)2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>228621</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDVF Membrane</td>
			<td>Amersham</td>
			<td>10600023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenazine methasulfate (PMS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce ECL Substrate</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>32106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSF</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>PMSF-RO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDHA Monoclonal Antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>459200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium succinate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptomycin/penicillin</td>
			<td>PAN biotech</td>
			<td>P06-07100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3089</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris</td>
			<td>PanReac</td>
			<td>A2264</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UQCRC1 Monoclonal Antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>459140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XCell&#160;SureLock Mini-Cell</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>&#160;EI0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of mitochondria for mitochondrial supercomplex analysis from small tissue and cell culture samples 

Over the last decades, the evidence accumulated about the existence of respiratory supercomplexes (SCs) has changed our understanding of the mitochondrial electron transport chain organization, giving rise to the proposal of the "plasticity model." This model postulates the coexistence of different proportions of SCs and complexes depending on the tissue or the cellular metabolic status. The dynamic nature of the assembly in SCs would allow cells to optimize the use of available fuels and the efficiency of electron transfer, minimizing reactive oxygen species generation and favoring the ability of cells to adapt to environmental changes. 
More recently, abnormalities in SC assembly have been reported in different diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease), Barth Syndrome, Leigh syndrome, or cancer. The role of SC assembly alterations in disease progression still needs to be confirmed. Nevertheless, the availability of enough amounts of samples to determine the SC assembly status is often a challenge. This happens with biopsy or tissue samples that are small or have to be divided for multiple analyses, with cell cultures that have slow growth or come from microfluidic devices, with some primary cultures or rare cells, or when the effect of particular costly treatments has to be analyzed (with nanoparticles, very expensive compounds, etc.). In these cases, an efficient and easy-to-apply method is required. This paper presents a method adapted to obtain enriched mitochondrial fractions from small amounts of cells or tissues to analyze the structure and function of mitochondrial SCs by native electrophoresis followed by in-gel activity assays or western blot.

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Oxidative Phosphorylation System Dynamics and Mitochondrial Roles in Health and Disease

Isolation of Mitochondria for Mitochondrial Supercomplex Analysis from Small Tissue and Cell Culture Samples 

Our research is focused on better understanding mitochondrial biogenesis, in particular, the OXPHOS System organization and Regulation, and also on defining the role that mitochondria play in diseases from cancer to neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondria perform multiple and essential roles in the cell, conditioning its whole metabolism and survival. We're slowly increasing our knowledge of mitochondrial complexity, and its contribution to cell adaptation mechanisms in health and disease.We have contributed to establish a new organization model for the OXPHOS system, the plasticity model that integrates previous proposals and assumes the coexistence of super complexes and free complexes in different proportions to optimize its function and allow cellular adaptations. Our protocol allows starting from small tissues or cell culture samples to obtain enough mitochondrial protein amounts to analyze super complexes assembly and status and function by blue native electrophoresis or other techniques. We can do this reproducibly in a short time with a simple equipment and relatively with low costs.

The yields of mitochondria obtained following the above-described protocols vary depending on several factors such as the cell line or tissue type, the nature of the samples (i.e., if fresh or frozen tissues are used), or the efficiency of the homogenization process. Expected yields of mitochondria from different cell lines and tissues are collected in Table 2. Once the mitochondrial fractions have been obtained, the next step is the analysis of respiratory SCs pattern, which is performed after the crude...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Isolation of Mitochondria for Mitochondrial Supercomplex Analysis from Small Tissue and Cell Culture Samples at JoVE.com

This protocol describes a technique for the analysis of respiratory supercomplexes when only small amounts of samples are available.

Over the last decades, the evidence accumulated about the existence of respiratory supercomplexes (SCs) has changed our understanding of the mitochondrial ...

isolation-mitochondria-for-mitochondrial-supercomplex-analysis-from