目前的工作是支持由欧盟IST计划（项目“的Intrepid - 虚拟现实智能恐惧症的治疗多传感器的可穿戴式系统” - IST - 2002 - 507464）。

协议（GAD）治疗广泛性焦虑症的临床治疗师的办公室内外并举编程。放宽计划是一个“渐进性肌肉放松训练”（PMRT），雅各布森描述的经典程序，涉及拉紧和放松不同的肌肉群，同时注意对比感觉，并遵循“意象”计划相结合。在我们的训练图像是一个轻松的虚拟环境的视觉线索所取代。 治疗师的办公室内。患者参与与治疗师的培训课程，分布在四个星期（每周2节）。每个会话的启动和停止与临床评价，使测量病人的焦虑。 在治疗师的办公室会议的计划： <ol><li>初步临床评价病人的状态; </li><li>病人是与生物传感器，记录/她的生理参数（皮肤电导，心率，呼吸）。基线测量这些参数是注册为3分钟; </li><li>病人戴一个头盔显示器与PC机连接，并处理操纵杆; </li><li>病人开始探索虚拟环境中：一个美丽的热带岛屿的海洋面临。患者，治疗师记录的叙事，乘小船到达该岛，并探索它。行人路，引导他/她通过岛，病人到达的起点，不同的面板显示的方向，以不同的目标区。在上述各领域提供了一个放松运动;在此训练后，语音指南的迹象，患者试图放松他/她，而虚拟环境中的一些元素直接修改由他/她的生理参数记录在实时。因此，病人的即时反馈，收到他/她的激活（如在传统的生物反馈技术）的水平，但与他/她是immersively探索虚拟环境提供额外的价值。目标地区势必： <ul><li>营火：生理参数控制火势，以便减少对患者的生理激活的结果减少火灾，直到它超出; </li><li>波：生理参数的控制，直至海洋成为完全平静的海浪; </li><li>瀑布：减少生理觉醒对应流强度的减少，直到水停止倒下。 </li><li>帐篷：从别人不同，这次演习是定制的患者，可以选择他/她个人的压力事件有关的字或图像。这种技术作为一种应激接种计划，病人可以体验在所选项目的减少大小褪色浮动 - 取决于他/她放松他/她的能力; </li></ul></li><li>一旦完成了虚拟现实会议，生理参数记录再次在休息状态; </li><li>最后的临床评价病人的状态。 </li></ol>以外治疗师的办公室：为了提高培训的效果和增加放松的效果，患者将治疗师的办公室外的实践经历了家庭护理方案的放松技巧。这是实现呈现相同的虚拟环境，在移动设备上的治疗经验。移动设备通过蓝牙连接到的生物传感器，包括心率和皮肤电导。此设备是足够小，并且易于使用要由患者自主处理（见图1）。病人是需要培养放松的能力，每天至少一次，整个治疗的持续时间（一个月）后，治疗师提供的治疗计划。 代表性的成果因为这两种生物反馈和虚拟现实是已知的有效诱导放松，主要预期结果是，这两种方法的结合是减少焦虑在广泛性焦虑症的影响的患者比单独使用这两种技术，更有效。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1554/Fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1：GSR /人力资源的生物传感器模块。

<ol>
	<li>Arntz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+therapy+versus+applied+relaxation+as+treatment+of+generalized+anxiety+disorder.">Cognitive therapy versus applied relaxation as treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.</a> Behav Res Ther. 41 (6), 633-633 (2003).</li><li>Siev, J., Chambless, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specificity+of+treatment+effects:+cognitive+therapy+and+relaxation+for+generalized+anxiety+and+panic+disorders.">Specificity of treatment effects: cognitive therapy and relaxation for generalized anxiety and panic disorders.</a> Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 75 (4), 513-513 (2007).</li><li>Jacobsen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Progressive relaxation. , (1938).</li><li>Villani, D., Riva, F., Riva, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+technologies+for+relaxation:+the+role+of+presence.">New technologies for relaxation: the role of presence.</a> International journal of Stress Management. 14 (3), 260-260 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

我们的假设是，直接修改虚拟环境中，仅与虚拟现实相比，虚拟现实技术和生物反馈相结合，将导致一个更好，更快地放松学习。如果是这样，这种新仪器创建可用于治疗焦虑症和其他焦虑有关的病状，即使在测试。

the use of biofeedback in clinical virtual reality: the intrepid project

广泛性焦虑症（GAD）的特点是一个常数，非特异性的焦虑，干扰与日常生活活动是一种精神障碍。它的高患病率在一般人群中，它会导致严重的局限性，指出有必要寻找新的有效的策略来对待它。加上认知行为治疗，放松代表一个有用的方法治疗GAD的，但它有局限性，这是很难学到的。勇敢的项目是旨在实现一个新的仪器来治疗焦虑有关的疾病，并测试其临床疗效，减少焦虑相关症状。这种方法的创新是虚拟现实和生物反馈相结合，使第一种是直接输出的第二个修改。这样，病人知道他或她通过虚拟环境中的某些功能的实时修改的反应。使用精神病人学会控制这些生理参数的演习，并使用虚拟环境所提供的反馈，以了解他或她的成功。补充使用的便携设备，如PDA或智能手机，让病人在家中执行，独立和自主的，在治疗师的办公室经历了同样的演习。我们的目标是停泊在现实生活中了解到的协议，所以提高病人的处理能力与他们的症状。预期的结果是一个更好，更快地学习放松技巧，从而提高效率的治疗，如果与传统的临床协议相比。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project at JoVE.com

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

虚拟现实技术的智能多传感器系统治疗焦虑有关的疾病（的Intrepid）项目旨在开发用于治疗焦虑有关的疾病的一个多传感器的上下文感知的虚拟现实系统。

在临床的虚拟现实使用生物反馈：勇敢的项目

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a constant and unspecific anxiety that interferes with daily-life ...

the-use-biofeedback-clinical-virtual-reality-intrepid

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

15.0K 次观看.  Istituto Auxologico Italiano. 虚拟现实技术的智能多传感器系统治疗焦虑有关的疾病（的Intrepid）项目旨在开发用于治疗焦虑有关的疾病的一个多传感器的上下文感知的虚拟现实系统。

视频: The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

Use of Rotorod as a Method for the Qualitative Analysis of Walking in Rat

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a rotorod, animals remain in approximately the same place making repetitive movements of stepping. Thus the task provides a rich source of information on the details of foot stepping movements. Subjects were hemi-Parkinson analogue rats, produced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right nigrostriatal bundle to deplete nigrostriatal dopamine (DA). The present report provides a video analysis illustration of animals previously were filmed from frontal, lateral, and posterior views as they walked (15). Rating scales and frame-by-frame replay of the video records of stepping behavior indicated that the hemi-Parkinson rats were chronically impaired in posture and limb use contralateral to the DA-depletion. The contralateral limbs participated less in initiating and sustaining propulsion than the ipsilateral limbs. These deficits secondary to unilateral DA-depletion show that the rotorod provides a use task for the analysis of stepping movements.

The rotorod test is used to assess motor status in the walking movement of hemi-Parkinson analogue rats.

走在大鼠作为定性分析方法使用Rotorod

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a ...

科研

生物学

Psychophysiological Stress Assessment Using Biofeedback 

In the last half century, research in biofeedback has shown the extent to which the human mind can influence the functioning of the autonomic nervous system, previously thought to be outside of conscious control. By letting people observe signals from their own bodies, biofeedback enables them to develop greater awareness of their physiological and psychological reactions, such as stress, and to learn to modify these reactions. Biofeedback practitioners can facilitate this process by assessing people s reactions to mildly stressful events and formulating a biofeedback-based treatment plan. During stress assessment the practitioner first records a baseline for physiological readings, and then presents the client with several mild stressors, such as a cognitive, physical and emotional stressor. Variety of stressors is presented in order to determine a person's stimulus-response specificity, or differences in each person's reaction to qualitatively different stimuli. This video will demonstrate the process of psychophysiological stress assessment using biofeedback and present general guidelines for treatment planning.

Psychophysiological Stress Assessment Using Biofeedback

In this video we will describe one method of assessing person's psychophysiological reaction to stress using biofeedback. We will also present general guidelines for treatment planning.

使用生物反馈的心理生理压力评估

In the last half century, research in biofeedback has shown the extent to which the human mind can influence the functioning of the autonomic nervous ...

Use of the Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit to Determine Protease Activity

The Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit provides ready-to-use reagents for detecting the presence of protease activity. This simple assay to detect protease activity uses casein labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as the substrate.
Protease activity results in the cleavage of the FITC-labeled casein substrate into smaller fragments, which do not precipitate under acidic conditions. After incubation of the protease sample and substrate, the reaction is acidified with the addition of trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The mixture is then centrifuged with the undigested substrate forming a pellet and the smaller, acid soluble fragments remaining in solution. The supernatant is neutralized and the fluorescence of the FITC-labeled fragments is measured.
The described kit procedure detects the trypsin protease control at a concentration of approximately 0.5 &mu;g/ml (5 ng of trypsin added to the assay). This sensitivity can be increased with a longer incubation time, up to 24 hours. The assay is performed in microcentrifuge tubes and procedures are provided for fluorescence detection using either cuvettes or multiwell plates.

The Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit is designed for the measurement of protease activity using fluorometry. It is also suitable for detection of trace amounts of protease contamination. The method is based on the proteolytic hydroysis of a proprietary formulation of a FITC-labeled casein substrate.

蛋白酶荧光检测试剂盒，用它来确定蛋白酶活性

The Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit provides ready-to-use reagents for detecting the presence of protease activity. This simple assay to detect ...

The use of SC1 (Pluripotin) to Support mESC Self-renewal in the Absence of LIF

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are conventionally cultured with Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) to maintain self-renewal.1 However, LIF is expensive and activation of the LIF/JAK/STAT3 pathway is not absolutely required to maintain the self-renewal state.2 The SC1 small molecule may be an economical alternative to LIF. SC1 functions through dual inhibition of Ras-GAP and ERK1.3 Illustration of its mechanism of action makes it a useful tool to study the fundamental molecular mechanism of self-renewal. Here we demonstrate the procedure for culturing mouse ES cells in the presence of SC1 and show that they are able to maintain self-renewal in the absence of LIF. Cells cultured with SC1 showed similar morphology compared to cells maintained with LIF. Both exhibited typical mouse ES morphology after five passages. Expression of typical pluripotency markers (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and SSEA1) was observed after five passages in the presence of SC1. Furthermore, SC1 caused no overt toxicity on mouse ES cells.

The use of SC1 Pluripotin to Support mESC Self-renewal in the Absence of LIF

SC1 functions through dual inhibition of Ras- GAP and ERK1. We tested the function of SC1 in supporting mouse ES cell self-renewal in the absence of LIF and showed that SC1 is able to maintain self-renewal of mouse ES cell cultures.

SC1（Pluripotin）使用，以支持在没有LIF的自我更新MESC

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are conventionally cultured with Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) to maintain self-renewal.1 However, LIF is expensive and ...

Purification of the M. magneticum Strain AMB-1 Magnetosome Associated Protein MamA&Delta;41

Magnetotactic bacteria comprise a diverse group of aquatic microorganisms that are able to orientate themselves along geomagnetic fields. This behavior is believed to aid their search for suitable environments (1). This capability is conferred by the magnetosome, a subcellular organelle that consists of a linear-chain assembly of lipid vesicles each able to biomineralize and enclose a ~50-nm crystal of magnetite or greigite. A principle component of the magnetosome that was shown to be required for the formation of functional vesicles is MamA. MamA is a highly abundant magnetosome-associated protein which is one of the most characterized magnetosome-associated proteins in vivo (2-6). This article focuses on the purification of MamA, which despite being studied in vivo, no clear functional or structural details have been identified for it. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that MamA is a tetra-tricopeptide repeat (TPR) containing protein. TPR is a structural motif found as such or forming part of a bigger fold in a wide range of proteins, it serves as a template for protein-protein interactions and mediates multi-protein complexes (7). TPRs are involved in many crucial tasks in eukaryotic cell organelle processes and many bacterial pathways (8-14). In order to understand MamA, a unique TPR containing protein, highly purified protein is required as a first step. In this article, we present the purification protocol for a stable MamA deletion mutant (MamA&Delta;41) from M. magneticum AMB-1.

Purification of the &lt;em&gt;M. magneticum&lt;/em&gt; Strain AMB-1 Magnetosome Associated Protein MamA&amp;Delta;41

MamA is a unique Magnetosome associated protein which was shown to be involved in magnetosome activation. Here we present the purification protocol of MamA deletion mutant (MamA&Delta;41) from M. magneticum AMB-1.

纯化 M。 magneticum应变AMB - 1磁小体相关蛋白MamAΔ41

Magnetotactic bacteria comprise a diverse group of aquatic microorganisms that are able to orientate themselves along geomagnetic fields. This behavior is ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

The proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal development in all metazoan organisms. Apoptotic cell clearance is a highly dynamic process intimately associated with cell death; unengulfed apoptotic cells are barely seen in vivo under normal conditions. In order to understand the different steps of apoptotic cell clearance and to compare 'professional' phagocytes - macrophages and dendritic cells to 'non-professional' - tissue-resident neighboring cells, in vivo live imaging of the process is extremely valuable. Here we describe a protocol for studying apoptotic cell clearance in live Drosophila embryos. To follow the dynamics of different steps in phagocytosis we use specific markers for apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In addition, we can monitor two phagocyte systems in parallel: 'professional' macrophages and 'semi-professional' glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The method described here employs the Drosophila embryo as an excellent model for real time studies of apoptotic cell clearance.

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Here we describe an effective method for studying dynamics of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo. This method employs live Drosophila embryos as a powerful model for monitoring phagocytosis of apoptotic cells using specific labeling of apoptotic cells and phagocytes.

凋亡细胞清除过程中实时成像<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;胚胎发育

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated including macromolecular synthesis, metabolism and ultimately, commitment to the cell division cycle. The chemostat, a method of experimentally controlling cell growth rate, provides a powerful means of systematically studying how growth rate impacts cellular processes - including gene expression and metabolism - and the regulatory networks that control the rate of cell growth. When maintained for hundreds of generations chemostats can be used to study adaptive evolution of microbes in environmental conditions that limit cell growth. We describe the principle of chemostat cultures, demonstrate their operation and provide examples of their various applications. Following a period of disuse after their introduction in the middle of the twentieth century, the convergence of genome-scale methodologies with a renewed interest in the regulation of cell growth and the molecular basis of adaptive evolution is stimulating a renaissance in the use of chemostats in biological research.

Cell growth rate is a regulated process and a primary determinant of cell physiology. Continuous culturing using chemostats enables extrinsic control of cell growth rate by nutrient limitation facilitating the study of molecular networks that control cell growth and how those networks evolve to optimize cell growth.

恒化器中微生物系统生物学中的应用

Cells regulate their rate of growth in response to signals from the external world. As the cell grows, diverse cellular processes must be coordinated ...

Culturing of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells at the Air Liquid Interface

In vitro models using human primary epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory epithelium in the context of microbial infections or inhaled agents. Direct comparisons of cells obtained from diseased populations allow us to characterize different phenotypes and dissect the underlying mechanisms mediating changes in epithelial cell function. Culturing epithelial cells from the human tracheobronchial region has been well documented, but is limited by the availability of human lung tissue or invasiveness associated with obtaining the bronchial brushes biopsies. Nasal epithelial cells are obtained through much less invasive superficial nasal scrape biopsies and subjects can be biopsied multiple times with no significant side effects. Additionally, the nose is the entry point to the respiratory system and therefore one of the first sites to be exposed to any kind of air-borne stressor, such as microbial agents, pollutants, or allergens. 
Briefly, nasal epithelial cells obtained from human volunteers are expanded on coated tissue culture plates, and then transferred onto cell culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells continue to be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI), for several weeks, which creates more physiologically relevant conditions. The ALI culture condition uses defined media leading to a differentiated epithelium that exhibits morphological and functional characteristics similar to the human nasal epithelium, with both ciliated and mucus producing cells. Tissue culture inserts with differentiated nasal epithelial cells can be manipulated in a variety of ways depending on the research questions (treatment with pharmacological agents, transduction with lentiviral vectors, exposure to gases, or infection with microbial agents) and analyzed for numerous different endpoints ranging from cellular and molecular pathways, functional changes, morphology, etc. 
In vitro models of differentiated human nasal epithelial cells will enable investigators to address novel and important research questions by using organotypic experimental models that largely mimic the nasal epithelium in vivo.

Nasal epithelial cells, obtained through superficial scrape biopsy of human volunteers, are expanded and transferred onto tissue culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells are grown at air liquid interface, yielding cultures of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Differentiated nasal epithelial cell cultures provide viable experimental models for studying the respiratory mucosa.

人鼻粘膜上皮细胞在气液界面培养

In vitro models using human primary  epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory  epithelium in the context of ...

Probe-based Real-time PCR Approaches for Quantitative Measurement of microRNAs

Probe-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a favoured method for measuring transcript abundance, since it is one of the most sensitive detection methods that provides an accurate and reproducible analysis. Probe-based chemistry offers the least background fluorescence as compared to other (dye-based) chemistries. Presently, there are several platforms available that use probe-based chemistry to quantitate transcript abundance. qPCR in a 96 well plate is the most routinely used method, however only a maximum of 96 samples or miRNAs can be tested in a single run. This is time-consuming and tedious if a large number of samples/miRNAs are to be analyzed. High-throughput probe-based platforms such as microfluidics (e.g. TaqMan Array Card) and nanofluidics arrays (e.g. OpenArray) offer ease to reproducibly and efficiently detect the abundance of multiple microRNAs in a large number of samples in a short time. Here, we demonstrate the experimental setup and protocol for miRNA quantitation from serum or plasma-EDTA samples, using probe-based chemistry and three different platforms (96 well plate, microfluidics and nanofluidics arrays) offering increasing levels of throughput.

Circulating microRNAs have recently emerged as promising and novel biomarkers for various cancers and other diseases. The goal of this article is to discuss three different probe-based real-time PCR platforms and methods that are available to quantify and determine the abundance of circulating microRNAs.

基于探针实时荧光定量PCR途径的小分子RNA定量检测

Probe-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a favoured method for measuring transcript abundance, since it is one of the most sensitive detection methods that ...

Use of Enzymatic Biosensors to Quantify Endogenous ATP or H2O2 in the Kidney

Enzymatic microelectrode biosensors have been widely used to measure extracellular signaling in real-time. Most of their use has been limited to brain slices and neuronal cell cultures. Recently, this technology has been applied to the whole organs. Advances in sensor design have made &#160;possible the measuring of&#160;cell signaling in blood-perfused in vivo kidneys. The present protocols list the steps needed to measure ATP and H2O2 signaling in the rat kidney interstitium. Two separate sensor designs are used for the ex vivo and in vivo protocols. Both types of sensor&#160;are coated with&#160;a thin enzymatic biolayer on top of a permselectivity layer to give fast responding, sensitive and selective biosensors. The permselectivity layer protects the signal from the interferents in biological tissue, and the enzymatic layer utilizes&#160;the sequential catalytic reaction of glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase in the presence of ATP to produce H2O2. The set of sensors used for the ex vivo studies further detected analyte by oxidation of H2O2 on a platinum/iridium (Pt-Ir) wire electrode. The sensors for the&#160;in vivo studies are instead based on the reduction of H2O2 on a mediator coated gold electrode designed for blood-perfused tissue. Final concentration changes&#160;are detected by real-time amperometry followed by calibration to known concentrations of analyte. Additionally, the specificity of the amperometric signal can be confirmed by the addition of enzymes such as catalase and apyrase that break down H2O2 and ATP correspondingly. These sensors also rely heavily on accurate calibrations before and after each experiment. The following two protocols establish the study of real-time detection of ATP and H2O2 in kidney tissues, and can be further modified to extend the described method for use in other biological preparations or whole organs.

Use of Enzymatic Biosensors to Quantify Endogenous ATP or H2O2 in the Kidney

Enzymatic microelectrode biosensors enable real-time measurements of extracellular cell signaling in biologically-relevant concentrations. The following protocols extend the applications of biosensors to the ex vivo and in vivo detection of ATP and H2O2 in the kidney.

利用酶生物传感器的量化内源性ATP或H<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; 0<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;在肾脏

Enzymatic microelectrode biosensors have been widely used to measure extracellular signaling in real-time. Most of their use has been limited to brain ...