Chapter 13
Economics for Labor Markets
生产要素
Production involves the creation of physical products such as cars, televisions, and pens or intangible products such as education, travel, and cleaning ...
对劳动力的需求:坚挺
For a firm, demand for a factor of production, such as labor, is the number of employees it seeks to hire during a given time period for a particular ...
竞争性利润最大化公司对劳动力的需求:假设
A few assumptions are made to analyze the demand for labor by a firm.
Consider a firm operating a mango orchard. The firm is assumed to be ...
劳动的边际产品 I
The marginal product of labor, or MP_L, is the additional output that results from adding one more unit of labor, holding all other inputs constant.
For ...
劳动的边际产品 II
The marginal product of labor or MP_L is calculated as the quotient of change in the quantity of output to change in the quantity of labor while keeping ...
劳动边际产品的价值和对劳动力的需求
The marginal product of labor or MP_L shows the additional units of the product manufactured by hiring another unit of labor while keeping other inputs ...
竞争性公司雇用劳动力的决定
For a competitive firm, such as a mango orchard, the value of the marginal product curve or VMPL is the labor-demand curve.
This firm faces a ...
劳动力的市场需求
In a perfectly competitive labor market, numerous firms or employers demand services of labor. Workers are paid wages for the services that they offer to ...
劳动力的市场供给
Labor is a unique factor of production. While labor is demanded by firms, it is supplied by individuals living in households.
The market supply curve of ...
劳动力市场的均衡
In a competitive labor market, where numerous firms buy labor services, and many workers sell them, the equilibrium wage rate is set by labor demand and ...
劳动力需求的变化 I
The market demand curve for labor is downward sloping. It reflects the value of the marginal product of labor.
When the price of the product changes, it ...
劳动力需求的变化 II
Technological changes can shift the market demand curve for labor. If the new technology complements labor productivity, the demand for labor will shift ...
劳动力供应的变化
A rightward shift in the supply curve for the labor market shows an increase in the labor supply. This means that more workers are willing to work at each ...
对均衡的影响:劳动力供给的变化
A shift in the market supply of labor affects the equilibrium wage in the labor market.
Consider a perfectly competitive labor market where agriculturists ...
对均衡的影响:劳动力需求的变化
The market demand curve for labor also reflects the value of the marginal product of labor or VMPL. So, something that changes the VMPL, such as an ...
工作与休闲之间的权衡
In economics, time usually has two uses. People either work or spend time on leisure.
People earn wages by working. These wages are the income used to ...
劳动力的向后弯曲供给
The labor supply curve of an individual shows the relation between wage rate and the quantity of labor supplied measured in hours worked.
The reservation ...
其他生产要素
Apart from labor, there are two other important factors of production for which the firm wants to determine the optimum level to be used. These are land ...
均衡租金:土地市场
The landowners supply land, and producers rent it.
For example, farmers rent land to grow corn.
When landowners charge higher rent, the quantity of land ...
均衡租金:资本市场
Capital is used to produce goods and services. For an orchard, capital includes heavy machines such as tractors and simple equipment such as ladders and ...
生产要素之间的联系
Factors of production are interlinked.
For example, a natural calamity that leads to the loss of human lives decreases the market supply of labor. This ...
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