澳大利亚核科学与工程学院的支持，是公认的事实。 TCK的是AINSE奖项的收件人。表观医学实验室是支持由国家卫生和澳大利亚的医学研究理事会（566559）。 LM是由墨尔本研究所（墨尔本大学）和生物医学成像的华润补充奖学金支持。莫纳什显微成像（DRS斯蒂芬科迪ISKA卡迈克尔）的支持是这项工作的宝贵。蒙脱土是奥尔加Sedelnikova博士从美国国立卫生研究院的专家援助和意见表示感谢。

组织<ol><li>肺组织，在模具中嵌入最佳切削温度（OCT）的化合物4583，切片（5μm）的使用CM徕卡1950年的低温恒温器，安装到聚- L -赖氨酸的幻灯片。 </li></ol>冷冻样品在默多克儿童研究所获得安博士劳斯莱斯。肺组织是未经处理的BALB / c小鼠的慢性呼吸道过敏性疾病，显示许多人类哮喘6的病理特征的小鼠模型。默多克儿童研究院坚持实践澳大利亚的关心和用于科研目的的实验动物的使用守则“动物伦理委员会提出的准则和法规的规定进行了动物实验。 <ol start="2"><li>部分被允许在室温空气干燥1小时。 </li></ol>免疫荧光染色<ol><li>固定2％（W ​​/ V）多聚甲醛磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）20分钟。 </li><li>部分在PBS洗涤，每次15分钟的平衡。 </li><li>部分均采用70％乙醇20分钟，由三个用PBS洗涤，每次10分钟（冷冻至-20 ° C）。 </li></ol>此时的幻灯片可在4 ° C储存在密封的容器内长达2个星期。 <ol start="4"><li>切片，用PBS洗三次，每次10分钟，然后用新鲜PBS中含有8％的PBS中含0.5％Tween - 20与0.1％的牛血清白蛋白准备100μL封锁的Triton X - 100在室温下1小时（PBS - TT） 。 所有孵化加湿染色槽。 </li><li>第5分钟，用PBS - TT分别洗净，和疏水性的外围组织周围标有巴氏笔。 </li><li>通风报信多余的缓冲液和主多克隆抗γH2AX抗体（稀释1％BSA的PBS 1:500;微孔）100μL，在室温下孵育2小时每节。 育才小学抗体可能会在一夜之间被执行4 ° C。 对于进一步的证据，即γH2AX灶代表双链断裂，主承认DSB修复蛋白的抗体也可使用。例如，γH2AX和磷酸化的ATM的合作，本地化是一个常用的组合。 </li><li>节在PBS - TT洗两次，每次5分钟，并与二级抗体100μL（的Alexa Fluor 488山羊抗兔IgG 1:500稀释，在1％BSA; Invitrogen公司）孵育1小时在室温下在黑暗中。 （稀释后的抗体，整个过程被蒙在鼓里）。 </li><li>洗净切片，用PBS - TT三次，每次5分钟，并孵育0.5mg/ml的核糖核酸酶A为30分钟，在37 ° C。 </li><li> Vectashield介质中含有碘化丙啶核counterstaining和安装。 </li><li>用指甲油密封的幻灯片，并储存于4 ° C黑暗环境中分析前通宵。 </li></ol>显微镜/分析<ol><li>蔡司LSM510元共聚焦显微镜是用来获取图像，使用标准的绿色荧光蛋白（γH2AX - 的Alexa Fluor 488山羊抗兔IgG）和PI（543 nm）的激光。 </li></ol>在Z系列模式图像获得一个0.5微米的一步大小。在分析过程中，个别飞机卷积和堆叠，以产生最大的投射影像，以减少灶重叠。 创建一个最大投射影像的前一个粒子计数的方法，只应在使用薄的部分（如5微米）和背景染色是微不足道的情况下使用。凡具有显着的背景较厚部分必须加以分析，如3D对象计数器Bolte和Cordelieres（2006）描述的更复杂的分析，应使用 7 。 <ol start="2"><li> Metamorph分子器件，（美国）是用于创建合并（红色和绿色）图像定量灶的数字。 </li></ol>虽然Metamorph可用于定量灶数目，通常在使用组织病灶手动（眼），用于更精确的计算部分。 定量感兴趣的特定的细胞类型可以选择，例如肺上皮细胞。这可能是基于组织学和苏木和HE染色的连续切片。

<ol>
	<li>Rogakou, E. P., Boon, C., Redon, C., Bonner, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Megabase+chromatin+domains+involved+in+DNA+double-strand+breaks+in+vivo.">Megabase chromatin domains involved in DNA double-strand breaks in vivo.</a> J. Cell Biol. 146, 905-916 (1999).</li><li>Bonner, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gamma+H2AX+and+cancer.">Gamma H2AX and cancer.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 8 (12), 957-967 (2008).</li><li>Dickey, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=H2AX:+functional+roles+and+potential+applications.">H2AX: functional roles and potential applications.</a> Chromosoma. 118 (6), 683-692 (2009).</li><li>Bhogal, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Late+residual+gamma-H2AX+foci+in+murine+skin+are+dose+responsive+and+predict+radiosensitivity+in+vivo.">Late residual gamma-H2AX foci in murine skin are dose responsive and predict radiosensitivity in vivo.</a> Radiat Res. 173 (1), 1-9 (2010).</li><li>Redon, C. E., Dickey, J. S., Bonner, W. M., Sedelnikova, O. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=gamma-H2AX+as+a+biomarker+of+DNA+damage+induced+by+ionizing+radiation+in+human+peripheral+blood+lymphocytes+and+artificial+skin.">gamma-H2AX as a biomarker of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and artificial skin.</a> Adv Space Res. 43 (8), 1171-1178 (2009).</li><li>Locke, N. R., Royce, S. G., Wainewright, J. S., Samuel, C. S., Tang, M. L., L, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+airway+remodeling+in+acute,+subacute,+and+chronic+models+of+allergic+airways+disease.">Comparison of airway remodeling in acute, subacute, and chronic models of allergic airways disease.</a> Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 36 (5), 625-632 (2007).</li><li>Bolte, S. &. a. m. p. ;. a. m. p., Cordelieres, F. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+guided+tour+into+subcellular+colocalization+analysis+in+light+microscopy.">A guided tour into subcellular colocalization analysis in light microscopy.</a> J Microsc. 224 (Pt 3), 213-232 (2006).</li></ol>

这个演示中，我们使用未经处理的BALB / c小鼠，小鼠肺组织的慢性呼吸道过敏性疾病的小鼠模型的目的。我们定量细胞受损的肺相比，未经处理的部分的平均水平略高，每灶数量的差异。具体来说，定量表示6.5元/单元和9.4灶元/单元（每节20细胞人工计数）灶，在未经处理的组织和慢性呼吸道过敏性疾病组织的分别。然而，例如萘，这是众所周知的诱导小鼠肺癌模型的DSBs的DSB诱导剂的使用，会产生...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>A7906</td>
<td>BSA (1%) is used to block any non-specific antibody binding. Primary and secondary antibodies are diluted in BSA.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PBS (without Ca2+ and Mg2+)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>17-517Q</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Optimal Cutting Temperature (OCT) Compound 4583</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Tissue-Tek</td>
<td>4583</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Superfrost Plus</td>
<td>Polysine slides</td>
<td>Menzel-Gl&auml;ser, Germany</td>
<td>SF41296SP</td>
<td>Electrostatically attracts frozen tissue sections and reduces the need for additional coatings and adhesives.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tween 20</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Calbiochem</td>
<td>655205</td>
<td>Tween 20 (0.5%), is a detergent to permeabilise cells</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Triton X-100</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>T8787</td>
<td>Triton X-100 (0.1%) used to permeabilise cells.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>158127</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Anti-phospho-&gamma;H2AX (rabbit polyclonal antibody)</td>
<td>Primary Antibody</td>
<td>Upstate, USA</td>
<td>07-164</td>
<td>Dilution of primary antibody (1:500), in 1% BSA.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
<td>Secondary Antibody</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>A-11008</td>
<td>Dilution of secondary antibody (1:500), in 1% BSA.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ethanol (70%)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
<td>BSPEL316</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RNAse A</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Qiagen </td>
<td>19101</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Vectashield PI</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
<td>H-1300</td>
<td>A glycerol based mounting medium containing propidium iodide (a red nuclear stain).This medium must be used with an oil based lense that matches its refractive index. 
Note: DNA stain commonly used: 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI). Can only be used with microscopes with the appropriate excitation laser.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mini PAP Pen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
<td>008877</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Coverslips (22x50mm)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Menzel-Gl&auml;ser, Germany</td>
<td>CS2250100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Coplin Jar, glass</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Grale Scientific P/L</td>
<td>1771-OG</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Staining Trough</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Grale Scientific P/L</td>
<td>V1991.99</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Zeiss LSM 510 Meta Confocal</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Confocal Microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CM Leica 1950 Cryostat</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Metamorph</td>
<td>Software for Imaging analysis</td>
<td>Molecular Devices, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

quantitation of &gamma;h2ax foci in tissue samples

DNA双链断裂（DSB的），特别是致死和遗传毒性病变，可以产生内源性（生理或病理）的进程或外在因素，特别是电离辐射和radiomimetic化合物。磷酸化的组蛋白H2A的变种，H2AX的丝氨酸139残留，高度保守的C -末端SQEY图案，形成γH2AX，是一种早期反应的DNA双链断裂<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;。这inosito的磷脂，肌醇3 - 激酶（PI3K）的蛋白质家族，共济失调毛细血管扩张症（ATM）的突变，DNA -蛋白激酶催化亚基和ATM和RAD3相关介导的磷酸化事件（ATR）<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;。整体而言，在形成离散核γH2AX灶DSB诱导的结果，可以很容易地检测和免疫荧光显微镜定量分析<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;。由于这个标记独特的特异性和灵敏度，分析γH2AX灶导致广泛的生物医学研究中的应用程序，尤其是在放射生物学和核医学，。 γH2AX灶的定量已在电离辐射诱导的DNA双链断裂的情况下在细胞培养系统最广泛的调查。除了从细胞放射敏感性，免疫检测也被用来评估辐射修改化合物的疗效。此外，γH2AX作为分子标记已用于研究各种DSB诱导化合物的疗效，是最近正预示着衰老和疾病的重要标志，尤其是癌症<sup&gt; 3</sup&gt;。此外，免疫为基础的方法已经适应了西装检测和定量γH2AX灶<em&gt;体外</em&gt;<em&gt;在体内</em<sup&gt; 4,5</sup&gt;。在这里，我们展示了一个典型的免疫荧光法在小鼠组织中γH2AX灶的检测和定量。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitation of Î³H2AX Foci in Tissue Samples at JoVE.com

Quantitation of &amp;#947;H2AX Foci in Tissue Samples

定量DNA双链上的γH2AX灶的基础上休息，已经成为一个宝贵的工具，尤其是在放射生物学，组织的放射敏感性和辐射修改化合物的影响的评价。在这里，我们表现出的组织样本中γH2AX灶的定量免疫荧光法的使用。

定量组织样本中的γH2AX灶

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly lethal and genotoxic lesions, that can arise either by endogenous (physiological or pathological) ...

quantitation-of-h2ax-foci-in-tissue-samples

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Quantitation of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Tissue Samples

14.3K 次观看.  The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct. 定量DNA双链上的γH2AX灶的基础上休息，已经成为一个宝贵的工具，尤其是在放射生物学，组织的放射敏感性和辐射修改化合物的影响的评价。在这里，我们表现出的组织样本中γH2AX灶的定量免疫荧光法的使用。

视频: Quantitation of &#947;H2AX Foci in Tissue Samples

Quantification of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA lesions with respect to survival and preservation of genomic integrity. An early response to the induction of DSBs is phosphorylation of the H2A histone variant, H2AX, at the serine-139 residue, in the highly conserved C-terminal SQEY motif, forming &gamma;H2AX1. Following induction of DSBs, H2AX is rapidly phosphorylated by the phosphatidyl-inosito 3-kinase (PIKK) family of proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)2. Typically, only a few base-pairs (bp) are implicated in a DSB, however, there is significant signal amplification, given the importance of chromatin modifications in DNA damage signalling and repair. Phosphorylation of H2AX mediated predominantly by ATM spreads to adjacent areas of chromatin, affecting approximately 0.03% of total cellular H2AX per DSB2,3. This corresponds to phosphorylation of approximately 2000 H2AX molecules spanning ~2 Mbp regions of chromatin surrounding the site of the DSB and results in the formation of discrete &gamma;H2AX foci which can be easily visualized and quantitated by immunofluorescence microscopy2. The loss of &gamma;H2AX at DSB reflects repair, however, there is some controversy as to what defines complete repair of DSBs; it has been proposed that rejoining of both strands of DNA is adequate however, it has also been suggested that re-instatement of the original chromatin state of compaction is necessary4-8. The disappearence of &gamma;H2AX involves at least in part, dephosphorylation by phosphatases, phosphatase 2A and phosphatase 4C5,6. Further, removal of &gamma;H2AX by redistribution involving histone exchange with H2A.Z has been implicated7,8. Importantly, the quantitative analysis of &gamma;H2AX foci has led to a wide range of applications in medical and nuclear research. Here, we demonstrate the most commonly used immunofluorescence method for evaluation of initial DNA damage by detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in &gamma;-irradiated adherent human keratinocytes9.

Quantification of &amp;#947;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

Quantification of DNA double-strand streaks using &gamma;H2AX formation as a molecular marker has become an invaluable tool in radiation biology. Here we demonstrate the use of an immunofluorescence assay for quantification of &gamma;H2AX foci after exposure of cells to radiation.

电离辐射的反应定量的γH2AX灶

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA ...

科研

生物学

NanoDrop Microvolume Quantitation of Nucleic Acids

Biomolecular assays are continually being developed that use progressively smaller amounts of material, often precluding the use of conventional cuvette-based instruments for nucleic acid quantitation for those that can perform microvolume quantitation.
The NanoDrop microvolume sample retention system (Thermo Scientific NanoDrop Products) functions by combining fiber optic technology and natural surface tension properties to capture and retain minute amounts of sample independent of traditional containment apparatus such as cuvettes or capillaries. Furthermore, the system employs shorter path lengths, which result in a broad range of nucleic acid concentration measurements, essentially eliminating the need to perform dilutions. Reducing the volume of sample required for spectroscopic analysis also facilitates the inclusion of additional quality control steps throughout many molecular workflows, increasing efficiency and ultimately leading to greater confidence in downstream results.
The need for high-sensitivity fluorescent analysis of limited mass has also emerged with recent experimental advances. Using the same microvolume sample retention technology, fluorescent measurements may be performed with 2 &mu;L of material, allowing fluorescent assays volume requirements to be significantly reduced. Such microreactions of 10 &mu;L or less are now possible using a dedicated microvolume fluorospectrometer.
Two microvolume nucleic acid quantitation protocols will be demonstrated that use integrated sample retention systems as practical alternatives to traditional cuvette-based protocols. First, a direct A260 absorbance method using a microvolume spectrophotometer is described. This is followed by a demonstration of a fluorescence-based method that enables reduced-volume fluorescence reactions with a microvolume fluorospectrometer. These novel techniques enable the assessment of nucleic acid concentrations ranging from 1 pg/ &mu;L to 15,000 ng/ &mu;L with minimal consumption of sample.

The use of NanoDrop microvolume systems as practical and efficient alternatives to traditional nucleic acid quantitation methodology is described through the demonstration of two microvolume nucleic acid quantitation protocols.

NanoDrop微量核酸的定量

Biomolecular assays are continually being developed that use progressively smaller amounts of material, often precluding the use of conventional ...

Method for Measuring the Activity of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Cell Lines and Tissue Samples

The ubiquitin-proteasome system has recently been implicated in various pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In light of this, techniques for studying the regulatory mechanism of this system are essential to elucidating the cellular and molecular processes of the aforementioned diseases. The use of hemagglutinin derived ubiquitin probes outlined in this paper serves as a valuable tool for the study of this system. This paper details a method that enables the user to perform assays that give a direct visualization of deubiquitinating enzyme activity. Deubiquitinating enzymes control proteasomal degradation and share functional homology at their active sites, which allows the user to investigate the activity of multiple enzymes in one assay. Lysates are obtained through gentle mechanical cell disruption and incubated with active site directed probes. Functional enzymes are tagged with the probes while inactive enzymes remain unbound. By running this assay, the user obtains information on both the activity and potential expression of multiple deubiquitinating enzymes in a fast and easy manner. The current method is significantly more efficient than using individual antibodies for the predicted one hundred deubiquitinating enzymes in the human cell.

The current protocol details a method for measuring the activity of functionally homologous deubiquitinating enzymes. Specialized probes covalently modify the enzyme and allow for detection. This method holds the potential to identify new therapeutic targets.

测量去泛素酶的活性细胞系和组织样品的方法

The ubiquitin-proteasome system has recently been implicated in various pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In light of this, ...

Quantitation of Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness In Vitro

One of the cardinal processes of inflammation is the infiltration of immune cells from the lumen of the blood vessel to the surrounding tissue. This occurs when endothelial cells, which line blood vessels, become adhesive to circulating immune cells such as monocytes. In vitro measurement of this adhesiveness has until now been done by quantifying the total number of monocytes that adhere to an endothelial layer either as a direct count or by indirect measurement of the fluorescence of adherent monocytes. While such measurements do indicate the average adhesiveness of the endothelial cell population, they are confounded by a number of factors, such as cell number, and do not reveal the proportion of endothelial cells that are actually adhesive. Here we describe and demonstrate a method which allows the enumeration of adhesive cells within a tested population of endothelial monolayer. Endothelial cells are grown on glass coverslips and following desired treatment are challenged with monocytes (that may be fluorescently labeled). After incubation, a rinsing procedure, involving multiple rounds of immersion and draining, the cells are fixed. Adhesive endothelial cells, which are surrounded by monocytes are readily identified and enumerated, giving an adhesion index that reveals the actual proportion of endothelial cells within the population that are adhesive.

Quantitation of Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness In Vitro

We report an in vitro method that allows the quantitation of the actual number of adhesive cells within an endothelial cell monolayer.

内皮细胞粘附性定量<em&gt;在体外</em

One of the cardinal processes of inflammation is the infiltration of immune cells from the lumen of the blood vessel to the surrounding tissue. This ...

Quantitation of Protein Expression and Co-localization Using Multiplexed Immuno-histochemical Staining and Multispectral Imaging

Immunohistochemistry is a commonly used clinical and research lab detection technique for investigating protein expression and localization within tissues. Many semi-quantitative systems have been developed for scoring expression using immunohistochemistry, but inherent subjectivity limits reproducibility and accuracy of results. Furthermore, the investigation of spatially overlapping biomarkers such as nuclear transcription factors is difficult with current immunohistochemistry techniques. We have developed and optimized a system for simultaneous investigation of multiple proteins using high throughput methods of multiplexed immunohistochemistry and multispectral imaging. Multiplexed immunohistochemistry is performed by sequential application of primary antibodies with secondary antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase. Different chromogens are used to detect each protein of interest. Stained slides are loaded into an automated slide scanner and a protocol is created for automated image acquisition. A spectral library is created by staining a set of slides with a single chromogen on each. A subset of representative stained images are imported into multispectral imaging software and an algorithm for distinguishing tissue type is created by defining tissue compartments on images. Subcellular compartments are segmented by using hematoxylin counterstain and adjusting the intrinsic algorithm. Thresholding is applied to determine positivity and protein co-localization. The final algorithm is then applied to the entire set of tissues. Resulting data allows the user to evaluate protein expression based on tissue type (ex. epithelia vs. stroma) and subcellular compartment (nucleus vs. cytoplasm vs. plasma membrane). Co-localization analysis allows for investigation of double-positive, double-negative, and single-positive cell types. Combining multispectral imaging with multiplexed immunohistochemistry and automated image acquisition is an objective, high-throughput method for investigation of biomarkers within tissues.

Immunohistochemistry is a powerful lab technique for evaluating protein localization and expression within tissues. Current semi-automated methods for quantitation introduce subjectivity and often create irreproducible results. Herein, we describe methods for multiplexed immunohistochemistry and objective quantitation of protein expression and co-localization using multispectral imaging.

蛋白表达和共定位使用复用免疫组织化学染色和多光谱成像定量

Immunohistochemistry is a commonly used clinical and research lab detection technique for investigating protein expression and localization within ...

Hybrid-Cut: An Improved Sectioning Method for Recalcitrant Plant Tissue Samples

Maintaining plant section integrity is essential for studying detailed anatomical structures at the cellular, tissue, or even organ level. However, some plant cells have rigid cell walls, tough fibers and crystals (calcium oxalate, silica, etc.), and high water content that often disrupt tissue integrity during plant tissue sectioning.
This study establishes a simple Hybrid-Cut tissue sectioning method. This protocol modifies a paraffin-based sectioning technique and improves the integrity of tissue sections from different plants. Plant tissues were embedded in paraffin before sectioning in a cryostat at -16 &#176;C. Sectioning under low temperature hardened the paraffin blocks, reduced tearing and scratching, and improved tissue integrity significantly. This protocol was successfully applied to calcium oxalate-rich Phalaenopsis orchid tissues as well as recalcitrant tissues such as reproductive organs and leaves of rice, maize, and wheat. In addition, the high quality of tissue sections from Hybrid-Cut could be used in combination with in situ hybridization (ISH) to provide spatial expression patterns of genes of interest. In conclusion, this protocol is particularly useful for recalcitrant plant tissue containing high crystal or silica content. Good quality tissue sections enable morphological and other biological studies.

This protocol describes a simple Hybrid-Cut tissue sectioning method that is useful for recalcitrant plant tissues. Good quality tissue sections enable anatomical studies and other biological studies including in situ hybridization (ISH).

混合式切割：用于顽拗植物组织样品的改进切法

Maintaining plant section integrity is essential for studying detailed anatomical structures at the cellular, tissue, or even organ level. However, some ...

Methods to Classify Cytoplasmic Foci as Mammalian Stress Granules

Cells are often challenged by sudden environmental changes. Stress Granules (SGs), cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes that form in cells exposed to stress conditions, are implicated in various aspects of cell metabolism and survival. SGs modulate cellular signaling pathways, post-transcriptional gene expression, and stress response programs. The formation of these mRNA-containing granules is directly connected to cellular translation. SG assembly is triggered by inhibited translation initiation, and SG disassembly is promoted by translation activation or by inhibited translation elongation. This relationship is further highlighted by SG composition. Core SG components are stalled translation pre-initiation complexes, mRNA, and selected RNA-binding Proteins (RBPs). The purpose of SG assembly is to conserve cellular energy by sequestering translationally stalled housekeeping mRNAs, allowing for the enhanced translation of stress-responsive proteins. In addition to the core constituents, such as stalled translation preinitiation complexes, SGs contain a plethora of other proteins and signaling molecules. Defects in SG formation can impair cellular adaptation to stress and can thus promote cell death. SGs and similar RNA-containing granules have been linked to a number of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, leading to the recent interest in classifying and defining RNA granule subtypes. This protocol describes assays to characterize and quantify mammalian SGs.

Stress Granules (SGs) are nonmembranous cytoplasmic structures that form in cells exposed to a variety of stresses. SGs contain mRNAs, RNA-binding proteins, small ribosomal subunits, translation-related factors, and various cell signaling proteins. This protocol describes a workflow that uses several experimental approaches to detect, characterize, and quantify bona fide SGs.

将细胞质Foci分类为哺乳动物应激颗粒的方法

Cells are often challenged by sudden environmental changes. Stress Granules (SGs), cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes that form in cells exposed to ...

Simultaneous Mapping and Quantitation of Ribonucleotides in Human Mitochondrial DNA

Established approaches to estimate the number of ribonucleotides present in a genome are limited to the quantitation of incorporated ribonucleotides using short synthetic DNA fragments or plasmids as templates and then extrapolating the results to the whole genome. Alternatively, the number of ribonucleotides present in a genome may be estimated using alkaline gels or Southern blots. More recent in vivo approaches employ Next-generation sequencing allowing genome-wide mapping of ribonucleotides, providing the position and identity of embedded ribonucleotides. However, they do not allow quantitation of the number of ribonucleotides which are incorporated into a genome. Here we describe how to simultaneously map and quantitate the number of ribonucleotides which are incorporated into human mitochondrial DNA in vivo by Next-generation sequencing. We use highly intact DNA and introduce sequence specific double strand breaks by digesting it with an endonuclease, subsequently hydrolyzing incorporated ribonucleotides with alkali. The generated ends are ligated with adapters and these ends are sequenced on a Next-generation sequencing machine. The absolute number of ribonucleotides can be calculated as the number of reads outside the recognition site per average number of reads at the recognition site for the sequence specific endonuclease. This protocol may also be utilized to map and quantitate free nicks in DNA and allows adaption to map other DNA lesions that can be processed to 5&#180;-OH ends or 5&#180;-phosphate ends. Furthermore, this method can be applied to any organism, given that a suitable reference genome is available. This protocol therefore provides an important tool to study DNA replication, 5&#180;-end processing, DNA damage, and DNA repair.

Here we describe a method amenable to simultaneously quantitate and genome-wide map ribonucleotides in highly intact DNA at single-nucleotide resolution, combining enzymatic cleavage of genomic DNA with its alkaline hydrolysis and subsequent 5&#180;-end sequencing.

人线粒体 DNA 中核苷酸的同时定位与定量

Established approaches to estimate the number of ribonucleotides present in a genome are limited to the quantitation of incorporated ribonucleotides using ...

Comprehensive Workflow of Mass Spectrometry-based Shotgun Proteomics of Tissue Samples

Recent advances in mass spectrometry have resulted in deep proteomic&#160;analysis along with the generation of&#160;robust and&#160;reproducible datasets. However, despite the considerable technical advancements, sample preparation from biospecimens such as patient blood, CSF, and tissue still poses considerable challenges. For identifying biomarkers, tissue proteomics often provides an attractive sample source to translate the research findings from the bench to the clinic. It can reveal potential candidate biomarkers for early diagnosis of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, Parkinson&#39;s disease, etc. Tissue proteomics also yields a wealth of systemic information based on the abundance of proteins and helps to address interesting biological questions.
Quantitative proteomics analysis can be grouped into two broad categories: a label-based and a label-free approach. In the label-based approach, proteins or peptides are labeled using stable isotopes such as SILAC (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture) or by chemical tags such as ICAT (isotope-coded affinity tags), TMT (tandem mass tag) or iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation). Label-based approaches have the advantage of more accurate quantitation of proteins and using isobaric labels, multiple samples can be analyzed in a single experiment. The label-free approach provides a cost-effective alternative to label-based approaches. Hundreds of patient samples belonging to a particular cohort can be analyzed and compared with other cohorts based on clinical features. Here, we have described an optimized quantitative proteomics workflow for tissue samples using label-free and label-based proteome profiling methods, which is crucial for applications in life sciences, especially biomarker discovery-based projects.

The described protocol provides an optimized quantitative proteomics analysis of tissue samples using two approaches: label-based and label free quantitation. Label-based approaches have the advantage of more accurate quantitation of proteins, while a label-free approach is more cost-effective and used to analyze hundreds of samples of a cohort.

组织样品质谱基猎枪蛋白造影学的综合工作流程

Recent advances in mass spectrometry have resulted in deep proteomic&#160;analysis along with the generation of&#160;robust and&#160;reproducible ...

Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBF-SEM) of Biological Tissue Samples

Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) allows for the collection of hundreds to thousands of serially-registered ultrastructural images, offering an unprecedented three-dimensional view of tissue microanatomy. While SBF-SEM has seen an exponential increase in use in recent years, technical aspects such as proper tissue preparation and imaging parameters are paramount for the success of this imaging modality. This imaging system benefits from the automated nature of the device, allowing one to leave the microscope unattended during the imaging process, with the automated collection of hundreds of images possible in a single day. However, without appropriate tissue preparation cellular ultrastructure can be altered in such a way that incorrect or misleading conclusions might be drawn. Additionally, images are generated by scanning the block-face of a resin-embedded biological sample and this often presents challenges and considerations that must be addressed. The accumulation of electrons within the block during imaging, known as "tissue charging," can lead to a loss of contrast and an inability to appreciate cellular structure. Moreover, while increasing electron beam intensity/voltage or decreasing beam-scanning speed can increase image resolution, this can also have the unfortunate side effect of damaging the resin block and distorting subsequent images in the imaging series. Here we present a routine protocol for the preparation of biological tissue samples that preserves cellular ultrastructure and diminishes tissue charging. We also provide imaging considerations for the rapid acquisition of high-quality serial-images with minimal damage to the tissue block.

Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy SBF-SEM of Biological Tissue Samples

This protocol outlines a routine method for using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), a powerful 3D imaging technique. Successful application of SBF-SEM hinges on proper fixation and tissue staining techniques, as well as careful consideration of imaging settings. This protocol contains practical considerations for the entirety of this process.

生物组织样本的串行块面扫描电子显微镜 （SBF-SEM）

Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) allows for the collection of hundreds to thousands of serially-registered ultrastructural images, ...