在二氧化碳分析用的材料利用过期的CO 2监测的障碍之一，居住在急诊医师所用的材料悬殊。为了澄清这种情况下，重要的是要区分患者是否是人为的通风，或自主呼吸。至于其余的，不再进行分析使用了不同的技术的临床效果和效率的含义。 本声明，主张在支流和主流二氧化碳分析之间的传统区别的情况下。这两种技术措施的CO 2使用红外波;侧流系统使用一个抽吸泵从口位于显示器探测器运输的CO 2，而主流的制度措施CO 2在一个小室直接在口中病人和电缆连接到显示器。传统，侧流系统是用于病人自发呼吸的系统重量更轻，和主流系统，有点笨重，是直接连接到气管内管插管患者。在过去几年的技术进步，从根本上降低了主流和支流系统之间的差异。新技术是指向microstream系统，这是一种"增强支流系统"，其中二氧化碳沿着旅行才到达探测器位于室的细管，使较小的过渡期之间的口和检测室和因此，二氧化碳分析曲线几乎是同步机票的嘴。因此，让我们看看有什么区别材料的选择，在下半年的视频序列作为解释: <ul><li>如果医生希望监察在自主呼吸的病人，以precocely检测呼吸暂停（程序镇静期间，或医疗中毒后），那么只有曲线的形式是必不可少的，ETCO 2不太重要的实际价值。在这种情况下，他的医生可以选择鼻塞或capnomask氧气和二氧化碳的愿望相结合，或薄的CO 2可以放在一个经典的面具下的愿望管之间。 </li><li>如果医生希望能够精确地分析ETCO 2，为了适应呼吸器参数，以验证气管插管的正确定位，或在心脏骤停患者的预后评估，他必须使用比可以适应使用的材料气管插管（总是放在后面的过滤器，以便从病人的分泌物不阻塞管）。 </li></ul>二氧化碳分析曲线在图1给出一个典型的二氧化碳分析曲线，在三个到期。曲线恢复在每一个灵感的X轴（0值），因为几乎没有吸入空气中的CO 2。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2508/2508fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1:alternance灵感过期 PACO 2和ETCO 2之间的差异这将是在位相信过期的CO 2，非侵入性的监测，在任何情况下都可以取代需要动脉血气（ABG）的措施，认为是黄金标准测量 PACO 2。一切都取决于过期的CO 2和患者的心肺状况测量的迹象。如果指示的呼吸活动的监控，以防止在低通气和呼吸暂停镇静，一个简单的曲线分析就足够了，无论ETCO 2的值。另一方面，如果指示监察足够的通风与头部外伤患者无心肺疾病史，我们可以预期ETCO值2氧分压值接近，但一个精确的必要性PACO 2值规定至少有一个ABG样品，这也使我们能够证实，确实ETCO 2 PACO 2，在本案中。 最后，如果我们面对的是一个病人插管和通风，因呼吸窘迫的情况下，ETCO 2值显然不是一个很好的近似PACO 2。原因很简单，只要有一个通气-灌注比例的干扰，不论什么心肺疾病目前，创建正确的CO 2由肺消除障碍。因此，CO 2在血液中积聚，鼻颊消除减少，创建PACO 2 - ETCO 2梯度。在这种情况下，关键是知道PACO 2的值之前任何解释ETCO值2。 视频序列的第一部分介绍了要遵循的程序解释PACO 2和ETCO 2之间的差异。我们看到，ETCO 2的措施是立即和在非侵入性的方式获得，但在这个阶段，不能让适应呼吸机的参数。这意味着有来衡量的，然后可以用比2的ETCO PACO 2。 PACO 2的值仍然是转介病人通风升值价值。 <ul><li>如果柏高2测量高于所需的值，例如60mmHg，40mmHg的，而不是，这意味着病人hypoventilated。呼吸机的参数，然后可以适应;呼吸频率或潮气量可以增加，以增加通风，从而减少PACO 2 。我们的目标包括减少20mmHg ETCO 2，无论初始ETCO值2。例如，它才能成为可能，ETCO值2 50mmHg时PACO 2 60mmHg测量，由于一个PACO 2 ETCO 2梯度创建一个心肺疾病的存在。适应呼吸机的参数，允许ETCO 2下降至50mmHg至30mmHg时，我们可以放心地假设一个PACO 2 60mmHg至40mmHg的下降值，病人有足够的通风。 </li><li>反之，如果PACO 2低于目标值时，病人是hyperventilated因此呼吸频率或潮气量必须减少，以达到目标值。如果PACO 2比目标值低20毫米汞柱，人们通过呼吸机的参数修改20mmHg增加ETCO 2。 </li></ul>文物和二氧化碳分析的陷阱。 如果CO 2测量技术已经成为可靠的精密度，重现性，响应时间和曲线质量方面，它仍存在，任何监视的参数，一定限度: <ul><li>第一个限制是由于缺乏有关的医生，谁不愿意使用技术的CO 2病理生理学的正确知识。我们希望这样的解释和随行的视频序列，将有助于解决这个限制。 </li><li>在自主呼吸的病人情况下，通过面罩oxygenotherapy附益会冲淡过期的CO 2，这将大大修改capnogram ETCO 2将下降。视频序列中演示了这种现象。 </li><li>如果一个人希望低通气或呼吸暂停事件监测程序镇静期间，我们预计ETCO 2，在相关PACO 2，增加平行病人通气不足。 Paradoxally，自发地在病人呼吸低通气事件是翻译ETCO 2下降，因为病人则只有一个非常小的潮气量，基本上相当于气管bronchal空间的死体积呼吸;和我们知道，这个空间不参与气体交换，从而包含很少的CO 2。 </li><li>机械通气期间，缺陷是忘记ETCO 2并不一定反映PACO 2（见前一章）。 </li></ul>

<ol>
	<li>Gravenstein, J. S., Jaffe, M. B., Paulus, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Capnography, Clinical aspects. , (2004).</li><li>Kupnik, D., Skok, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capnometry+in+the+prehospital+setting:+are+we+using+its+potential.">Capnometry in the prehospital setting: are we using its potential.</a> Emerg Med J. 24, 614-617 (2007).</li><li>Delorio, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+end-tidal+carbon+dioxide+monitoring+for+confirmation+of+endotracheal+tube+placement+is+neither+widely+available+nor+consistently+applied+by+emergency+physicians.">Continuous end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring for confirmation of endotracheal tube placement is neither widely available nor consistently applied by emergency physicians.</a> Emerg Med J. 22, 490-493 (2005).</li><li>Burton, J. H., Harrah, J. D., Germann, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+end-tidal+carbon+dioxide+monitoring+detect+respiratory+events+prior+to+current+sedation+monitoring+practices?.">Does end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring detect respiratory events prior to current sedation monitoring practices?.</a> Acad Emerg Med. 13, 500-504 (2006).</li><li>Fletcher, R., Jonson, B., Cumming, G., Brew, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+concept+of+deadspace+with+special+reference+to+the+single+breath+test+for+carbon+dioxide.">The concept of deadspace with special reference to the single breath test for carbon dioxide.</a> Br J Anaesth. 53, 77-78 (1981).</li></ol>

有机体的CO 2的重要性在探索过期的CO 2监测，它是必不可少的角度把二氧化碳在人体发挥的作用一般。 CO 2是在大约每分钟200毫升的速度生产，不只是一个细胞的新陈代谢的副产品浪费。如果我们medullar的化学感受器维持动脉二氧化碳分压在40mmHg的（PACO 2）的作用，这是因为 CO 2已在机体的其他功能，急诊医师每天遇到: <ul><li> CO 2</...

expired co2 measurement in intubated or spontaneously breathing patients from the emergency department

二氧化碳（CO 2）与氧气（O 2）的份额，在人体中最重要的气体的作用。过期的CO 2口的测量征求越来越多的各种迹象在急诊科医师的临床利益:（1）监测等监测插管病人气管插管的正确定位（2）核查; （3 ）在心脏骤停病人的监测;（4）实现normocapnia插管头部外伤患者;（​​5）在程序镇静监测通风。视频允许医生熟悉自己使用的二氧化碳分析和文本提供了理论和校长参与审查。特别是，生物体的重要性的CO 2，过期的CO 2测量的相关性，动脉和过期的CO 2，其文物和陷阱二氧化碳分析所用的材料之间的差异将予以审查。由于不愿意使用过期的CO 2测量的主要是由于缺乏正确的有关医师的 CO 2病理生理学知识，我们希望这个解释和随行的视频序列，将有助于解决这一限制。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department at JoVE.com

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

本视频介绍了如何执行CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;测量气管插管以及自主呼吸的病人。主要临床指征的紧急情况是指:（1）核实足够的定位气管插管;（2）实现normocapnia外伤患者;（​​3）监测程序镇静的情况下通风。

过期的CO 2测量气管插管或自主呼吸的病人从急诊科

Carbon dioxide (CO2) along with oxygen (O2) share the role of being the most important gases in the human body. The measuring of expired CO2 at the mouth ...

expired-co2-measurement-intubated-or-spontaneously-breathing-patients

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

16.1K 次观看.  Universit Catholique de Louvain Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc. 本视频介绍了如何执行CO 2测量气管插管以及自主呼吸的病人。主要临床指征的紧急情况是指:（1）核实足够的定位气管插管;（2）实现normocapnia外伤患者;（​​3）监测程序镇静的情况下通风。

视频: Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

A Novel Rescue Technique for Difficult Intubation and Difficult Ventilation

We describe a novel non surgical technique to maintain oxygenation and ventilation in a case of difficult intubation and difficult ventilation, which works especially well with poor mask fit.
Can not intubate, can not ventilate" (CICV) is a potentially life threatening situation. In this video we present a simulation of the technique we used in a case of CICV where oxygenation and ventilation were maintained by inserting an endotracheal tube (ETT) nasally down to the level of the naso-pharynx while sealing the mouth and nares for successful positive pressure ventilation.
A 13 year old patient was taken to the operating room for incision and drainage of a neck abcess and direct laryngobronchoscopy. After preoxygenation, anesthesia was induced intravenously. Mask ventilation was found to be extremely difficult because of the swelling of the soft tissue. The face mask could not fit properly on the face due to significant facial swelling as well. A direct laryngoscopy was attempted with no visualization of the larynx. Oxygen saturation was difficult to maintain, with saturations falling to 80%. In order to oxygenate and ventilate the patient, an endotracheal tube was then inserted nasally after nasal spray with nasal decongestant and lubricant. The tube was pushed gently and blindly into the hypopharynx. The mouth and nose of the patient were sealed by hand and positive pressure ventilation was possible with 100% O2 with good oxygen saturation during that period of time. Once the patient was stable and well sedated, a rigid bronchoscope was introduced by the otolaryngologist showing extensive subglottic and epiglottic edema, and a mass effect from the abscess, contributing to the airway compromise. The airway was secured with an ETT tube by the otolaryngologist.This video will show a simulation of the technique on a patient undergoing general anesthesia for dental restorations.

We describe a technique to maintain oxygenation and ventilation using an endotracheal tube inserted nasally to the level of the naso-pharynx while sealing the mouth and nares for successful positive pressure ventilation.

一个新型插管困难和困难通风救援技术

We describe a novel non surgical technique to maintain oxygenation and ventilation in a case of difficult intubation and difficult ventilation, which ...

科研

医学

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise

Exercise is a stress to the pulmonary vasculature. With incremental exercise, the pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) must increase to meet the increased oxygen demand; otherwise, a diffusion limitation may occur. The increase in DLCO with exercise is due to increased capillary blood volume (Vc) and membrane diffusing capacity (Dm). Vc and Dm increase secondary to the recruitment and distension of pulmonary capillaries, increasing the surface area for gas exchange and decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance, thereby attenuating the increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. At the same time, the recruitment of intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVA) during exercise may contribute to gas exchange impairment and/or prevent large increases in pulmonary artery pressure.
We describe two techniques to evaluate pulmonary diffusion and circulation at rest and during exercise. The first technique uses multiple-fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) DLCO breath holds to determine Vc and Dm at rest and during exercise. Additionally, echocardiography with intravenous agitated saline contrast is used to assess IPAVAs recruitment.
Representative data showed that the DLCO, Vc, and Dm increased with exercise intensity. Echocardiographic data showed no IPAVA recruitment at rest, while contrast bubbles were seen in the left ventricle with exercise, suggesting exercise-induced IPAVA recruitment.
The evaluation of pulmonary capillary blood volume, membrane diffusing capacity, and IPAVA recruitment using echocardiographic methods is useful to characterize the ability of the lung vasculature to adapt to the stress of exercise in health as well as in diseased groups, such as those with pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

To assess the pulmonary diffusion and vasculature responses to exercise, we describe the multiple-inspired oxygen diffusion capacity technique to determine capillary blood volume and membrane diffusing capacity, as well as agitated saline contrast echocardiography to assess the recruitment of intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses.

肺毛细血管血量，膜弥散能力，及肺内动静脉吻合的评估期间行使

Exercise is a stress to the pulmonary vasculature. With incremental exercise, the pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) must increase to meet the increased ...

Combining Volumetric Capnography And Barometric Plethysmography To Measure The Lung Structure-function Relationship

Tools to measure lung and airways volume are critical for pulmonary researchers interested in evaluating the impact of disease or novel therapies on the lung. Barometric plethysmography is a classic technique to evaluate the lung volume with a long history of clinical use. Volumetric capnography utilizes the profile of exhaled carbon dioxide to determine the volume of the conducting airways, or dead space, and provides an index of airways homogeneity. These techniques may be used independently, or in combination to evaluate the dependence of airways volume and homogeneity on lung volume. This paper provides detailed technical instructions to replicate these techniques and our representative data demonstrates that the airways volume and homogeneity are highly correlated to lung volume. We also provide a macro for the analysis of capnographic data, which can be modified or adapted to fit different experimental designs. The advantage of these measures is that their advantages and limitations are supported by decades of experimental data, and they can be made repeatedly in the same subject without expensive imaging equipment or technically advanced analysis algorithms. These methods may be particularly useful for investigators interested in perturbations that change both the functional residual capacity of the lung and airways volume.

Here, we describe two measures of pulmonary function &#8211; barometric plethysmography, which allows the measurement of lung volume, and volumetric capnography, a tool to measure the anatomic dead space and airways uniformity. These techniques may be used independently or combined to assess airways function at different lung volumes.

体积摄影与气压面学相结合测量肺结构-功能关系

Tools to measure lung and airways volume are critical for pulmonary researchers interested in evaluating the impact of disease or novel therapies on the ...

Retinal Vascular Reactivity as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

The vascular supply to the retina has been shown to dynamically adapt through vasoconstriction and vasodilation to accommodate the metabolic demands of the retina. This process, referred to as retinal vascular reactivity (RVR), is mediated by neurovascular coupling, which is impaired very early in retinal vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, a clinically feasible method of assessing vascular function may be of significant interest in both research and clinical settings. Recently, in vivo imaging of the retinal vasculature at the capillary level has been made possible by the FDA approval of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), a noninvasive, minimal risk and dyeless angiography method with capillary level resolution. Concurrently, physiological and pathological changes in RVR have been shown by several investigators. The method shown in this manuscript is designed to investigate RVR using OCTA with no need for alterations to the clinical imaging procedures or device. It demonstrates real time imaging of the retina and retinal vasculature during exposure to hypercapnic or hyperoxic conditions. The exam is easily performed with two personnel in under 30 min with minimal subject discomfort or risk. This method is adaptable to other ophthalmic imaging devices and the applications may vary based on the composition of the gas mixture and patient population. A strength of this method is that it allows for an investigation of retinal vascular function at the capillary level in human subjects in vivo. Limitations of this method are largely those of OCTA and other retinal imaging methods including imaging artifacts and a restricted dynamic range. The results obtained from the method are OCT and OCTA images of the retina. These images are amenable to any analysis that is possible on commercially available OCT or OCTA devices. The general method, however, can be adapted to any form of ophthalmic imaging.

This article describes a method for measuring retinal vasculature reactivity in vivo with human subjects using a gas breathing provocation technique to deliver vasoactive stimuli while acquiring retinal images.

光相一致性断层扫描血管造影评估的视网膜血管反应

The vascular supply to the retina has been shown to dynamically adapt through vasoconstriction and vasodilation to accommodate the metabolic demands of ...

神经科学

Integration of Brain Tissue Saturation Monitoring in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Heart Failure

Cerebral hypo-oxygenation during rest or exercise negatively impacts the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF). However, in clinical cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), cerebral hemodynamics is not assessed. NIRS is used to measure cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO2) in the frontal lobe. This method is reliable and valid and has been utilized in several studies. SctO2 is lower during both rest and peak exercise in patients with HF than in healthy controls (66.3 &#177; 13.3% and 63.4 &#177; 13.8% vs. 73.1 &#177; 2.8% and 72 &#177; 3.2%). SctO2 at rest is significantly linearly correlated with peak VO2 (r = 0.602), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (r = 0.501), and brain natriuretic peptide (r = -0.492), all of which are recognized prognostic and disease severity markers, indicating its potential prognostic value. SctO2 is determined mainly by end-tidal CO2 pressure, mean arterial pressure, and hemoglobin in the HF population. This article demonstrates a protocol that integrates SctO2 using NIRS into incremental CPET on a calibrated bicycle ergometer.

This protocol integrated near-infrared spectroscopy into conventional cardiopulmonary exercise testing to identify the involvement of the cerebral hemodynamic response in exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure.

心力衰竭患者心肺运动测试中脑组织饱和监测的集成

Cerebral hypo-oxygenation during rest or exercise negatively impacts the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction ...

Evaluation of Capnography Sampling Line Compatibility and Accuracy when Used with a Portable Capnography Monitor

Capnography is commonly used to monitor patient&#8217;s ventilatory status. While sidestream capnography has been shown to provide a reliable assessment of end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), its accuracy is commonly validated using commercial kits composed of a capnography monitor and its matching disposable nasal cannula sampling lines. The purpose of this study was to assess the compatibility and accuracy of cross-paired capnography sampling lines with a single portable bedside capnography monitor. A series of 4 bench tests were performed to evaluate the tensile strength, rise time, ETCO2 accuracy as a function of respiratory rate, and ETCO2 accuracy in the presence of supplemental O2. Each bench test was performed using specialized, validated equipment to allow for a full evaluation of sampling line performance. The 4 bench tests successfully differentiated between sampling lines from different commercial sources and suggested that due to increased rise time and decreased ETCO2 accuracy, not all nasal cannula sampling lines provide reliable clinical data when cross-paired with a commercial capnography monitor. Care should be taken to ensure that any cross-pairing of capnography monitors and disposable sampling lines is fully validated for use across respiratory rates and supplemental O2 flow rates commonly encountered in clinical settings.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of capnography sampling lines used in conjunction with a portable bedside capnography monitor. Sampling lines from 7 manufacturers were evaluated for tensile strength, rise time, and ETCO2 accuracy as a function of respiratory rate or supplemental oxygen flow rate.

与便携式刻度学监视器一起使用时，评估卡光采样线兼容性和准确性

Capnography is commonly used to monitor patient&#8217;s ventilatory status. While sidestream capnography has been shown to provide a reliable assessment ...

Conducting Respiratory Oscillometry in an Outpatient Setting

Respiratory oscillometry is a different modality of pulmonary function testing that is increasingly used in a clinical and research setting to provide information regarding lung mechanics. Respiratory oscillometry is conducted through three acceptable measurements of tidal breathing and can be performed with minimal contraindications. Young children and patients who cannot perform spirometry due to cognitive or physical impairment can usually complete oscillometry. The main advantages of respiratory oscillometry are that it requires minimal patient cooperation and is more sensitive in detecting changes in small airways than conventional pulmonary function tests. Commercial devices are now available. Updated technical guidelines, standard operating protocols, and quality control/assurance guidelines have recently been published. Reference values are also available. 
We conducted oscillometry test audits before and after implementing a formal respiratory oscillometry training program and standard operating protocol. We observed improvement in the quality of tests completed, with a significant increase in the number of acceptable and reproducible measurements. 
The current paper outlines and demonstrates a standard operating protocol to conduct respiratory oscillometry in an outpatient setting. We highlight the key steps to ensuring acceptable and reproducible quality measurements according to the recommended European Respiratory Society (ERS) guidelines, as quality control is critical to measurement accuracies. Potential problems and pitfalls are also discussed with suggestions to resolve technical errors.

We demonstrate a standard operating protocol to conduct respiratory oscillometry, highlighting key quality control and assurance procedures.

在门诊环境中进行呼吸示波法

Respiratory oscillometry is a different modality of pulmonary function testing that is increasingly used in a clinical and research setting to provide ...

Endotracheal Intubation Using a Flexible Intubation Endoscope as a Standardized Model for Safe Airway Management in Swine

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway or high ventilation pressures. Endotracheal intubation is a challenging skill,&#160;requiring a minimum number of successful endotracheal intubations to achieve a high success rate under optimal conditions, which is often unachievable for non-anaesthesiology researchers. Due to the specific porcine airway anatomy, a difficult airway can usually be assumed. The impossibility of establishing a secure airway can result in injury, adverse events, or death of the laboratory animal. Using a prospective, randomized, controlled evaluation approach, it has been shown that fiberoptic-assisted endotracheal intubation takes longer but has a higher first-pass success rate than conventional intubation without causing clinically relevant drops in oxygen saturation. This model presents a standardized regimen for endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, providing a secured airway, especially for researchers who are inexperienced in the technique of endotracheal intubation via direct laryngoscopy. This procedure is expected to minimize animal suffering and unnecessary animal losses.

The use of pigs in research has increased in recent years. Nevertheless, pigs are characterized by difficult airway anatomy. By demonstrating how to perform endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, the present protocol aims to further increase laboratory animals' safety to avoid animal suffering and unnecessary death.

使用柔性插管内窥镜作为猪安全气道管理的标准化模型的气管插管

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway ...

评估运动期间肺泡毛细血管储备

Dual Test Gas Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity Measurement During Exercise in Humans Using the Single-Breath Method

The combined single-breath measurement of the diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DL,CO) and nitric oxide (DL,NO) is a useful technique to measure pulmonary alveolar-capillary reserve in both healthy and patient populations. The measurement provides an estimate of the participant&#39;s ability to recruit and distend pulmonary capillaries. The method has recently been reported to exhibit a high test-retest reliability in healthy volunteers during exercise of light to moderate intensity. Of note, this technique permits up to 12 repeated maneuvers and only requires a single breath with a relatively short breath-hold time of 5 s. Representative data are provided showing the gradual changes in DL,NO and DL,CO from rest to exercise at increasing intensities&#160;of up to 60% of maximal workload. The measurement of diffusing capacity and evaluation of alveolar-capillary reserve is a useful tool to evaluate the lung&#39;s ability to respond to exercise both in the healthy population as well as in patient populations such as those with chronic lung disease.

作者聚焦:将肺泡毛细血管储备测量整合到运动适应和治疗策略中

This protocol presents a method to assess pulmonary alveolar-capillary reserve measured by combined single-breath measurement of the diffusing capacity to carbon monoxide (DL,CO) and nitric oxide (DL,NO) during exercise. Assumptions and recommendations for using the technique during exercise form the foundation of this article.

使用单次呼吸法测量人体运动期间的双重测试气体肺弥散能力

The combined single-breath measurement of the diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DL,CO) and nitric oxide (DL,NO) is a useful technique to measure ...

过期的CO₂测量气管插管或自主呼吸的病人从急诊科

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此视频中的章节

一个新型插管困难和困难通风救援技术

肺毛细血管血量，膜弥散能力，及肺内动静脉吻合的评估期间行使

体积摄影与气压面学相结合测量肺结构-功能关系

光相一致性断层扫描血管造影评估的视网膜血管反应

心力衰竭患者心肺运动测试中脑组织饱和监测的集成

与便携式刻度学监视器一起使用时，评估卡光采样线兼容性和准确性

在门诊环境中进行呼吸示波法

使用柔性插管内窥镜作为猪安全气道管理的标准化模型的气管插管

使用单次呼吸法测量人体运动期间的双重测试气体肺弥散能力

使用单次呼吸法测量人体运动期间的双重测试气体肺弥散能力