Name: virtual reality experiments with physiological measures
Uploaded: 2018-08-29T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 9 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures at JoVE.com

虚拟环境是由游戏 (http://www.vis-games.de) 提供的, 以进行虚拟现实的研究。

下面的议定书是按照瑞士联邦伦理委员会批准的准则进行的, 作为提案 2013-73 的一部分。
1. 招聘和准备参与者
<ol><li>使用参加者招聘系统或邮寄名单, 选择特定人口统计学 (例如年龄、性别、教育背景) 的参与者 (例如,UAST; http://www.uast.uzh.ch/)。</li>
	<li>通过电子邮件联系选定的参与者。在此电子邮件中, 提醒参与者会话时间和要求。让参与者知道, 他们必须穿宽松的顶部 (血压监测), 在实验前不饮酒12小时, 并避免其他一些活动 (i., 咖啡因, 吸烟, 饮食和运动) 3 小时在实验之前。</li>
</ol>2. 使用夏娃准备实验和生理装置
<ol><li>在每个实验会话之前, 启动计算机、实验器监视器和测试监视器。</li>
	<li>确保房间风扇、温度计和湿度监视器都在。</li>
	<li>开关机测量皮肤电活动 (EDA) 和心电图 (心电图;e., PowerLab 从 ADInstruments)。见材料表。</li>
	<li>打开 EDA/ECG 软件 (夏娃当前支持 Labchart 从 ADInstruments) 并创建一个新的设置文件。选择采样率为1000赫兹和适当数量的频道 (e., 一个为 EDA, 一个用于心电图)。保存此设置文件, 并为每个实验会话重新保存具有不同名称的版本。</li>
	<li>对于 EDA 电极, 执行一个开路零 (i., 没有电极连接到任何东西), 以获得系统电导率的基线测量。</li>
	<li>确保控制接口 (例如,操纵杆) 连接到计算机。</li>
	<li>
在实验者监视器上, 打开该试验的可执行统一文件。
	<ol>
<li>打开 "实验设置" 菜单在夏娃, 并输入实验参数 (e., 参与者 ID 号, 生理测量文件, 实验条件, 室温和湿度)。</li>
		<li>单击 "开始实验"。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 实验程序
<ol><li>
导言和同意程序
	<ol>
<li>在约定的会议地点接听参加者, 并指导他/她去实验室。</li>
		<li>指示会话将需要大约90分钟, 并要求参与者存储他或她的手表和/或移动电话。</li>
		<li>请参加者坐在实验椅上, 根据准备好的口头脚本解释实验过程。</li>
		<li>请参加者阅读资料表并签署知情同意表格。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
EDA 与心电传感器的连接
	<ol>
<li>用不带肥皂的湿纸巾清洁食指和非显性手的无名指。确保它们是干燥的, 并将两个 EDA 电极连接到内侧指骨。</li>
		<li>清洁胸部的皮肤, 心电图电极将与湿布放置。</li>
		<li>根据图 2, 将白色、黑色和红色电极放在参与者身体的肋骨上。将白色电极放在右上腹部 (UR) 上, 并将黑色电极置于左上腹部 (UL)。将红色电极放在左下腹部 (LL)。确保三电极不是直接在肋骨上。</li>
		<li>将三色编码的心电图线连接到附着在参与者身体上的相应电极上。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
试验前调查表
	<ol>
<li>为参与者提供键盘和鼠标, 用于回答调查表 (例如, 人口问题, 第一部分的短期压力状态调查表, 圣巴巴拉方向秤感), 并通知他或她,他们会在电脑上问一连串的问题。</li>
		<li>通知参与者, 他们可以随时向实验者询问有关调查表的问题。</li>
		<li>当参与者正在完成调查表时, 关闭隔间的两个侧面墙。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
生理测量的准备工作。这些步骤可以在参与者完成调查表时进行。
	<ol>
<li>通知参与者, 实验者现在将准备生理设备。</li>
		<li>检查电极是否连接到正确的位置。</li>
		<li>将血压袖附在非显性臂上。</li>
		<li>就血压的准确测量向参与者提供指导。告诉参与者尽量减少手臂和身体的运动, 保持血压袖在心脏水平, 并保持直立姿势与他或她的脚平在地板上。</li>
		<li>将两个 EDA 导线连接到手指上的电极上。</li>
		<li>关闭显示器上方的指示灯, 将所有其他架空光源调暗至最低设置。</li>
		<li>将游戏杆交给参与者, 并确保鼠标离开测试监视器的屏幕。</li>
		<li>零的 EDA 通道, 以获得一个衡量个人的起始水平的皮肤电导率。</li>
		<li>在 EDA/心电图软件中, 打开 "生物放大器" 对话框。选择信号范围, 其中心跳信号覆盖约三个预览窗口 (5 mV 在大多数情况下)。</li>
		<li>使用 eda/心电图软件开始录制, 并检查实验显示器上的 eda/ecg 软件窗口中是否有信号可见。</li>
		<li>在血压机上按适当的按钮开始血压记录。</li>
		<li>切换到开放的统一程序, 并按 "开始测量"。应出现固定十字。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
游戏杆训练和基线视频
	<ol>
<li>请参与者观看并跟踪训练视频, 指导他或她如何使用游戏杆。</li>
		<li>要求学员完成训练迷宫, 以便练习使用操纵杆。在这个训练迷宫中, 参与者被指示按照指示路线和收集漂浮宝石的箭头。</li>
		<li>如果实验包含声音, 请将耳机放在参与者的头部。</li>
		<li>请参与者观看基线自然视频而不移动。此视频用于解释在后续分析过程中参与者生理数据的基线测量。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
导航任务
	<ol>
<li>确保参与者已阅读有关要完成的导航任务的说明。在导航任务开始之前, 询问参与者是否有任何问题。告诉参与者他们不应该在导航任务中提出问题。</li>
		<li>当他/她准备开始导航任务时, 请让参与者按下游戏杆上的触发器。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
生理传感器的最终生理措施和脱离
	<ol>
<li>等到系统完成了最终的血压测量。</li>
		<li>通过在 eda/心电图软件中按下停止按钮, 停止录制 eda 和心电图。</li>
		<li>取出血压袖套。</li>
		<li>从参与者中删除 EDA 电极。</li>
		<li>要求参与者在实验结束前不要取出心电图电极。</li>
		<li>卸下操纵杆和耳机。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
后实验问卷
	<ol>
<li>为参与者提供一个键盘和鼠标作为后实验问卷 (e., 第二部分的短应力状态问卷, 自我评估假人, 模拟病问卷)。</li>
		<li>通知参与者, 他们将被问到计算机上的其他一系列问题, 如果需要, 他或她可以提问。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
实验会话结束
	<ol>
<li>通知参与者, 实验部分现已完成。谢谢她或他参加了这个实验。</li>
		<li>告诉参与者, 他/她现在可以删除心电图电极。</li>
		<li>付钱给参与者, 让他们在打印的收据上签字。</li>
		<li>询问参加者是否对实验的目的有任何疑问, 并将他或她护送到实验室外。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 每次实验性会议后
<ol><li>打开 "评估" 菜单在夏娃, 以进行实验诊断 (e., 重播的轨迹), 并保存在 EDA/心电图软件的生理测量文件。</li>
	<li>在夏娃的 "评估" 菜单中, 按 "添加事件标记" 按钮以标记生理测量文件中的事件。这一步骤对于从特定实验阶段分析生理数据至关重要。</li>
	<li>将 eda/心电图文件保存在 eda/心电图软件的生理测量文件中。</li>
	<li>使用 evertools 包导出实验数据以进行备份。</li>
	<li>关掉 eda/心电图机, 用酒精垫清洁 eda 电极。</li>
	<li>马克, 参与者出现在参加者招聘系统中。</li>
</ol>

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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+Short+Stress+State+Questionnaire.">Validation of a Short Stress State Questionnaire.</a> Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 48 (11), 1238-1242 (2004).</li><li>Wolbers, T., Hegarty, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+determines+our+navigational+abilities.">What determines our navigational abilities.</a> Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 14 (3), 138-146 (2010).</li><li>Moussa&#239;d, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crowd+behaviour+during+high-stress+evacuations+in+an+immersive+virtual+environment.">Crowd behaviour during high-stress evacuations in an immersive virtual environment.</a> Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 13 (122), (2016).</li><li>. Lead positioning Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://lifeinthefastlane.com/ecg-library/basics/lead-positioning/">https://lifeinthefastlane.com/ecg-library/basics/lead-positioning/</a> (2017)</li><li>Wilder, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+law+of+initial+value+in+neurology+and+psychiatry.">The law of initial value in neurology and psychiatry.</a> The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 125 (1), 73-86 (1957).</li><li>Loomis, J., Knapp, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+Perception+of+Egocentric+Distance+in+Real+and+Virtual+Environments.">Visual Perception of Egocentric Distance in Real and Virtual Environments.</a> Virtual and Adaptive Environments. , 21-46 (2003).</li><li>Richardson, A. R., Waller, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+feedback+training+on+distance+estimation+in+virtual+environments.">The effect of feedback training on distance estimation in virtual environments.</a> Applied Cognitive Psychology. 19 (8), 1089-1108 (2005).</li><li>Klatzky, R. L., Loomis, J. M., Beall, A. C., Chance, S. S., Golledge, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+updating+of+self-position+and+orientation+during+real,+imagined,+and+virtual+locomotion.">Spatial updating of self-position and orientation during real, imagined, and virtual locomotion.</a> Psychological Science. 9, 293-298 (1998).</li><li>Bakker, N. H., Werkhoven, P. J., Passenier, P. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calibrating+Visual+Path+Integration+in+VEs.">Calibrating Visual Path Integration in VEs.</a> Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. 10 (2), 216-224 (2001).</li><li>Thrash, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+control+interfaces+for+desktop+virtual+environments.">Evaluation of control interfaces for desktop virtual environments.</a> Presence. 24 (4), (2015).</li><li>Kinateder, M., Warren, W. 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作者没有什么可透露的。

在本文中, 我们描述了使用夏娃框架在 VR 上进行实验的协议。这些类型的实验是独一无二的, 因为额外的硬件考虑因素 (例如, 生理设备和其他外设), 使用 VR 收集生理数据的准备步骤和数据管理要求。本议定书为打算同时收集多个外设数据的实验者提供了必要的步骤。例如, 生理设备的使用需要清洗并将电极连接到参与者身体的特定位置 (如, 胸部和手指), 以不干扰其他外围设备 (e.<...

了解个人导航对几个领域有重要影响, 包括认知科学1、2、3、神经科学4、5和计算机科学6,7. 在实际和虚拟环境中都对导航进行了调查。实际实验的一个优点是导航不需要控制接口的中介, 因而可能产生更现实的空间行为。相比之下, 虚拟现实 (VR) 实验允许更精确的测量行为 (例如,行走轨迹) 和生理 (例如, 心率) 数据, 以及更多的实验控制 (i., 内部有效性)。反过来, 这种方法可以导致对数据的更简单的解释, 从而更可靠的导航理论。此外, 神经科学可以受益于 VR, 因为研究人员可以调查的神经相关的导航, 而参与者从事虚拟环境, 但不能实际移动。对于计算机科学家来说, VR 中的导航需要在处理电源、内存和计算机图形方面有独特的发展, 以确保身临其境的体验。VR 实验的结果也可以应用于建筑和制图学, 通过通知设计8和地图功能9 , 以促进现实世界的导航。最近, vr 技术的进步加上成本的大幅降低, 使得使用 vr 进行实验设计的实验室数量增加。由于这种日益普及, 研究人员需要考虑如何简化 VR 应用程序的实现, 并规范实验工作流。这种方法将有助于将资源从实施转向理论的发展, 并扩展 VR 的现有能力。
VR 设置在显示和控制方面可以从更低的实际范围。更现实的 VR 设置往往需要额外的基础设施, 如大的跟踪空间和高分辨率显示10。这些系统经常使用重定向的步行算法, 以便向用户提供的视觉反馈中注入潜移默化的旋转和翻译, 并有效地扩大了参与者可以移动11的虚拟环境。,12. 这些算法可以推广, 因为它们不需要环境结构13或预测的知识, 因为它们假定用户14的特定路径。尽管大多数关于重定向行走的研究都使用了头装显示器 (HMDs), 但一些研究人员采用了这种技术的版本, 作为大型投影系统 (例如, 洞穴)15的一部分。虽然 HMDs 可以在参与者的头部进行, 洞穴显示往往提供一个更广阔的水平视野16,17。但是, 使用桌面显示18、19的 VR 系统需要较少的基础结构。神经科学研究研究还使用 VR 系统结合功能磁共振成像 (fmri) 在扫描20, 结合 fMRI 后, 扫描21,22, 并结合脑电图 (EEG) 在录音23,24。为了协调用于导航研究的各种显示和控件, 需要使用软件框架。
包含 VR 和生理学数据的研究将带来额外的挑战, 如数据采集和同步。然而, 生理数据允许调查隐含的过程, 可能调解的关系, 导航潜力和空间行为。事实上, 使用桌面 VR 和不同的生理传感器 (i.、心率、血压、皮肤电导率、唾液皮质醇和α淀粉酶) 的结合, 研究了应力与导航的关系25,26,27,28. 例如, van Gerven 和同事29研究了压力对导航策略和性能的影响, 使用了一个虚拟现实版的莫里斯水迷宫任务和一些生理措施 (e., 皮肤电导率, 心率, 血压)。结果表明, 压力预测导航策略的标志性使用 (i., 自我中心与 allocentric), 但与航海性能无关。总的来说, 以前的研究结果在压力对导航性能和空间记忆的影响方面有些不一致。这种模式可能归因于压力源的分离 (例如, 冷升压程序26, 星型镜像跟踪任务25) 从实际的导航任务, 使用简单的迷宫般的虚拟环境 (e., 虚拟莫里斯水迷宫26, 虚拟桡臂迷宫28), 和不同的方法细节 (e., 压力类型, 生理数据类型)。收集到的生理数据的格式上的差异也会对这些研究的实施和分析产生问题。
虚拟实验 (夏娃) 框架的实验促进了 VR 实验的设计、实施和分析, 特别是那些具有额外外围设备 (例如,眼球追踪器, 生理设备)30。在 GitHub (https://cog-ethz.github.io/EVE/) 上, 夏娃框架可以自由地作为开源项目使用。这个框架是基于普遍的统一3D 游戏引擎 (https://unity3d.com/) 和 MySQL 数据库管理系统 (https://www.mysql.com/)。研究人员可以使用夏娃框架来准备 VR 实验的各个阶段, 包括前期和后研究问卷, 任何生理学数据的基线测量, 与控制界面的训练, 主要的导航任务, 以及对导航环境的空间记忆的测试 (例如, 相对方向的判断)。实验者还可以控制来自不同来源的数据同步和不同级别的聚合 (例如, 跨试验、块或会话)。数据源可能是物理的 (i. e., 与用户连接; 参见材料表) 或虚拟 (i. e), 取决于参与者的头像与虚拟环境之间的相互作用。例如, 当参与者的头像移动到虚拟环境的某一特定区域时, 实验可能需要记录心率以及参与者的位置/方向。所有这些数据都将自动存储在 MySQL 数据库中, 并使用重播函数和 R 包evertools (https://github.com/cog-ethz/evertools/) 进行评估。Evertools 提供导出功能、基本描述性统计信息以及用于数据分发的诊断工具。
夏娃框架可以部署在各种物理基础设施和虚拟现实系统中。在本议定书中, 我们描述了苏黎世 NeuroLab 的一个具体执行情况 (图 1)。NeuroLab 是一个12米6米的房间, 其中包含一个独立的房间进行脑电图实验, 一个小室, 其中包含 VR 系统 (2.6 m x 2.0 m), 和一个窗帘区, 以附加生理传感器。VR 系统包括 55 "超高清电视显示屏, 高端游戏电脑, 操纵杆控制接口, 和几个生理传感器 (见材料表)。在下面的章节中, 我们描述了使用夏娃框架和生理传感器在 NeuroLab 进行导航实验的协议, 这是一个关于压力和导航的研究的代表结果, 并讨论了机会和与此系统相关的挑战。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Alienware Area 51 Base</td><td>Dell&amp;nbsp;</td><td>210-ADHC</td><td>Computation</td></tr><tr><td>138 cm 4K Ultra-HD LED-TV</td><td>Samsung</td><td>UE55JU6470U</td><td>Display</td></tr><tr><td>SureSigns VS2+</td><td>Philips Healthcare</td><td>863278</td><td>Blood Pressure</td></tr><tr><td>PowerLab 8/35</td><td>AD Instruments</td><td>PL3508</td><td>Skin Conductance</td></tr><tr><td>PowerLab 26T (LTS)</td><td>AD Instruments</td><td>ML4856</td><td>Heart Rate</td></tr><tr><td>Extreme 3D Pro Joystick</td><td>Logitech</td><td>963290-0403</td><td>HID</td></tr></tbody></table>

virtual reality experiments with physiological measures

虚拟现实 (VR) 实验由于其内部和外部有效性, 与实际观测和实验室实验相比, 越来越受到人们的使用。VR 对于地理可视化和空间行为的研究特别有用。在空间行为研究中, VR 为研究导航与生理措施 (如皮肤电导率、心率、血压) 之间的关系提供了一个平台。具体来说, 生理措施允许研究人员解决新的问题, 限制以前的空间能力、策略和性能理论。例如, 在导航性能上的个体差异可以解释为在多大程度上, 觉醒的变化调解任务难度的影响。然而, 虚拟现实实验的设计和实施中的复杂性可以分散实验者的主要研究目标, 并在数据收集和分析中引入不规则。为了应对这些挑战, 虚拟环境 (夏娃) 框架中的实验包括标准化的模块, 如使用控制接口的参与者培训、用问卷收集数据、同步生理测量和数据存储。夏娃还为数据管理、可视化和评估提供了必要的基础结构。本文介绍了一种利用夏娃框架在 VR 中进行导航实验的协议。该协议列出了招募参与者、附加生理传感器、使用夏娃管理实验以及利用夏娃评估工具评估收集的数据所需的步骤。总的来说, 这项议定书将通过简化虚拟现实实验的设计和实施来促进未来的研究。

从 NeuroLab 的每个参与者, 我们通常收集生理数据 (例如, 心电图), 问卷数据 (e., 圣巴巴拉方向尺度或 SBSOD31), 和导航数据 (e., 路径通过虚拟环境)。例如, 心率的变化 (来源于心电图数据) 与其他生理32和自我报告措施33相结合的压力状态的变化。我们的系统允许提供不同类型的调查表, 如短应力状态调查...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures at JoVE.com

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

用生理学方法进行虚拟现实实验

虚拟现实 (VR) 实验很难实现, 需要周密的规划。本协议描述了一种从人类参与者那里收集生理数据的 VR 实验的设计和实现方法。利用虚拟环境 (夏娃) 框架进行实验, 加快了这一过程。

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and ...

virtual-reality-experiments-with-physiological-measures

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.6K 次观看.  ETH Zürich. 虚拟现实 (VR) 实验很难实现, 需要周密的规划。本协议描述了一种从人类参与者那里收集生理数据的 VR 实验的设计和实现方法。利用虚拟环境 (夏娃) 框架进行实验, 加快了这一过程。

视频: Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Human Fear Conditioning Conducted in Full Immersion 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality 

Fear conditioning is a widely used paradigm in non-human animal research to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying fear and anxiety. A major challenge in conducting conditioning studies in humans is the ability to strongly manipulate or simulate the environmental contexts that are associated with conditioned emotional behaviors. In this regard, virtual reality (VR) technology is a promising tool. Yet, adapting this technology to meet experimental constraints requires special accommodations. Here we address the methodological issues involved when conducting fear conditioning in a fully immersive 6-sided VR environment and present fear conditioning data.
In the real world, traumatic events occur in complex environments that are made up of many cues, engaging all of our sensory modalities. For example, cues that form the environmental configuration include not only visual elements, but aural, olfactory, and even tactile. In rodent studies of fear conditioning animals are fully immersed in a context that is rich with novel visual, tactile and olfactory cues. However, standard laboratory tests of fear conditioning in humans are typically conducted in a nondescript room in front of a flat or 2D computer screen and do not replicate the complexity of real world experiences. On the other hand, a major limitation of clinical studies aimed at reducing (extinguishing) fear and preventing relapse in anxiety disorders is that treatment occurs after participants have acquired a fear in an uncontrolled and largely unknown context. Thus the experimenters are left without information about the duration of exposure, the true nature of the stimulus, and associated background cues in the environment1. In the absence of this information it can be difficult to truly extinguish a fear that is both cue and context-dependent. Virtual reality environments address these issues by providing the complexity of the real world, and at the same time allowing experimenters to constrain fear conditioning and extinction parameters to yield empirical data that can suggest better treatment options and/or analyze mechanistic hypotheses.
In order to test the hypothesis that fear conditioning may be richly encoded and context specific when conducted in a fully immersive environment, we developed distinct virtual reality 3-D contexts in which participants experienced fear conditioning to virtual snakes or spiders. Auditory cues co-occurred with the CS in order to further evoke orienting responses and a feeling of "presence" in subjects 2 . Skin conductance response served as the dependent measure of fear acquisition, memory retention and extinction.

Human Fear Conditioning Conducted in Full Immersion 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality

Classical fear conditioning paradigm was adapted for human participants in a fully immersive virtual reality setting. Using a discrimination paradigm, conditioned fear, cue and context memory retention, and extinction was measured with skin conductance response to dynamic virtual snakes and spiders (the conditioned stimuli) in two distinct virtual contexts.

人类的恐惧充分浸泡三维虚拟现实中进行的空调

Fear conditioning is a widely used paradigm in non-human animal research to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying fear and anxiety. A major ...

科研

神经科学

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional rubber-hand illusion or the more recently discovered enfacement illusion. However, these examples require rather artificial experimental setups, in which the artificial effector needs to be stroked in synchrony with the participants&#39; real hand or face&#8212;a situation in which participants have no control over the stroking or the movements of their real or artificial effector. Here, we describe a technique to establish ownership illusions in a setup that is more realistic, more intuitive, and of presumably higher ecological validity. It allows creating the virtual-hand illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual hand presented on a screen or in virtual space in front of them. If the virtual hand moves in synchrony with the participants&#39; own real hand, they tend to perceive the virtual hand as part of their own body. The technique also creates the virtual-face illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual face in front of them, again with the effect that they tend to perceive the face as their own if it moves in synchrony with their real face. Studying the circumstances that illusions of this sort can be created, increased, or reduced provides important information about how people create and maintain representations of themselves.

Here, we describe virtual-hand and virtual-face illusion paradigms that can be used to study body-related self-perception/-representation. They have already been used in various studies to demonstrate that, under specific conditions, a virtual hand or face can be incorporated into one&#39;s body representation, suggesting that body representations are rather flexible.

创建虚拟手和虚拟面对面幻想调查自我表现

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional ...

行为学

Using a Virtual Store As a Research Tool to Investigate Consumer In-store Behavior

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various approaches (e.g., surveys or laboratory settings) to study in-store behaviors, but the external validity of these is limited by their poor capability to resemble realistic choice environments. In addition, building a real store to meet experimental conditions while controlling for undesirable effects is costly and highly difficult. A virtual store developed by virtual reality techniques potentially transcends these limitations by offering the simulation of a 3D virtual store environment in a realistic, flexible, and cost-efficient way. In particular, a virtual store interactively allows consumers (participants) to experience and interact with objects in a tightly controlled yet realistic setting. This paper presents the key elements of using a desktop virtual store to study in-store consumer behavior. Descriptions of the protocol steps to: 1) build the experimental store, 2) prepare the data management program, 3) run the virtual store experiment, and 4) organize and export data from the data management program are presented. The virtual store enables participants to navigate through the store, choose a product from alternatives, and select or return products. Moreover, consumer-related shopping behaviors (e.g., shopping time, walking speed, and number and type of products examined and bought) can also be collected. The protocol is illustrated with an example of a store layout experiment showing that shelf length and shelf orientation influence shopping- and movement-related behaviors. This demonstrates that the use of a virtual store facilitates the study of consumer responses. The virtual store can be especially helpful when examining factors that are costly or difficult to change in real life (e.g., overall store layout), products that are not presently available in the market, and routinized behaviors in familiar environments.

This paper describes the use of a desktop virtual store to create virtual shopping environments to investigate in-store consumer behavior. A description of the protocol to build and run experiments, example results from an experiment concerning store layout, and important considerations when conducting virtual store experiments are presented.

使用虚拟商店作为调查消费者店内行为的研究工具

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various ...

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a constant and unspecific anxiety that interferes with daily-life activities. Its high prevalence in general population and the severe limitations it causes, point out the necessity to find new efficient strategies to treat it. Together with the cognitive-behavioral treatments, relaxation represents a useful approach for the treatment of GAD, but it has the limitation that it is hard to be learned. The INTREPID project is aimed to implement a new instrument to treat anxiety-related disorders and to test its clinical efficacy in reducing anxiety-related symptoms. The innovation of this approach is the combination of virtual reality and biofeedback, so that the first one is directly modified by the output of the second one. In this way, the patient is made aware of his or her reactions through the modification of some features of the VR environment in real time. Using mental exercises the patient learns to control these physiological parameters and using the feedback provided by the virtual environment is able to gauge his or her success. The supplemental use of portable devices, such as PDA or smart-phones, allows the patient to perform at home, individually and autonomously, the same exercises experienced in therapist's office. The goal is to anchor the learned protocol in a real life context, so enhancing the patients' ability to deal with their symptoms. The expected result is a better and faster learning of relaxation techniques, and thus an increased effectiveness of the treatment if compared with traditional clinical protocols.

The Project on Virtual Reality Intelligent Multi-sensor System for the Treatment of Anxiety-related Disorders (INTREPID) is aimed at developing a multi-sensor context-aware virtual reality system for the treatment of anxiety-related disorders.

在临床的虚拟现实使用生物反馈：勇敢的项目

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a constant and unspecific anxiety that interferes with daily-life ...

生物学

Evaluating Flight Performance and Eye Movement Patterns Using Virtual Reality Flight Simulator

Efficient and economical performance evaluation of pilots has become critical to the aviation industry. With the development of virtual reality (VR) and the combination of eye-tracking technology, solutions to meet these needs are becoming a reality. Previous studies have explored VR-based flight simulators, focusing mainly on technology validation and flight training. The current study developed a new VR flight simulator to evaluate pilots' flight performance based on eye movement and flight indicators in a 3D immersive scene. During the experiment, 46 participants were recruited: 23 professional pilots and 23 college students without flight experience. The experiment results showed significant differences in flight performance between participants with and without flight experience, the former being higher than the latter. In contrast, those with flight experience showed more structured and efficient eye-movement patterns. These results of the differentiation of flight performance demonstrate the validity of the current VR flight simulator as a flight performance assessment method. The different eye-movement patterns with flight experience provide the basis for future flight selection. However, this VR-based flight simulator has shortcomings like motion feedback compared to traditional flight simulators. This flight simulator platform is highly flexible except for the apparent low cost. It can meet the diverse needs of researchers (e.g., measuring situation awareness, VR sickness, and workload by adding relevant scales).

A new virtual reality flight simulator was built, which enables efficient and low-cost evaluation of flight performance and eye movement patterns. It also provides a high-potential research tool for ergonomics and other research.

使用虚拟现实飞行模拟器评估飞行性能和眼球运动模式

Efficient and economical performance evaluation of pilots has become critical to the aviation industry. With the development of virtual reality (VR) and ...

The Immersive Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping Platform for the Assessment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

A decline in the performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) has been proposed as a prodromal marker of neurological disease. Existing clinical and performance-based IADL assessments are not feasible for integration into clinical medicine. Virtual reality (VR) is a powerful yet underutilized tool that could advance the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disease. An impediment to the adoption and scaling of VR in clinical neurology is VR-related sickness resulting from sensory inconsistencies between the visual and vestibular systems (i.e., locomotion problem).
The Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping (CC-VRS) platform attempts to solve the locomotion problem by coupling an omnidirectional treadmill with high-resolution VR content, enabling the user to physically navigate a virtual grocery store to simulate shopping. The CC-VRS consists of Basic and Complex shopping experiences; both require walking 150 m and retrieving five items. The Complex experience has additional scenarios that increase the cognitive and motor demands of the task to better represent the continuum of activities associated with real-world shopping. The CC-VRS platform provides objective and quantitative biomechanical and cognitive outcomes related to the user&#39;s IADL performance. Initial data indicate that the CC-VRS results in minimal VR-sickness and is feasible and tolerable for older adults and patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD). The considerations underlying the development, design, and hardware and software technology are reviewed, and initial models of integration into primary care and neurology are provided.

Virtual reality (VR) is a powerful yet underutilized approach to advance the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disease. The Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping platform combines state-of-the-art VR content with an omnidirectional treadmill to quantify instrumental activities of daily living-a proposed prodromal marker of neurological disease.

沉浸式克利夫兰诊所虚拟现实购物平台，用于评估日常生活中的工具性活动

A decline in the performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) has been proposed as a prodromal marker of neurological disease. Existing ...

工程学

集成 VR 和生物传感器进行定量运动肌肉活动评估

Setup for the Quantitative Assessment of Motion and Muscle Activity During a Virtual Modified Box and Block Test

The ability to move allows us to interact with the world. When this ability is impaired, it can significantly reduce one's quality of life and independence and may lead to complications. The importance of remote patient evaluation and rehabilitation has recently grown due to limited access to in-person services. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic unexpectedly resulted in strict regulations, reducing access to non-emergent healthcare services. Additionally, remote care offers an opportunity to address healthcare disparities in rural, underserved, and low-income areas where access to services remains limited. 
Improving accessibility through remote care options would limit the number of hospital or specialist visits and render routine care more affordable. Finally, the use of readily available commercial consumer electronics for at-home care can enhance patient outcomes due to improved quantitative observation of symptoms, treatment efficacy, and therapy dosage. While remote care is a promising means to address these issues, there is a crucial need to quantitatively characterize motor impairment for such applications. The following protocol seeks to address this knowledge gap to enable clinicians and researchers to obtain high-resolution data on complex movement and underlying muscle activity. The ultimate goal is to develop a protocol for remote administration of functional clinical tests. 
Here, participants were instructed to perform a medically-inspired Box and Block task (BBT), which is frequently used to assess hand function. This task requires subjects to transport standardized cubes between two compartments separated by a barrier. We implemented a modified BBT in virtual reality to demonstrate the potential of developing remote assessment protocols. Muscle activation was captured for each subject using surface electromyography. This protocol allowed for the acquisition of high-quality data to better characterize movement impairment in a detailed and quantitative manner. Ultimately, these data have the potential to be used to develop protocols for virtual rehabilitation and remote patient monitoring.

作者聚焦:利用虚拟现实和肌电图增强远程康复

The protocol described here aims to enhance the quantitative evaluation of upper limb deficits, with the goal of developing additional technology for remote assessment both in the clinic and at home. Virtual reality and biosensor technologies are combined with standard clinical techniques to provide insights into the functioning of the neuromuscular system.

用于在虚拟改良的 Box and Block 测试期间定量评估运动和肌肉活动的设置

The ability to move allows us to interact with the world. When this ability is impaired, it can significantly reduce one's quality of life and ...

在脑机接口系统中使用 VR 数字化身的运动图像

Motor Imagery Performance Through Embodied Digital Twins in a Virtual Reality-Enabled Brain-Computer Interface Environment

This study introduces an innovative framework for neurological rehabilitation by integrating brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and virtual reality (VR) technologies with the customization of three-dimensional (3D) avatars. Traditional approaches to rehabilitation often fail to fully engage patients, primarily due to their inability to provide a deeply immersive and interactive experience. This research endeavors to fill this gap by utilizing motor imagery (MI) techniques, where participants visualize physical movements without actual execution. This method capitalizes on the brain's neural mechanisms, activating areas involved in movement execution when imagining movements, thereby facilitating the recovery process. The integration of VR's immersive capabilities with the precision of electroencephalography (EEG) to capture and interpret brain activity associated with imagined movements forms the core of this system. Digital Twins in the form of personalized 3D avatars are employed to significantly enhance the sense of immersion within the virtual environment. This heightened sense of embodiment is crucial for effective rehabilitation, aiming to bolster the connection between the patient and their virtual counterpart. By doing so, the system not only aims to improve motor imagery performance but also seeks to provide a more engaging and efficacious rehabilitation experience. Through the real-time application of BCI, the system allows for the direct translation of imagined movements into virtual actions performed by the 3D avatar, offering immediate feedback to the user. This feedback loop is essential for reinforcing the neural pathways involved in motor control and recovery. The ultimate goal of the developed system is to significantly enhance the effectiveness of motor imagery exercises by making them more interactive and responsive to the user's cognitive processes, thereby paving a new path in the field of neurological rehabilitation.

作者聚焦：通过 EEG、运动图像和虚拟现实增强神经康复

Motor imagery in a virtual reality environment has wide applications in brain-computer interface systems. This manuscript outlines the use of personalized digital avatars that resemble the participants performing movements imagined by the participant in a virtual reality environment to enhance immersion and a sense of body ownership.

在支持虚拟现实的脑机接口环境中通过具身数字孪生实现的运动图像性能

This study introduces an innovative framework for neurological rehabilitation by integrating brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and virtual reality (VR) ...

用生理学方法进行虚拟现实实验

摘要

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此视频中的章节

人类的恐惧充分浸泡三维虚拟现实中进行的空调

创建虚拟手和虚拟面对面幻想调查自我表现

使用虚拟商店作为调查消费者店内行为的研究工具

在临床的虚拟现实使用生物反馈：勇敢的项目

使用虚拟现实飞行模拟器评估飞行性能和眼球运动模式

沉浸式克利夫兰诊所虚拟现实购物平台，用于评估日常生活中的工具性活动

用于在虚拟改良的 Box and Block 测试期间定量评估运动和肌肉活动的设置

用于在虚拟改良的 Box and Block 测试期间定量评估运动和肌肉活动的设置

用于在虚拟改良的 Box and Block 测试期间定量评估运动和肌肉活动的设置

在支持虚拟现实的脑机接口环境中通过具身数字孪生实现的运动图像性能