The video details the process of generating transmitochondrial cybrids by fusing Rhodamine 6G-treated mitochondrial recipient cells with isolated mitochondria from donor cells. It outlines steps for cell culture, fusion techniques, and analyzing the resulting cell lines using RFLP and nuclear DNA profiling to confirm mitochondrial and nuclear DNA purity.

fusion and transmitochondrial cybrid generation

来自悬浮生长癌细胞的传输软骨 Cybrid 生成

Reprogramming energy metabolism is a hallmark of cancer1 that was observed for the first time by Otto Warburg in the 1930s2. Under aerobic conditions, normal cells convert glucose into pyruvate, that then generates acetyl-coA, fuelling the mitochondrial machinery and promoting cellular respiration. Nevertheless, Warburg demonstrated that, even under normoxic conditions, most cancer cells convert pyruvate obtained from the glycolysis process into lactate, shifting their way to obtain energy. This metabolic adjustment is known as the &#34;Warburg effect&#34; and enables some cancer cells to supply their energetic demands for rapid growth and division, despite generating ATP less efficiently than the aerobic process3,4,5. In recent decades, numerous works have supported the implication of metabolism reprogramming in cancer progression. Hence, tumor energetics is considered an interesting target against cancer1. As a central hub in energetic metabolism and in the supply of essential precursors, mitochondria play a key role in these cell adaptations that, to date, we only partially understand.
In line with the above, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been proposed as one of the possible causes of this metabolic reprogramming, which could lead to an impaired electron transport chain (ETC) performance6 and would explain why some cancer cells enhance their glycolytic metabolism to survive. Indeed, it has been reported that mtDNA accumulates mutations within cancer cells, being present in at least 50% of tumors7. For example, a recent study carried out by Yuan et al. reported the presence of hypermutated and truncated mtDNA molecules in kidney, colorectal, and thyroid cancers8.&#160;Moreover, many works have demonstrated that certain mtDNA mutations are associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and with an increase in the metastatic potential of cancer cells9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16.
Despite the apparent relevance of the mitochondrial genome in cancer progression, the study of these mutations and their contribution to the disease have been challenging due to limitations in the experimental models and technologies currently available17. Thus, new techniques to understand the real impact of mitochondria DNA in cancer disease development and progression are needed. In this work, we introduce a protocol for transmitochondrial cybrid generation from suspension-growing cancer cells, based on the repopulation of rhodamine 6G-pretreated cells with isolated mitochondria, that overcomes the main challenges of traditional cybridization methods18,19. This methodology allows the use of any nuclei donor regardless of the availability of their corresponding &#961;0 cell line and the transfer of mitochondria from cells that, following the traditional techniques, would be difficult to enucleate (i.e., non-adherent cell lines).

作者聚焦：使用癌细胞系进行传递软骨 Cybrid 生成  

使用癌细胞系的传递软骨Cybrid生成

This research aims to better understand the contribution of mitochondrion in cancer progression and metastasis. The transmitochondrial cybrid generation can help us to elucidate how and at what level mitochondrial genotypes are involved in the aggressiveness of a tumor cell. One of the technologies to obtain information on mitochondrial role in cancer is cybrid generation.We combine this tool with a variety of other methods that include donative electrophoresis, respiration analysis and other mitochondrial functional assays, flow cytometry, proteomics, et cetera. The plasticity of cancer cells together with the interaction networks between nuclear and mitochondrial genes, increases the complexity of our experiments and data interpretation. This is one of the reasons why is necessary to develop a new experimental approaches.One of the most exciting findings from our research has been the discovery of two mitochondrial DNA mutations associated with detachment of cells from the play dish resembling metastasis generation and making the cells completely dependent on aerobic glycolysis, and also making them more tumorigenic and metastatic in in vivo models. This mitochondria exchange protocol can be applied to suspension growing cancer cells. The chronology can overcome the limitations of traditional approaches where the nucleation process and the complete removal of mitochondrial DNA from mitochondrial recipient cell lines often become a real challenge.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fusion and Transmitochondrial Cybrid Generation at JoVE.com

Fusion and Transmitochondrial Cybrid Generation  

融合和透射软骨蕊生成

对于透射软骨细胞的生成，使用通过罗丹明6G处理耗尽为线粒体的线粒体受体细胞，并与从线粒体供体细胞中分离的线粒体进行融合。通过在六孔板的完整培养基中接种少量罗丹明 6G 处理的细胞和分离的线粒体，确保受体细胞中的线粒体功能适当消除和供体细胞的细胞器纯化。培养一个月后检查孔中没有存活细胞残留。为了进行融合，小心地将罗丹明6G处理的细胞添加到分离的线粒体沉淀中。然后以520g离心五分钟，使细胞与线粒体混合。加入 100 微升 50% 聚乙二醇，轻轻重悬沉淀 30 秒，然后让悬浮液原封不动地再静置 30 秒。最后，将混合物转移到带有新鲜完全细胞培养基的六孔板中，并将其放入含有5%二氧化碳的37摄氏度培养箱中。通常，大约一周后，透骨软骨蠹应该开始生长，从而产生克隆，这些克隆可以在分析之前单独选择或混合在池中。从野生型线粒体的限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）分析中获得的限制性片段与突变型线粒体不同。对新的透射软骨细胞系的RFLP分析表明，限制性切性片段与在其各自的线粒体供体中获得的片段相同，并且与受体细胞系产生的片段不同。此外，杂交过程中使用的两种细胞系的典型DNA核基因分型图谱的差异也可用于确认核DNA纯度。

fusion-and-transmitochondrial-cybrid-generation

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Fusion and Transmitochondrial Cybrid Generation

115 次观看.  University of Zaragoza. 对于透射软骨细胞的生成，使用通过罗丹明6G处理耗尽为线粒体的线粒体受体细胞，并与从线粒体供体细胞中分离的线粒体进行融合。通过在六孔板的完整培养基中接种少量罗丹明 6G 处理的细胞和分离的线粒体，确保受体细胞中的线粒体功能适当消除和供体细胞的细胞器纯化。培养一个月后检查孔中没有存活细胞残留。为了进行融合，小心地将罗丹明6G处理的细胞添加?...

视频: Fusion and Transmitochondrial Cybrid Generation  

Transmitochondrial Cybrid Generation Using Cancer Cell Lines

In recent years, the number of studies dedicated to ascertaining the connection between mitochondria and cancer has significantly risen. However, more efforts are still needed to fully understand the link involving alterations in mitochondria and tumorigenesis, as well as to identify tumor-associated mitochondrial phenotypes. For instance, to evaluate the contribution of mitochondria in tumorigenesis and metastasis processes, it is essential to understand the influence of mitochondria from tumor cells in different nuclear environments. For this purpose, one possible approach consists of transferring mitochondria into a different nuclear background to obtain the so-called cybrid cells. In the traditional cybridization techniques, a cell line lacking mtDNA (&#961;0, nuclear donor cell) is repopulated with mitochondria derived from either enucleated cells or platelets. However, the enucleation process requires good cell adhesion to the culture plate, a feature that is partially or completely lost in many cases in invasive cells. In addition, another difficulty found in the traditional methods is achieving complete removal of the endogenous mtDNA from the mitochondrial-recipient cell line to obtain pure nuclear and mitochondrial DNA backgrounds, avoiding the presence of two different mtDNA species in the generated cybrid. In this work, we present a mitochondrial exchange protocol applied to suspension-growing cancer cells based on the repopulation of rhodamine 6G-pretreated cells with isolated mitochondria. This methodology allows us to overcome the limitations of the traditional approaches, and thus can be used as a tool to expand the comprehension of the mitochondrial role in cancer progression and metastasis.

This protocol describes a technique for cybrid generation from suspension-growing cancer cells as a tool to study the role of mitochondria in the tumorigenic process.

In recent years, the number of studies dedicated to ascertaining the connection between mitochondria and cancer has significantly risen. However, more ...

科研

癌症研究

Mitochondrial Depletion by Rhodamine 6G for Transmitochondrial Cybrid Generation

To perform mitochondrial depletion of the mitochondrial recipient cell line, seed 1 million cells in a six-well plate using complete culture medium containing 10%FBS and Penicillin-Streptomycin. Treat the cells daily with the optimal concentration of Rhodamine 6G for three to seven days, depending on the type of cell line. To keep the cells alive, supplement the cell culture medium with 50 micrograms per milliliter of uridine and 100 micrograms per milliliter of pyruvate.After treatment and prior to fusion with a mitochondria isolated from the donor cell line, remove the medium of Rhodamine 6G treated cells and add complete cell culture medium without Rhodamine 6G. Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius with 5%carbon dioxide for three to four hours. Finally, to prepare the Rhodamine 6G pretreated cells for the fusion, collect them in a 15-milliliter tube, and centrifuge the tube at room temperature and 520G for five minutes.Note that the pellet acquires a neon pink color due to Rhodamine 6G treatment.

罗丹明6G对线粒体消耗的影响

Mitochondrial Isolation for Transmitochondrial Cybrid Generation

Once around 25 million mitochondria donor cells are obtained on day seven, harvest the exponentially grown cells in a 50-milliliter tube and collect them by centrifuging at room temperature and 520g for five minutes. Wash the cells with cold phosphate-buffered saline and sediment them by centrifugation at room temperature in 520g for five minutes. Now onwards, perform the whole mitochondrial extraction at four degrees Celsius using cold reagents and keep the cells or mitochondria on ice.After the third centrifugation, discard the supernatant by aspiration using a glass pipette coupled to a vacuum pump and resuspend the packed cells in a volume of hypotonic buffer equal to seven times the cell pellet volume. Then transfer the cell suspension into a homogenizer tube and let the cells swell by incubating them on ice for two minutes. Break the cell membranes by performing 8 to 10 strokes in the homogenizer coupled to a motor-driven pestle rotating at 600 rotations per minute.Into the cell homogenate, add the hypotonic buffer equal to seven times the volume of the initial pellet to generate an isotonic environment. Transfer the homogenate into a 15-milliliter tube and centrifuge it in a fixed rotor at 1, 000g and four degrees Celsius for five minutes. Then collect only 3/4 of the supernatant, leaving a large margin from the pellet to avoid contamination with nuclei or intact cells and transfer it to another tube.After repeating the process twice, transfer the supernatant containing the mitochondrial fraction into 1.5-milliliter tubes. Centrifuge the tubes at the maximum speed of 18, 000g for two minutes at four degrees Celsius. Discard the supernatant and wash the mitochondria-enriched pellet with buffer A.Combine the content of the two tubes into one and centrifuge as demonstrated before.Repeat the process until all the material is in only one tube. Wash the pellet obtained from the last centrifugation using 300 microliters of buffer A.Quantify the mitochondrial protein concentration using the Bradford assay. Before fusion with the mitochondrial recipient cell line, evaluate the absence of nuclei contaminants in the mitochondrial fraction by immunodetection of nuclear proteins.Alternatively perform quantitative polymerase chain reaction or QPCR amplification of a nuclear gene.

线粒体分离用于传递软骨蜗牛的生成

For transmitochondrial cybrid generation, use the mitochondrial recipient cells that have been depleted to mitochondria by Rhodamine 6G treatment, and perform fusion with mitochondria isolated from the mitochondria donor cells. Ensure proper mitochondrial function abolishment in recipient cells and organelle purification from donor cells by seeding a small number of Rhodamine 6G-treated cells and isolated mitochondria in complete culture medium in a six-well plate. Check for no surviving cells remaining in the wells after one month of culture.To proceed with the fusion, carefully add the Rhodamine 6G-treated cells to the isolated mitochondria pellet. Then centrifuge at 520g for five minutes to allow the cells to mix with the mitochondria. Add 100 microliters of 50%polyethylene glycol and gently resuspend the pellet for 30 seconds Then allow the suspension to rest untouched for another 30 seconds.Finally, transfer the mix into a six-well plate with fresh complete cell culture medium, and place it in the incubator at 37 degrees Celsius with 5%carbon dioxide. Usually, after about one week, transmitochondrial cybrids should start growing, giving rise to clones that can be individually selected or mixed in a pool prior to their analysis. The restriction fragments obtained from the restriction fragment length polymorphism, or RFLP, analysis of wild-type mitochondria differed from the mutant one.The RFLP analysis of the new transmitochondrial cell lines indicated that restriction fragments were identical to those obtained in their respective mitochondrial donors and different from those generated with the recipient cell lines. Further, the difference in a typical DNA nuclear genotyping profile of the two cell lines used in the hybridization process could also be used to confirm nuclear DNA purity.