O presente trabalho foi apoiado pelo Programa Europeu IST União (Project &quot;INTREPID - A Virtual Reality Sistema Multi-sensor inteligente para Tratamento de Fobias Wearable&quot; - IST-2002-507464).

O protocolo clínico para o tratamento do Transtorno de Ansiedade Generalizada (TAG) é programado simultaneamente dentro e fora do escritório do terapeuta. Programa de relaxamento é uma combinação de &quot;Formação de Relaxamento Muscular Progressivo&quot; (PMRT), o procedimento clássico descrito por Jacobsen, que envolve tensão e relaxar vários grupos musculares ao mesmo tempo tomando nota das sensações contrastantes, e &quot;Guided Imagery&quot; do programa. No nosso imaginário treinamento é substituída pela indicação visual de um ambiente relaxante virtual. DENTRO consultório do terapeuta. Pacientes participam a 8 sessões de treinamento com o terapeuta, distribuídos em quatro semanas (2 sessões por semana). Cada sessão começa e termina com uma avaliação clínica que dá a medida da ansiedade do paciente. Plano de sessões no consultório do terapeuta: <ol><li> Avaliação clínica inicial do estado do paciente; </li><li> O paciente é conectado com biossensores que gravar seu / sua parâmetros fisiológicos (condutância da pele, freqüência cardíaca, a respiração). A medida de referência destes parâmetros é registrada por 3 minutos; </li><li> O paciente usa um display head-mounted ligada a um pc e lida com um joystick; </li><li> O paciente começa a explorar o ambiente virtual: uma bela ilha tropical enfrenta no oceano. O paciente, após a narrativa gravada pelo terapeuta, atinge a ilha de barco e explorá-lo. Seguindo uma trilha que orienta ele / ela através da ilha, o paciente chega ao ponto de partida, onde os painéis diferentes indicam as direções para as áreas-alvo diferente. Em cada uma dessas áreas um exercício de relaxamento é proporcionada, durante esta formação, seguindo as indicações dadas pela voz-guia, o paciente tenta relaxar ele / ela mesma, enquanto alguns elementos do ambiente virtual são modificadas diretamente por seu / sua parâmetros fisiológicos registrados em tempo real. Assim, o paciente recebe um feedback imediato da sua / seu nível de ativação (como nas técnicas de biofeedback tradicional), mas com o valor extra dado pelo ambiente virtual que ele / ela é immersively explorar. As áreas-alvo são obrigados a: <ul><li> Campfire: parâmetros fisiológicos controlar a intensidade do fogo, de modo que a redução dos resultados do paciente ativação fisiológica sobre a redução do fogo até que ele sai; </li><li> Waves: parâmetros fisiológicos controlar as ondas até o oceano torna-se completamente calmo; </li><li> Cachoeira: a redução do estímulo fisiológico corresponde a uma redução da intensidade de corrente até que a água pára de cair. </li><li> Gazebo: diferentemente dos outros, este exercício é personalizável pelo paciente, que podem escolher palavras ou imagens relacionadas a ele / ela pessoais eventos estressantes. Esta técnica serve como um programa de inoculação do estresse, eo paciente pode experimentar a redução no tamanho-fading flutuante do item escolhido - em função da sua / sua capacidade de relaxar ele / ela mesma; </li></ul></li><li> Uma vez concluída a sessão de realidade virtual, parâmetros fisiológicos são registrados novamente em condição de repouso; </li><li> Avaliação clínica final do estado do paciente. </li></ol> ESCRITÓRIO FORA DO TERAPEUTA: A fim de melhorar a eficácia da formação e aumentar os efeitos de relaxamento, os pacientes vai praticar técnicas de relaxamento fora do escritório do terapeuta, experimentando um cenário de Homecare. Isto é realizado através da apresentação do mesmo ambiente virtual experientes durante a terapia em um dispositivo móvel. O dispositivo móvel é conectado via Bluetooth a um conjunto de biossensores que inclui taxas de coração e condutância da pele. Este equipamento é pequeno o suficiente e fácil de usar para ser tratado de forma autônoma pelo paciente (vide fig. 1). O paciente é necessário para treinar habilidades de relaxamento pelo menos uma vez por dia, durante toda a duração do tratamento (um mês), seguindo o plano de tratamento fornecidas pelo terapeuta. Resultados representante Porque ambos biofeedback e realidade virtual são conhecidos para ser eficaz para induzir o relaxamento, o principal resultado esperado é que uma combinação desses dois métodos é mais eficaz na redução da ansiedade em pacientes afetados por transtorno de ansiedade generalizada, do que as duas técnicas utilizadas individualmente. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1554/Fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1: GSR / HR módulo de biossensores.

<ol>
	<li>Arntz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+therapy+versus+applied+relaxation+as+treatment+of+generalized+anxiety+disorder.">Cognitive therapy versus applied relaxation as treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.</a> Behav Res Ther. 41 (6), 633-633 (2003).</li><li>Siev, J., Chambless, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specificity+of+treatment+effects:+cognitive+therapy+and+relaxation+for+generalized+anxiety+and+panic+disorders.">Specificity of treatment effects: cognitive therapy and relaxation for generalized anxiety and panic disorders.</a> Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 75 (4), 513-513 (2007).</li><li>Jacobsen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Progressive relaxation. , (1938).</li><li>Villani, D., Riva, F., Riva, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+technologies+for+relaxation:+the+role+of+presence.">New technologies for relaxation: the role of presence.</a> International journal of Stress Management. 14 (3), 260-260 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Nossa hipótese é que a combinação de realidade virtual e biofeedback que diretamente modifica o ambiente virtual, em comparação com a realidade virtual sozinho, irá resultar em um relaxamento melhor e mais rápido aprendizado. Se assim for, este novo instrumento criado para tratar transtornos de ansiedade poderia ser aplicado e testado mesmo em outras patologias relacionados à ansiedade.

the use of biofeedback in clinical virtual reality: the intrepid project

Transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG) é um transtorno psiquiátrico caracterizado por uma constante ansiedade e inespecíficos que interfere com atividades da vida diária. Sua alta prevalência na população em geral e as limitações graves, causas, apontam a necessidade de encontrar novas estratégias eficientes para tratá-la. Juntamente com os tratamentos cognitivo-comportamental, relaxamento representa uma abordagem útil para o tratamento da GAD, mas tem a limitação que é difícil de ser aprendida. O projeto INTREPID visa implementar um novo instrumento para tratar a ansiedade e distúrbios relacionados para testar a sua eficácia clínica na redução da ansiedade relacionada com os sintomas. A inovação desta abordagem é a combinação de realidade virtual e biofeedback, de modo que o primeiro está diretamente modificada pela saída do segundo. Desta forma, o paciente está ciente de suas reações através da modificação de algumas características do ambiente VR em tempo real. Utilizando exercícios mentais que o paciente aprende a controlar estes parâmetros fisiológicos e usar o feedback fornecido pelo ambiente virtual é capaz de medir o sucesso dele ou dela. O uso suplementar de dispositivos portáteis, como PDA ou smart-phones, permite que o paciente a realizar em casa, individualmente e de forma autônoma, os mesmos exercícios com experiência em escritório terapeuta. O objetivo é ancorar o protocolo aprendido em um contexto de vida real, assim aumentando a capacidade dos pacientes para lidar com seus sintomas. O resultado esperado é uma melhor e mais rápido aprendizado de técnicas de relaxamento, e, assim, uma maior eficácia do tratamento, se comparado com os tradicionais protocolos clínicos.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project at JoVE.com

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

Projeto sobre Realidade Virtual Sistema Multi-sensor inteligente para o tratamento da ansiedade relacionada com Disorders (Intrepid) visa o desenvolvimento de um sensor multi-sensíveis ao contexto do sistema de realidade virtual para o tratamento de distúrbios relacionados a ansiedade.

O uso de Biofeedback na Clínica de Realidade Virtual: O Projeto INTREPID

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a constant and unspecific anxiety that interferes with daily-life ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

15.1K visualizações.  Istituto Auxologico Italiano. Projeto sobre Realidade Virtual Sistema Multi-sensor inteligente para o tratamento da ansiedade relacionada com Disorders (Intrepid) visa o desenvolvimento de um sensor multi-sensíveis ao contexto do sistema de realidade virtual para o tratamento de distúrbios relacionados a ansiedade.

Vídeo: The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

Human Fear Conditioning Conducted in Full Immersion 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality 

Fear conditioning is a widely used paradigm in non-human animal research to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying fear and anxiety. A major challenge in conducting conditioning studies in humans is the ability to strongly manipulate or simulate the environmental contexts that are associated with conditioned emotional behaviors. In this regard, virtual reality (VR) technology is a promising tool. Yet, adapting this technology to meet experimental constraints requires special accommodations. Here we address the methodological issues involved when conducting fear conditioning in a fully immersive 6-sided VR environment and present fear conditioning data.
In the real world, traumatic events occur in complex environments that are made up of many cues, engaging all of our sensory modalities. For example, cues that form the environmental configuration include not only visual elements, but aural, olfactory, and even tactile. In rodent studies of fear conditioning animals are fully immersed in a context that is rich with novel visual, tactile and olfactory cues. However, standard laboratory tests of fear conditioning in humans are typically conducted in a nondescript room in front of a flat or 2D computer screen and do not replicate the complexity of real world experiences. On the other hand, a major limitation of clinical studies aimed at reducing (extinguishing) fear and preventing relapse in anxiety disorders is that treatment occurs after participants have acquired a fear in an uncontrolled and largely unknown context. Thus the experimenters are left without information about the duration of exposure, the true nature of the stimulus, and associated background cues in the environment1. In the absence of this information it can be difficult to truly extinguish a fear that is both cue and context-dependent. Virtual reality environments address these issues by providing the complexity of the real world, and at the same time allowing experimenters to constrain fear conditioning and extinction parameters to yield empirical data that can suggest better treatment options and/or analyze mechanistic hypotheses.
In order to test the hypothesis that fear conditioning may be richly encoded and context specific when conducted in a fully immersive environment, we developed distinct virtual reality 3-D contexts in which participants experienced fear conditioning to virtual snakes or spiders. Auditory cues co-occurred with the CS in order to further evoke orienting responses and a feeling of "presence" in subjects 2 . Skin conductance response served as the dependent measure of fear acquisition, memory retention and extinction.

Human Fear Conditioning Conducted in Full Immersion 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality

Classical fear conditioning paradigm was adapted for human participants in a fully immersive virtual reality setting. Using a discrimination paradigm, conditioned fear, cue and context memory retention, and extinction was measured with skin conductance response to dynamic virtual snakes and spiders (the conditioned stimuli) in two distinct virtual contexts.

O condicionamento do medo humano Realizado em total imersão Realidade Virtual 3-Dimensional

Fear conditioning is a widely used paradigm in non-human animal research to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying fear and anxiety. A major ...

Neurociência

Haptic/Graphic Rehabilitation: Integrating a Robot into a Virtual Environment Library and Applying it to Stroke Therapy

Recent research that tests interactive devices for prolonged therapy practice has revealed new prospects for robotics combined with graphical and other forms of biofeedback. Previous human-robot interactive systems have required different software commands to be implemented for each robot leading to unnecessary developmental overhead time each time a new system becomes available. For example, when a haptic/graphic virtual reality environment has been coded for one specific robot to provide haptic feedback, that specific robot would not be able to be traded for another robot without recoding the program. However, recent efforts in the open source community have proposed a wrapper class approach that can elicit nearly identical responses regardless of the robot used. The result can lead researchers across the globe to perform similar experiments using shared code. Therefore modular "switching out"of one robot for another would not affect development time. In this paper, we outline the successful creation and implementation of a wrapper class for one robot into the open-source H3DAPI, which integrates the software commands most commonly used by all robots.

Recently, a vast amount of prospects have come available for human-robot interactive systems. In this paper we outline the integration of a new robotic device with open source software that can rapidly make possible a library of interactive functionality. We then outline a clinical application for a neurorehabilitation application.

Haptic / Reabilitação Graphic: Integrando um robô em um ambiente virtual Biblioteca e aplicando-a Terapia curso

Recent research that tests interactive devices for prolonged therapy practice has revealed new prospects for robotics combined with graphical and other ...

Bioengenharia

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

We present a method for training subjects to control activity in a region of their orbitofrontal cortex associated with contamination anxiety using biofeedback of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) data. Increased activity of this region is seen in relationship with contamination anxiety both in control subjects1 and in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),2 a relatively common and often debilitating psychiatric disorder involving contamination anxiety. Although many brain regions have been implicated in OCD, abnormality in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is one of the most consistent findings.3, 4 Furthermore, hyperactivity in the OFC has been found to correlate with OCD symptom severity5 and decreases in hyperactivity in this region have been reported to correlate with decreased symptom severity.6 Therefore, the ability to control this brain area may translate into clinical improvements in obsessive-compulsive symptoms including contamination anxiety. Biofeedback of rt-fMRI data is a new technique in which the temporal pattern of activity in a specific region (or associated with a specific distributed pattern of brain activity) in a subject's brain is provided as a feedback signal to the subject. Recent reports indicate that people are able to develop control over the activity of specific brain areas when provided with rt-fMRI biofeedback.7-12 In particular, several studies using this technique to target brain areas involved in emotion processing have reported success in training subjects to control these regions.13-18 In several cases, rt-fMRI biofeedback training has been reported to induce cognitive, emotional, or clinical changes in subjects.8, 9, 13, 19 Here we illustrate this technique as applied to the treatment of contamination anxiety in healthy subjects. This biofeedback intervention will be a valuable basic research tool: it allows researchers to perturb brain function, measure the resulting changes in brain dynamics and relate those to changes in contamination anxiety or other behavioral measures. In addition, the establishment of this method serves as a first step towards the investigation of fMRI-based biofeedback as a therapeutic intervention for OCD. Given that approximately a quarter of patients with OCD receive little benefit from the currently available forms of treatment,20-22 and that those who do benefit rarely recover completely, new approaches for treating this population are urgently needed.

Here we present a method for training people to control a brain area involved in contamination anxiety and for probing the relationship between contamination anxiety and brain connectivity patterns.

Em tempo real Biofeedback fMRI Segmentação o córtex orbitofrontal de Ansiedade Contaminação

We present a method for training subjects to control activity in a region of their orbitofrontal cortex associated with contamination anxiety using ...

Medicina

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and laboratory experiments, respectively. VR is especially useful for geographic visualizations and investigations of spatial behavior. In spatial behavior research, VR provides a platform for studying the relationship between navigation and physiological measures (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, blood pressure). Specifically, physiological measures allow researchers to address novel questions and constrain previous theories of spatial abilities, strategies, and performance. For example, individual differences in navigation performance may be explained by the extent to which changes in arousal mediate the effects of task difficulty. However, the complexities in the design and implementation of VR experiments can distract experimenters from their primary research goals and introduce irregularities in data collection and analysis. To address these challenges, the Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework includes standardized modules such as participant training with the control interface, data collection using questionnaires, the synchronization of physiological measurements, and data storage. EVE also provides the necessary infrastructure for data management, visualization, and evaluation. The present paper describes a protocol that employs the EVE framework to conduct navigation experiments in VR with physiological sensors. The protocol lists the steps necessary for recruiting participants, attaching the physiological sensors, administering the experiment using EVE, and assessing the collected data with EVE evaluation tools. Overall, this protocol will facilitate future research by streamlining the design and implementation of VR experiments with physiological sensors.

Virtual reality (VR) experiments can be difficult to implement and require meticulous planning. This protocol describes a method for the design and implementation of VR experiments that collect physiological data from human participants. The Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework is employed to accelerate this process.

Experiências de realidade virtual com medidas fisiológicas

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and ...

Comportamento

Evaluating Flight Performance and Eye Movement Patterns Using Virtual Reality Flight Simulator

Efficient and economical performance evaluation of pilots has become critical to the aviation industry. With the development of virtual reality (VR) and the combination of eye-tracking technology, solutions to meet these needs are becoming a reality. Previous studies have explored VR-based flight simulators, focusing mainly on technology validation and flight training. The current study developed a new VR flight simulator to evaluate pilots' flight performance based on eye movement and flight indicators in a 3D immersive scene. During the experiment, 46 participants were recruited: 23 professional pilots and 23 college students without flight experience. The experiment results showed significant differences in flight performance between participants with and without flight experience, the former being higher than the latter. In contrast, those with flight experience showed more structured and efficient eye-movement patterns. These results of the differentiation of flight performance demonstrate the validity of the current VR flight simulator as a flight performance assessment method. The different eye-movement patterns with flight experience provide the basis for future flight selection. However, this VR-based flight simulator has shortcomings like motion feedback compared to traditional flight simulators. This flight simulator platform is highly flexible except for the apparent low cost. It can meet the diverse needs of researchers (e.g., measuring situation awareness, VR sickness, and workload by adding relevant scales).

A new virtual reality flight simulator was built, which enables efficient and low-cost evaluation of flight performance and eye movement patterns. It also provides a high-potential research tool for ergonomics and other research.

Avaliando o desempenho de voo e os padrões de movimento dos olhos usando o simulador de voo de realidade virtual

Efficient and economical performance evaluation of pilots has become critical to the aviation industry. With the development of virtual reality (VR) and ...

The Immersive Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping Platform for the Assessment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

A decline in the performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) has been proposed as a prodromal marker of neurological disease. Existing clinical and performance-based IADL assessments are not feasible for integration into clinical medicine. Virtual reality (VR) is a powerful yet underutilized tool that could advance the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disease. An impediment to the adoption and scaling of VR in clinical neurology is VR-related sickness resulting from sensory inconsistencies between the visual and vestibular systems (i.e., locomotion problem).
The Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping (CC-VRS) platform attempts to solve the locomotion problem by coupling an omnidirectional treadmill with high-resolution VR content, enabling the user to physically navigate a virtual grocery store to simulate shopping. The CC-VRS consists of Basic and Complex shopping experiences; both require walking 150 m and retrieving five items. The Complex experience has additional scenarios that increase the cognitive and motor demands of the task to better represent the continuum of activities associated with real-world shopping. The CC-VRS platform provides objective and quantitative biomechanical and cognitive outcomes related to the user&#39;s IADL performance. Initial data indicate that the CC-VRS results in minimal VR-sickness and is feasible and tolerable for older adults and patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD). The considerations underlying the development, design, and hardware and software technology are reviewed, and initial models of integration into primary care and neurology are provided.

Virtual reality (VR) is a powerful yet underutilized approach to advance the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disease. The Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping platform combines state-of-the-art VR content with an omnidirectional treadmill to quantify instrumental activities of daily living-a proposed prodromal marker of neurological disease.

A Plataforma de Compras de Realidade Virtual da Clínica Cleveland Imersiva para a Avaliação das Atividades Instrumentais da Vida Diária

A decline in the performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) has been proposed as a prodromal marker of neurological disease. Existing ...

Engenharia

Integrando VR e Biossensores para Avaliação Quantitativa de Movimento e Atividade Muscular

Setup for the Quantitative Assessment of Motion and Muscle Activity During a Virtual Modified Box and Block Test

The ability to move allows us to interact with the world. When this ability is impaired, it can significantly reduce one's quality of life and independence and may lead to complications. The importance of remote patient evaluation and rehabilitation has recently grown due to limited access to in-person services. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic unexpectedly resulted in strict regulations, reducing access to non-emergent healthcare services. Additionally, remote care offers an opportunity to address healthcare disparities in rural, underserved, and low-income areas where access to services remains limited. 
Improving accessibility through remote care options would limit the number of hospital or specialist visits and render routine care more affordable. Finally, the use of readily available commercial consumer electronics for at-home care can enhance patient outcomes due to improved quantitative observation of symptoms, treatment efficacy, and therapy dosage. While remote care is a promising means to address these issues, there is a crucial need to quantitatively characterize motor impairment for such applications. The following protocol seeks to address this knowledge gap to enable clinicians and researchers to obtain high-resolution data on complex movement and underlying muscle activity. The ultimate goal is to develop a protocol for remote administration of functional clinical tests. 
Here, participants were instructed to perform a medically-inspired Box and Block task (BBT), which is frequently used to assess hand function. This task requires subjects to transport standardized cubes between two compartments separated by a barrier. We implemented a modified BBT in virtual reality to demonstrate the potential of developing remote assessment protocols. Muscle activation was captured for each subject using surface electromyography. This protocol allowed for the acquisition of high-quality data to better characterize movement impairment in a detailed and quantitative manner. Ultimately, these data have the potential to be used to develop protocols for virtual rehabilitation and remote patient monitoring.

Autor em destaque: Aprimorando a reabilitação remota com realidade virtual e eletromiografia

The protocol described here aims to enhance the quantitative evaluation of upper limb deficits, with the goal of developing additional technology for remote assessment both in the clinic and at home. Virtual reality and biosensor technologies are combined with standard clinical techniques to provide insights into the functioning of the neuromuscular system.

Configuração para a avaliação quantitativa do movimento e da atividade muscular durante um teste virtual modificado de caixa e bloco

The ability to move allows us to interact with the world. When this ability is impaired, it can significantly reduce one's quality of life and ...

Imagens motoras usando avatares digitais VR no sistema de interface cérebro-computador

Motor Imagery Performance Through Embodied Digital Twins in a Virtual Reality-Enabled Brain-Computer Interface Environment

This study introduces an innovative framework for neurological rehabilitation by integrating brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and virtual reality (VR) technologies with the customization of three-dimensional (3D) avatars. Traditional approaches to rehabilitation often fail to fully engage patients, primarily due to their inability to provide a deeply immersive and interactive experience. This research endeavors to fill this gap by utilizing motor imagery (MI) techniques, where participants visualize physical movements without actual execution. This method capitalizes on the brain's neural mechanisms, activating areas involved in movement execution when imagining movements, thereby facilitating the recovery process. The integration of VR's immersive capabilities with the precision of electroencephalography (EEG) to capture and interpret brain activity associated with imagined movements forms the core of this system. Digital Twins in the form of personalized 3D avatars are employed to significantly enhance the sense of immersion within the virtual environment. This heightened sense of embodiment is crucial for effective rehabilitation, aiming to bolster the connection between the patient and their virtual counterpart. By doing so, the system not only aims to improve motor imagery performance but also seeks to provide a more engaging and efficacious rehabilitation experience. Through the real-time application of BCI, the system allows for the direct translation of imagined movements into virtual actions performed by the 3D avatar, offering immediate feedback to the user. This feedback loop is essential for reinforcing the neural pathways involved in motor control and recovery. The ultimate goal of the developed system is to significantly enhance the effectiveness of motor imagery exercises by making them more interactive and responsive to the user's cognitive processes, thereby paving a new path in the field of neurological rehabilitation.

Autor em destaque: Aprimorando a neurorreabilitação por meio de EEG, imagens motoras e realidade virtual

Motor imagery in a virtual reality environment has wide applications in brain-computer interface systems. This manuscript outlines the use of personalized digital avatars that resemble the participants performing movements imagined by the participant in a virtual reality environment to enhance immersion and a sense of body ownership.

Desempenho de imagens motoras por meio de gêmeos digitais incorporados em um ambiente de interface cérebro-computador habilitado para realidade virtual

This study introduces an innovative framework for neurological rehabilitation by integrating brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and virtual reality (VR) ...

O uso de Biofeedback na Clínica de Realidade Virtual: O Projeto INTREPID

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