1。诱导刺激右枕叶一个幻视<ol class="lalpha"><li>在昏暗的房间，座位在一个舒适的位置参与者。有一个泳帽，参与者，提供听力保护他们，并调整帽和舒适的耳塞。定位和标记的初始点的刺激，首先确定的枕外隆凸尖，然后移动〜2厘米rostrally〜2厘米横向（图1）。另外，无框架立体定向系统，可用于定位目标的皮层区域的TMS线圈。 </li><li>使用一个标准图个（双）TMS的线圈（70毫米），线圈的中心，直接在上一步中确定的位置。应举行线圈相切的头皮表面和导向与处理所面临的从中线（图2）的内侧向外侧方向。 </li><li>当参与者准备好，适用于60％的亮度输出一个单脉冲。请参与者描述他们可能有感知的视觉感受。与会者谁是天真的幻视，可能从中受益戴一个眼罩。据报道，如果没有幻视线圈的重新定位，重新传送一个脉冲。如果参与者仍然不报告幻视，继续提供脉冲每7至10秒（0.1赫兹），五次尝试之后每增加5％的强度，直到达到100％的强度是。 </li><li>当参与者报告幻视问他或她详细描述他们认为，包括颜色，形状和位置。注：幻视应在对侧视野似乎是受到刺激的半球。例如，如果应用TMS是在正确的视觉皮层，幻视应被视为在左视野。 </li><li>据可靠报道，幻视时，线圈上泳帽的标记位置。 </li></ol> 2。获取一个右枕叶幻视阈值<ol class="lalpha"><li>提供一系列的脉冲，在相同的线圈位置和方向如上。请参与者确认存在引起的幻视。 </li><li>提供脉冲每7至10秒（0.1赫兹）。指示报告的参与者，每个脉冲后，是否被视为一个幻视使用下列标准：“是”毫不含糊地认为幻视，“没有”没有任何视觉感知的情况下，“也许”，如果他们不能确定。确定的阈值时，一个“也许” 的反应不应该算作是一个积极的回应。 </li><li>调整刺激强度，提供10个脉冲，每个强度等级，直到幻视阈值确定。阈值被定义为最低刺激强度在参与者报告明确的幻视，至少有50％的交付豆类。 </li></ol> 3。使用LTaP系统（图3），以确定各种固定点的规模和位置的幻视<ol class="lalpha"><li>座椅的参与者，使鼻根（两眼之间的面积）大约是从投影屏幕的中心的30cm。 </li><li>为了适应环境的LTaP系统参与者，给他们的激光指针，并指示他们的做法类似于认为幻视的跟踪数字。如果与会者需要更多的练习，你可能会问参与者直接激光点在投影屏幕上显示的位置。当参与者熟悉LTaP系统，可以准确地在屏幕上绘制的形状，提供一系列的TMS脉冲在前面的步骤足以引起可见的光幻视标记的位置。请参与者跟踪或轮廓上的投影屏幕，使用激光指针的幻视。 </li><li>在三个测试条件刺激的强度应确定阈值的120％。例如，如果确定的阈值是65％，刺激的强度值应设置为78％。线圈的位置和方向是相同的，在上面的步骤确定和描述。 </li><li>在三个测试条件第一，有直接参与者，他们的目光，对中央的固定点。提供一个脉冲后，跟踪或大纲认为幻视，使用激光指针指示的参与者。提供一系列的脉冲足以诱发十个幻视。 </li><li>在第二次测试条件下，直接参与者，他们的目光朝一个固定点，从中央固定点升高45 °。重复的首要条件的协议。 </li><li>在第三次试验条件下，直接参与者，他们的目光朝一个固定点定位45 °的中央固定点的权利。重复的首要条件的协议。 </li></ol> 4。数据安alysis <ol class="lalpha"><li>完成后，从LTaP系统中获得的研究数据进行分析。 LTAP系统的输出由包括XY坐标的颜色编码与每个跟踪记录的时间戳。xml文件。为了分析数据，检测到的光幻视的位置在参考的目光转向转向。 </li></ol> 5。代表性的成果当TMS线圈放置在大脑右半球的所有幻视应在左视野观察。当参与者被指示直视前方，幻视通常位于左下角的视野。幻视应按照移位移动视觉凝视（或者45 °垂直或水平从中央固定）（图4）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1762/1762fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1。定位和标记最初的刺激部位。枕叶视觉区，最初刺激的部位（一）通常位于背部1〜2厘米〜2厘米横向从枕外隆凸尖（B）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1762/1762fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /> 图2。为刺激线圈的位置 。线圈中心举行切线头皮刺激的部位。为了尽量减少意外的刺激，东方线圈远离中线的处理蔓延。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1762/1762fig3.jpg" alt="图3" /> 图3。 LTaP（激光跟踪和绘画）系统。一个参与者（一）位于背投屏幕（二）前。由TMS线圈（C）刺激后，参与者使用激光指针（D）（D）在屏幕上绘制认为幻视。一个面向后方摄像头（E）记录的激光和饲料运行LTaP软件的计算机（F）。通过面向后方的投影机（G）的数据，然后投射到屏幕。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1762/1762fig4.jpg" alt="图4" /> 图4。处理后的LTaP数据 。认为幻视（白色形状）的位置和大小都表现出相对固定的位置，十字线表示。

<ol>
	<li>Kammer, T., Puls, K., Strasburger, H., Hill, N. J., Wichmann, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+Magnetic+Stimulation+in+the+Visual+System.+I.+the+Psychophysics+of+Visual+Suppression.">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Visual System. I. the Psychophysics of Visual Suppression.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 160, 118-128 (2005).</li><li>Afra, J., Mascia, A., G&#233;rard, P., Maertens de Noordhout, A., Schoenen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interictal+cortical+excitability+in+migraine:+a+study+using+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+of+motor+and+visual+cortices.">Interictal cortical excitability in migraine: a study using transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor and visual cortices.</a> Ann. Neurol. 44, 209-215 (1998).</li><li>Aurora, S. K., Ahmad, B. K., Welch, K. M., Bhardhwaj, P., Ramadan, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+confirms+hyperexcitability+of+occipital+cortex+in+migraine.">Transcranial magnetic stimulation confirms hyperexcitability of occipital cortex in migraine.</a> Neurology. 50, 1111-1114 (1998).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> State-Dependency of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain Topography. 21, 1-10 (2008).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Muggleton, N., Cowey, A., Walsh, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+adaptation+reveals+state-dependent+effects+of+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Neural adaptation reveals state-dependent effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 25, (2007).</li><li>Kammer, T., Beck, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphene+thresholds+evoked+by+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+are+insensitive+to+short-lasting+variations+in+ambient+light.">Phosphene thresholds evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation are insensitive to short-lasting variations in ambient light.</a> Exp Brain Res. 145, 407-4010 (2002).</li><li>Bjoertomt, O., Cowey, A., Walsh, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+neglect+in+near+and+far+space+investigated+by+repetitive+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Spatial neglect in near and far space investigated by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> Brain. 125, 2012-2022 (2002).</li><li>Gothe, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+visual+cortex+excitability+in+blind+subjects+as+demonstrated+by+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Changes in visual cortex excitability in blind subjects as demonstrated by transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> Brain. 125, 479-490 (2002).</li><li>Hotson, J. R., Anand, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+selectivity+and+timing+of+motion+processing+in+human+temporo-parieto-occipital+and+occipital+cortex:+a+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+study.">The selectivity and timing of motion processing in human temporo-parieto-occipital and occipital cortex: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study.</a> Neuropsychologia. 37, 169-179 (1999).</li><li>Kammer, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphenes+and+transient+scotomas+induced+by+magnetic+stimulation+of+the+occipital+lobe:+their+topographic+relationship.">Phosphenes and transient scotomas induced by magnetic stimulation of the occipital lobe: their topographic relationship.</a> Neuropsychologia. 37, 191-198 (1998).</li><li>Stewart, L., Ellison, A., Walsh, V., Cowey, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+(TMS)+in+studies+of+vision,+attention+and+cognition.">The role of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in studies of vision, attention and cognition.</a> Acta Psychol (Amst). , 107-275 (2001).</li></ol>

在这段视频中，我们已经证明获得幻视阈值的一个标准协议，并推出了录音幻视大小和视野位置的新方法。幻视引起右枕叶皮层相邻枕极个别脉冲TMS的。幻视阈值提供了一个相对皮质兴奋性的宝贵的指示;，并已用于作为测量结果作为确定适当强度的TMS的各种研究人类的视觉感知8-12的手段。 由TMS引起的幻视，提供调查的视觉系统的内在的和非侵入性的措施。但是，一?...

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a novel approach for documenting phosphenes induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation

人类视觉皮层的刺激产生的光的短暂的知觉，称为光幻视。幻视侵入枕叶皮层电刺激诱导，而且是由非侵入性的经颅磁刺激（TMS）<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;相同的皮层区域。一个幻视是诱发的强度（幻视阈值）是视觉皮层的兴奋性的行之有效的措施，是用来研究皮质皮层的相互作用，功能组织<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;，易患病理<sup&gt; 3,4</sup&gt;和视觉处理<sup&gt; 5-7</sup&gt;。幻视通常定义三个特点：他们是在视觉上hemifield对侧刺激观察，它们是诱发主体的眼睛是开启或关闭时，和他们凝视的方向与空间位置的变化<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;。各种各样的方法已被用于文件幻视，但缺乏一种标准化的方法。我们展示了可靠的程序，以取得幻视的阈值，并引入新型幻视的文件和分析系统。我们开发的激光跟踪和绘图系统（LTaP），成本低，很容易建立和运作系统，记录的位置和大小的实时感知幻视。 LTaP系统，提供一个稳定和可定制的的量化和分析幻视的环境。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at JoVE.com

A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

幻视是通过采用经颅磁刺激（TMS），视觉皮层的敏感区域，可诱发瞬态光知觉。我们展示了幻视阈值确定的标准协议，并引入了量化和分析认为幻视新方法。

一个新颖的方法记录经颅磁刺激诱发幻视

Stimulation of the human visual cortex produces a transient perception of light, known as a phosphene. Phosphenes are induced by invasive electrical ...

a-novel-approach-for-documenting-phosphenes-induced-transcranial

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.0K 次观看.  Boston University School of Medicine. 幻视是通过采用经颅磁刺激（TMS），视觉皮层的敏感区域，可诱发瞬态光知觉。我们展示了幻视阈值确定的标准协议，并引入了量化和分析认为幻视新方法。

视频: A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

结合经颅磁刺激和功能磁共振成像检查默认模式网络

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

科研

神经科学

State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.1,2 Within the field of TMS, the term state dependency refers to the initial, baseline condition of the particular neural region targeted for stimulation. As can be inferred, the effects of TMS can (and do) vary according to this primary susceptibility and responsiveness of the targeted cortical area.3,4,5

In this experiment, we will examine this concept of state dependency through the elicitation and subjective experience of motive phosphenes. Phosphenes are visually perceived flashes of small lights triggered by electromagnetic pulses to the visual cortex. These small lights can assume varied characteristics depending upon which type of visual cortex is being stimulated. In this particular study, we will be targeting motive phosphenes as elicited through the stimulation of V1/V2 and the V5/MT+ complex visual regions.6

In this article, we examine the effects of visually relevant state dependency on TMS induced motive phosphenic presentations.

依赖国家对TMS的：一看动机幻视行为

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate ...

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood 33. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo quantification of brain metabolites such as &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner 41. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that 1H-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration 34. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with 1H-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices 27,30,31. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.

This article aims to describe a basic protocol for combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements to investigate the effects of bilateral stimulation on primary motor cortex metabolism.

磁共振波谱的用途，用于对初级运动皮层新陈代谢双半球经颅电刺激效果的测量工具一

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

经颅磁刺激在线联合方法对经颅交流电刺激对原发性运动皮层的影响

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition

We describe the development of a reproducible, child-friendly motor response inhibition task suitable for online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) characterization of primary motor cortex (M1) excitability and inhibition. Motor response inhibition prevents unwanted actions and is abnormal in several neuropsychiatric conditions. TMS is a non-invasive technology that can quantify M1 excitability and inhibition using single- and paired-pulse protocols and can be precisely timed to study cortical physiology with high temporal resolution. We modified the original Slater-Hammel (S-H) stop signal task to create a &#34;racecar&#34; version with TMS pulses time-locked to intra-trial events. This task is self-paced, with each trial initiating after a button push to move the racecar towards the 800 ms target. GO trials require a finger-lift to stop the racecar just before this target. Interspersed randomly are STOP trials (25%) during which the dynamically adjusted stop signal prompts subjects to prevent finger-lift. For GO trials, TMS pulses were delivered at 650 ms after trial onset; whereas, for STOP trials, the TMS pulses occurred 150 ms after the stop signal. The timings of the TMS pulses were decided based on electroencephalography (EEG) studies showing event-related changes in these time ranges during stop signal tasks. This task was studied in 3 blocks at two study sites (n=38) and we recorded behavioral performance and event-related motor-evoked potentials (MEP). Regression modelling was used to analyze MEP amplitudes using age as a covariate with multiple independent variables (sex, study site, block, TMS pulse condition [single- vs. paired-pulse], trial condition [GO, successful STOP, failed STOP]). The analysis showed that TMS pulse condition (p&#60;0.0001) and its interaction with trial condition (p=0.009) were significant. Future applications for this online S-H/TMS paradigm include the addition of simultaneous EEG acquisition to measure TMS-evoked EEG potentials. A potential limitation is that in children, the TMS pulse sound could&#160;affect behavioral task performance.

We describe an experimental procedure to quantify excitability and inhibition of primary motor cortex during a motor response inhibition task by using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation throughout the course of a Stop Signal Task.

在线经颅磁刺激测量与反应抑制相关的皮质生理

We describe the development of a reproducible, child-friendly motor response inhibition task suitable for online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) ...

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic field pulses. The initiation of cortical activation or its modulation depends on the background activation of the neurons of the cortical region activated, the characteristics of the coil, its position and its orientation with respect to the head. TMS combined with simultaneous electrocephalography (EEG) and neuronavigation (nTMS-EEG) allows for the assessment of cortico-cortical excitability and connectivity in almost all cortical areas in a reproducible manner. This advance makes nTMS-EEG a powerful tool that can accurately assess brain dynamics and neurophysiology in test-retest paradigms that are required for clinical trials. Limitations of this method include artifacts that cover the initial brain reactivity to stimulation. Thus, the process of removing artifacts may also extract valuable information. Moreover, the optimal parameters for dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) stimulation are not fully known and current protocols utilize variations from the motor cortex (M1) stimulation paradigms. However, evolving nTMS-EEG designs hope to address these issues. The protocol presented here introduces some standard practices for assessing neurophysiological functioning from stimulation to the DLPFC that can be applied in patients with treatment resistant psychiatric disorders that receive treatment such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

The protocol presented here is for TMS-EEG studies utilizing intracortical excitability test-retest design paradigms. The intent of the protocol is to produce reliable and reproducible cortical excitability measures for assessing neurophysiological functioning related to therapeutic interventions in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression.

侧前额叶皮质联合经颅磁刺激与脑电图的研究

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic ...

Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Distal leg muscles receive neural input from motor cortical areas via the corticospinal tract, which is one of the main motor descending pathway in humans and can be assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Given the role of distal leg muscles in upright postural and dynamic tasks, such as walking, a growing research interest in the assessment and modulation of the corticospinal tracts relative to the function of these muscles has emerged in the last decade. However, methodological parameters used in previous work have varied across studies making the interpretation of results from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies less robust. Therefore, use of a standardized TMS protocol specific to the assessment of leg muscles&#39; corticomotor response (CMR) will allow for direct comparison of results across studies and cohorts. The objective of this paper is to present a protocol that provides the flexibility to simultaneously assess the bilateral CMR of two main ankle antagonistic muscles, the tibialis anterior and soleus, using single pulse TMS with a neuronavigation system. The present protocol is applicable while the examined muscle is either fully relaxed or isometrically contracted at a defined percentage of maximum isometric voluntary contraction. Using each subject&#39;s structural MRI with the neuronavigation system ensures accurate and precise positioning of the coil over the leg cortical representations during assessment. Given the inconsistency in CMR derived measures, this protocol also describes a standardized calculation of these measures using automated algorithms. Though this protocol is not conducted during upright postural or dynamic tasks, it&#160;can be used to assess bilaterally any pair of leg muscles, either antagonistic or synergistic, in both neurologically intact and impaired subjects.

The present protocol describes the simultaneous, bilateral assessment of the corticomotor response of the tibialis anterior and soleus during rest and tonic voluntary activation using a single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuronavigation system.

导航经颅磁刺激踝关节脊椎通路的双边评价

Distal leg muscles receive neural input from motor cortical areas via the corticospinal tract, which is one of the main motor descending pathway in humans ...

Employing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in a Resource Limited Environment to Establish Brain-Behavior Relationships

Neuroimaging is typically perceived as a resource demanding discipline. While this is the case in certain circumstances, institutions with limited resources have historically contributed significantly to the field of neuroscience, including neuroimaging. In the study of self-deception, we have successfully employed single-pulse TMS to determine the brain correlates of abilities including overclaiming and self-enhancement. Even without the use of neuro-navigation, methods provided here lead to successful outcomes. For example, it was discovered that decreases in self-deceptive responding lead to a decrease in affect. These methods provide data that are reliable and valid, and such methods provide research opportunities otherwise unavailable.&#160;Through the use of these methods, the overall knowledge base in the field of neuroscience is expanded, providing research opportunities to students such as those at our institution&#160;(Montclair State University is a Hispanic-Serving Institute) who are often denied such research experiences.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and low-frequency TMS (lfTMS) have&#160;been demonstrated to be major contributors to brain literature. Here we highlight the methods for investigating the cortical correlates of self-deception using TMS.

在资源有限的环境中采用经颅磁刺激来建立大脑行为关系

Neuroimaging is typically perceived as a resource demanding discipline. While this is the case in certain circumstances, institutions with limited ...

Conventional and Threshold-Tracking Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Tests for Single-handed Operation

Most single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters (e.g., motor threshold, stimulus-response function, cortical silent period) are used to examine corticospinal excitability. Paired-pulse TMS paradigms (e.g., short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI/LICI), short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF), and short- and long-latency afferent inhibition (SAI/LAI)) provide information about intracortical inhibitory and facilitatory networks. This has long been done by the conventional TMS method of measuring changes in the size of the motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in response to stimuli of constant intensity. An alternative threshold-tracking approach has recently been introduced whereby the stimulus intensity for a target amplitude is tracked. The diagnostic utility of threshold-tracking SICI in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been shown in previous studies. However, threshold-tracking TMS has only been used in a few centers, in part due to the lack of readily available software but also perhaps due to uncertainty over its relationship to conventional single- and paired-pulse TMS measurements.
A menu-driven suite of semi-automatic programs has been developed to facilitate the broader use of threshold-tracking TMS techniques and to enable direct comparisons with conventional amplitude measurements. These have been designed to control three types of magnetic stimulators and allow recording by a single operator of the common single- and paired-pulse TMS protocols.
This paper shows how to record a number of single- and paired-pulse TMS protocols on healthy subjects and analyze the recordings. These TMS protocols are fast and easy to perform and can provide useful biomarkers in different neurological disorders, particularly neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS.

We present a suite of standardized single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) recording protocols, with options for conventional amplitude measurements and threshold-tracking. This program can control three different types of magnetic stimulators and is designed to enable all tests to be performed conveniently by a single operator.

单手操作的常规和阈值跟踪经颅磁刺激测试

Most single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters (e.g., motor threshold, stimulus-response function, cortical silent period) are used ...

Measuring Contralateral Silent Period Induced by Single-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Investigate M1 Corticospinal Inhibition

Contralateral silent period (cSP) is a period of suppression in the background electrical muscle activity captured by electromyography (EMG) after a motor evoked potential (MEP). To obtain this, an MEP is elicited by a suprathreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulse delivered to the primary motor cortex (M1) of the target muscle selected, while the participant provides a standardized voluntary target muscle contraction. The cSP is a result of inhibitory mechanisms that occur after the MEP; it provides a broad temporal assessment of spinal inhibition in its initial ~50 ms, and cortical inhibition after. Researchers have tried to better understand the neurobiological mechanism behind the cSP to validate it as a potential diagnostic, surrogate, and predictive biomarker for different neuropsychiatric diseases. Therefore, this article describes a method to measure M1 cSP of lower and upper limbs, including a selection of target muscle, electrode placement, coil positioning, method of measuring voluntary contraction stimulation, intensity setup, and data analysis to obtain a representative result. It has the educational objective of giving a visual guideline in performing a feasible, reliable, and reproducible cSP protocol for lower and upper limbs and discussing practical challenges of this technique.

Contralateral silent period (cSP) assessment is a promising biomarker to index cortical excitability and treatment response. We demonstrate a protocol to assess cSP intended for studying M1 corticospinal inhibition of upper and lower limbs.

测量单脉冲经颅磁刺激诱导的对侧沉默期以研究M1皮质脊髓抑制

Contralateral silent period (cSP) is a period of suppression in the background electrical muscle activity captured by electromyography (EMG) after a motor ...