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Method Article
我们描述用于离体肺转移中的肿瘤细胞-基质相互作用的实时成像的相对简单的方法,利用荧光报告小鼠。使用纺丝盘共焦显微镜,该技术使活细胞的可视化的至少4小时,并可以适用于研究其它炎性肺部疾病。
转移是癌症相关的发病率和死亡率的一个主要原因。转移是一个多步骤的过程,并且由于其复杂性,支配转移性传播和增长的确切细胞和分子过程仍然难以捉摸。实时成像使细胞微环境的动态性和空间相互作用的可视化。实体瘤通常转移至肺部。然而,肺的解剖位置姿势到活体成像的一个挑战。这个协议提供了用于离体肿瘤细胞和肺转移中其周围基质之间的动态相互作用的实时成像的相对简单和快速的方法。使用这种方法,在其微环境的癌细胞的癌症细胞和基质细胞之间的运动,以及相互作用可以实时可视化数小时。通过使用转基因荧光报道小鼠,荧光细胞系,可注射荧光标记的分子和/或抗体,肺微环境的多个组件可以被可视,如血管和免疫细胞。到图象的不同类型的细胞,一旋转盘共聚焦显微镜,它允许快速,四色图像采集长期连续成像已被使用。从收集到的多个位置和焦平面图像编译时间推移电影显示活转移性和免疫细胞之间的相互作用至少4小时。这种技术可以进一步用于测试化疗或靶向治疗。此外,这种方法可以适用于其它肺相关疾病可能影响肺微环境的研究。
The deadliest aspect of cancer is metastasis, which accounts for more than 90% of cancer-related morbidity and mortality1. Metastasis is a multistep process and due to its complexity, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern metastatic dissemination and growth are still elusive. To metastasize, tumor cells in the primary tumor must detach from their neighboring cells and basement membrane, cross through the extracellular matrix, intravasate, travel via blood or lymphatic vessels, extravasate at the secondary site, and finally, survive and establish secondary tumors. In addition to the properties of the tumor cells, the contribution from the microenvironment, which includes the adjacent stroma along with the normal counterparts of the cancer cells, is crucial for the seeding and establishment of metastatic lesions2.
Traditional methods to study metastatic seeding and growth examine static states, as tissues are excised and sectioned for histology. These data only generate a snapshot of this highly dynamic process. Although some useful information can be gained from these studies, the complicated process by which tumor and stromal cells interact during metastatic formation cannot be adequately assessed by these methods. Furthermore, it is not possible to gain insights into tumor or stromal cell migration patterns, which are important in establishing a colony at the distant site. In order to effectively study the metastatic process, it is essential to visualize various interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment in a continuous manner and at real time.
The lung is a common site for metastases from solid tumors as breast, colorectal, pancreatic cancer, melanoma and sarcoma3. Intravital imaging was previously used to study cell-cell interaction in various primary tumor and metastatic models4,5. Methods of lung imaging in mice, including intravital imaging, lung section imaging, and an ex vivo pulmonary metastasis assay have been published6–9. Intravital imaging of mouse lungs utilizes a thoracic suction window to stabilize the lungs6. This method is used for time-lapse imaging of the lung microcirculation and alveolar spaces. The anatomical location of the lungs poses a challenge to intravital imaging. In order to access the lungs, the chest cavity must be opened which leads to loss of negative pressure and collapsed lungs. This method only allows the visualization of a small part of the lungs and is technically demanding; an unnecessary complication in studies that examine processes that are independent of blood flow. Moreover, this method also requires gating out movement caused by breathing. This is done either by collecting images between breaths or during post image acquisition analyses10. The alternative ex vivo lung section imaging provides stability and depth, and also prepares lung parenchyma for immunostaining7. However, the lengthy sectioning process leads to an extensive delay between the time of animal sacrifice and the start of the imaging session. Moreover, the process of sectioning a mouse lung causes considerable amount of cell death8, thus interfering with the quality and quantity of imaging samples and perhaps needlessly altering tumor-stroma interactions. In order to technically bridge between the methods of intravital imaging and lung section imaging, while exploiting the advantages of the two techniques, a relatively fast and easy method for ex vivo lung imaging was developed. This method was achieved by imaging of non-sectioned whole lung lobes. Using this method, the motility of cancer cells as well as interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells in their microenvironment can be visualized in real time for several hours.
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中描述的所有程序必须按照与使用脊椎动物,包括由当地机构动物护理和使用委员会(IACUC)批准的准则和规定进行。
1.产生肺转移瘤防爆体内实时成像(转基因或尾静脉注射)
注:肺转移可通过利用遗传工程小鼠模型或通过静脉内(IV)注射癌细胞产生。
2.标签在转移性微环境利益成分(转基因和/或注射剂)
注意:标记可以通过转基因小鼠和/或通过各种注射来实现。确保使用不同的荧光色为各种细胞类型的标签。
3.材料的制备解剖前
4.注射的制备
注意:根据半衰期,优选的响应,注射荧光标记的抗体和/或荧光分子或之前立即处死动物或前几个小时到几天。
5.准备肺部前体内实时成像
注:尽量上班无菌和小心,尽量避免肺部内的免疫细胞的不必要的挑战。
图1.协议的准备肺部实时成像的。(A)准备鼠标后气管暴露。在平行于软骨环暴露气管制成(B)的小剪断。 (C),20G的针头插入4-5毫米的进气管。 (D)的400微升的2%低熔点温度琼脂糖到肺部的灌输。 (E)INFLated肺部鼠标分开。充气后(F)裂片分离。 (G)叶放置在一个24孔成像板的好。 请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。
6.采集和图像分析
注:图像可以与各种纺丝通过各种软件程序支持的磁盘共焦显微镜的获取。在这个协议中,无论是与一个特制的旋转盘共聚焦显微镜或禅与市售的旋转盘聚焦显微镜μManager用于图像采集,而了Imaris用于电影编辑和分析。
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使用纺丝盘共焦显微镜,各种小鼠模型系统和注射剂,转移微环境可以可视化并随时间跟踪。使用MMTV-PyMT; ACTB-ECFP;的c-FMS-EGFP三重转基因小鼠模型,不同的细胞组分的荧光标记(图2A,电影1)。肺实质的典型结构可以在CFP通道由于所有细胞中的β肌动蛋白启动子下表达的ECFP可视化。这些表现为大部分肺组织结构中细胞的大/多肺转移是很容易解决。髓细胞可视化在...
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这份手稿描述了转移的小鼠模型体外肺转移的实时成像的详细方法。该成像协议提供了肺的微环境中的动态和空间肿瘤细胞 - 基质相互作用的直接可视化。它是一个相对容易的和快速的方法,它允许为至少4小时的肺转移的可靠的成像。从这些实验中获得的影可以用来跟踪动态过程如细胞运动和细胞相互作用。
被描述为肺转移的产生方法有两种:一种基因工程小鼠模型和...
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The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with IACUC approved protocols, UCSF.
We thank Nguyen H. Nguyen for her technical help and Audrey O’Neill for support with the Zeiss Cell Observer spinning-disk confocal microscope. This work was supported by a Department of Defense postdoctoral fellowship (W81XWH-11-01-0139) and the Weizmann Institute of Science-National Postdoctoral Award Program for Advancing Women in Science (to V.P.).
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Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
MMTV-PyMT/FVB mice | Jackson Laboratory | 2374 | Female mice |
ACTB-ECFP/FVB mice | UCSF Werb lab | Female mice | |
c-fms-EGFP/FVB mice | UCSF Werb lab | Female mice | |
FVB mice | Jackson Laboratory | 1800 | Female mice |
GFP+ VO-PyMT cells | UCSF Werb lab | ||
70,000 kDa Dextran, rhodamine-conjugated | Invitrogen | D1818 | Dilute to 4mg/ml in 1 x PBS and store at -20 °C. Use 0.4 mg per animal. |
10,000 kDa Dextran, Alexa Fluor 647 conjugated | Invitrogen | D22914 | Dilute to 4mg/ml in 1 x PBS and store at -20 °C. Use 0.4 mg per animal. |
Anti-mouse Gr-1 antibody Alexa Fluor 647 | UCSF Monoclonal antibody core | Stock 1mg/ml. Use 7 ug per animal. | |
Anesthetic | Anesthesia approved by IACUC, used for anesthesia and/or euthanesia | ||
1X PBS | UCSF cell culture facility | ||
PBS, USP sterile | Amresco INC | K813-500ML | Ultra pure grade for i.v. injection |
Styrofoam platform | Will be used as dissection board | ||
Fine scissors sharp | Fine Science Tools | 14060-11 | |
Forceps | Roboz Surgical Store | RS-5135 | |
Hot bead sterilizer | Fine Science Tools | 18000-45 | Turn ON 30min before use |
Air | UCSF | ||
Oxygen | UCSF | ||
Carbon dioxide | UCSF | ||
1 mL syringe without needle | BD | 309659 | |
27 G x 1/2 needle | BD | 305109 | for i.v. injection |
20 G x 1 needle, short bevel | BD | 305178 | |
Low-melting-temperature agarose | Lonza | 50111 | To make 10 ml of solution, weigh 0.2 g of agarose, add to 10 ml 1 x PBS, and heat to dissolve. Agarose will solidify at room temperature, so maintain in a 37 °C water bath until used for inflation. |
RPMI-1640 medium without phenol red | Life Technologies | 11835-030 | |
24 well Imaging plate | E&K scientific | EK-42892 | |
Glass cover slides, 15 mm | Fisher Scientific | 22-031-144 | |
Digital CO2 and temperature controller | Okolab | DGTCO2BX | http://www.oko-lab.com |
Climate chamber | Okolab | http://www.oko-lab.com | |
Cell Observer spinning disk confocal microscope | Zeiss | ||
Zen software | Zeiss | ||
Inverted microscope | Carl Zeiss Inc | Zeiss Axiovert 200M | |
ICCD camera | Stanford Photonics | XR-Mega-10EX S-30 | |
Spinning disk confocal scan-head | Yokogawa Corporation | CSU-10b | |
Imaris | Bitplane | ||
mManager | Vale lab, UCSF | Open-source software |
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