这项工作是支持theNIH grantNS042626。我们感谢库尔特索恩和加州大学旧金山分校的尼康影像中心协助与成像。

1。斑马鱼胚胎的制备<ol><li>前两天电，成立了野生型使用的分隔独立的男性从女性的鱼交配笼。 </li><li>一天前，电，拉在交配前一天的笼子的分隔。 </li><li>收集胚胎和孵化50个受精胚胎在30毫升胚胎含有0.003％苯基硫脲嘧啶（PTU）的媒介为28.5 ° C。 </li><li>在一天的电，dechorionate手动精细镊子（INOX 5，杜蒙电子，瑞士），当胚胎到达的22hpf发育阶段的胚胎。然后转移胚胎到10ml电振铃中的 3（180毫米氯化钠，氯化钾5MM，1.8毫米氯化钙，5毫米HEPES pH值7.2），其中包含0.003％机动部队。 </li><li>加入420μLtricaine股票（4mg/ml）10毫升电​​林格麻醉胚胎。 </li></ol> 2。为电穿孔的制备<ol><li>毛细血管（1.2毫米，0.9 mm内径，外径与长丝）上火焰山 - 布朗P897拉马（萨特仪器，诺瓦托，美国加利福尼亚州）玻璃注射针被拔出。针尖被打破用镊子来获得清晰的目的，在图1d所示。针尖的直径约10微米，并应约30度锥角。 </li><li>准备0.8％和1％低熔点琼脂糖（谢尔顿科学，公司目录＃IB70050）振铃电的解决方案。分装在2毫升离心管的琼脂糖溶液。保持在一个加热块〜37 ° C的等分</li><li> Gal4/UAS系统是用来驱动电穿孔胚胎的神经祖细胞的基因表达。用于两个质粒:质粒EF1α- GFF - PT2KXIG，其中Gal4FF是无处不在的发起人EF1α驱动，和质粒UAS - E1B - EGFP - PT2KXIG。 </li><li>准备EF1α- GFF - PT2KXIG和UAS - E1B - EGFP - PT2KXIG使用GenEluteTM HP质粒Midiprep试剂盒（Sigma公司）的质粒DNA。 </li><li>质粒是醋酸钠/乙醇沉淀，然后集中到10毫米的Tris · CL 1-2微克/μL终浓度（pH值8.5）。 </li><li>混合使用这两种质粒和无核酸水到终浓度为500毫微克/μL每个质粒稀释。酚红（稀释后总体积的1 / 10）是首选的解决方案交付的可视化。保持在冰上的DNA溶液。 </li><li>前电穿孔，回程2μl的DNA溶液注射针头和注射量调整到2 NL。 </li></ol> 3。电穿孔<ol><li>一个stero解剖镜下（蔡司STEMI 2000年的50X最大放大倍率），空气压力喷油器（Narishige IM 300微量），2 micromanipulators（WPI的M3301R，世界精密仪器，萨拉索塔，佛罗里达州，美国），和电刺激（SD9方波脉冲刺激，草Tlefactor，西华威，罗得岛州，美国）成立图1A所示。 </li><li>将其安装在1％低熔点琼脂糖的胚胎，浸泡2胚胎。然后立即删除琼脂糖用玻璃吸管的胚胎。 </li><li>个别滴琼脂糖的Petri一个倒置的塑料盘盖放在胚胎。胚胎定位与光纤探头到背的位置，轻轻前琼脂糖凝固，使前脑电极和微量注射针（图1B）。胚胎必须安装在单独的琼脂糖滴。 </li><li>左边的显微操纵电极。琼脂糖插入电极，如图1B所示。除了用于电（金控，目录＃PBSA0575）自定义铂铱并行双极电极直径和间距500微米125微米。 </li><li>显微注射针插入脑脑室和注入4nl的DNA组合，如流淌的红色液体和肿胀的心室可以观察到。 </li><li>随即，一个28.5 V脉冲持续1毫秒手动。然后反向极性和适用于一个28.5 V脉冲持续1毫秒。这将导致脑的神经祖细胞的双边镶嵌标签。 </li><li> 10胚胎电后，加入5ml的胚胎中期胚胎和琼脂糖用显微刀释放胚胎剥离。 </li><li>电穿孔胚胎转移到一个胚胎培养基30毫升的新鲜菜，含有0.003％机动部队，并培育为28.5 ° C。 </li></ol> 4。安装和定时实时成像<ol><li>大约4小时后，电，EGFP的信号观察，如果啶解剖显微镜下观看。 </li><li>电5小时后，选择具有高度的前脑区域的马赛克，但强大的EGFP表达的胚胎。 </li><li>选定的胚胎转移至10ml胚胎培养基中含有0.003％机动部队。 </li><li>加420μLtricaine股票（4mg/ml）10ml胚胎培养基中吨Ø麻醉胚胎。 </li><li>要挂载的胚胎，沉浸在0.8％低熔点琼脂糖1个胚胎。然后立即删除琼脂糖胚胎用玻璃吸管和一个35mm的玻璃底培养皿放在中心（＃P35GC - 1.5 - 10 - C，MatTek公司，胚胎<a href="http://www.glass-bottom-dishes.com/">www.glass底dishes.com</a> ） 。 </li><li>轻轻地用光纤探头前琼脂糖巩固背的位置定位的胚胎。 </li><li>共聚焦显微镜的温度控制阶段的菜放在正确，如在图1C（我们使用了正确的目标的尼康C1光谱共聚焦显微镜）所示。调整温度为28.5 ° C。 </li><li>新增3毫升28.5 ° C预热胚胎培养基中含有0.003％的机动部队，以应付胚胎。胚胎是现在准备成像。 </li><li>执行使用水浸渍目标以固定的间隔时间推移的实时成像。 </li></ol> 5。代表性的成果如图2所示，选择一个时间推移，焦，电穿孔在22 HPFEF1α- GFF +无人机E1B - EGFP胚胎的实时成像帧。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2594/2594fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1。仪器设置。 （一）电设备的组装:草SD9平方米脉冲刺激（I），左显微操纵器（II），电极（三），（四），蔡司解剖显微镜的注射针（V），正确的显微（vi）及Narishige IM 300微量（七）。 （二）电极（I），前脑脑室（ii）及注射针（三）的相对位置。注意红色的DNA溶液注射入脑脑室。 （三）大会尼康C1的共聚焦显微镜实时成像:温度控制器（I），水浸渍客观LEN（ii）及电穿孔胚胎在低熔点琼脂糖中嵌入一个玻璃底培养皿（三）（四一个拉和切割针注射的DNA）图像。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2594/2594fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /> 图2选择18小时的时间推移，焦，电穿孔与EF1α- GFF +无人机E1B - EGFP在22 HPF胚胎实时成像的框架。心室表面是对每帧图像的底部。比例尺代表10微米。

<ol>
	<li>Temple, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+neural+stem+cells.">The development of neural stem cells.</a> Nature. 414, 112-117 (2001).</li><li>G#246;tz, M., Huttner, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cell+biology+of+neurogenesis.">The cell biology of neurogenesis.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6, 777-788 (2005).</li><li>Cerda, G. A., Thomas, J. E., Allende, M. L., Karlstrom, R. O., Palma, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroporation+of+DNA,+RNA,+and+morpholinos+into+zebrafish+embryos.">Electroporation of DNA, RNA, and morpholinos into zebrafish embryos.</a> Methods. 39, 207-211 (2006).</li><li>Hendricks, M., Jesuthasan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroporation-based+methods+for+in+vivo,+whole+mount+and+primary+culture+analysis+of+zebrafish+brain+development.">Electroporation-based methods for in vivo, whole mount and primary culture analysis of zebrafish brain development.</a> Neural. Dev. 2, 6-6 (2007).</li><li>Tawk, M., Bianco, I. H., Clarke, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Focal+electroporation+in+zebrafish+embryos+and+larvae.">Focal electroporation in zebrafish embryos and larvae.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 546, 145-151 (2009).</li><li>Tawk, M., Tuil, D., Torrente, Y., Vriz, S., Paulin, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-efficiency+gene+transfer+into+adult+fish:+a+new+tool+to+study+fin+regeneration.">High-efficiency gene transfer into adult fish: a new tool to study fin regeneration.</a> Genesis. 32, 27-31 (2002).</li></ol>

在这段视频中，我们展示了一个时间推移在一个发展中的斑马鱼的前脑的克隆水平的神经祖细胞的实时成像的方法。我们测试和修改现有的电协议 4-6的基因和荧光标签个别的神经祖细胞。因为只有少数细胞地广人稀一个相对的低电压电标记，克隆相关的子代细胞组成，可以建立一个谱系树。除了EGFP的，神经祖细胞可以subcellularly各种荧光蛋白标记，只需更换与其他荧光标记的EGFP。例如，?...

time-lapse live imaging of clonally related neural progenitor cells in the developing zebrafish forebrain

神经祖细胞的分裂，迁移和分化的精确的模式是正确的大脑发育和功能1,2的关键。为了了解神经祖细胞在体内环境中的复杂行为，时间推移，一个完整的大脑中的神经祖细胞的实时成像是至关重要的。在这段视频中，我们利用斑马鱼胚胎的独特功能，以可视化的前脑的神经祖细胞在体内的发展。我们使用电基因和人口稀少的标签个别的神经祖细胞。简言之，构造编码荧光标记的DNA注射到受精后22小时（HPF），斑马鱼的胚胎和电脉冲，立即交付的前脑脑室。六个小时后，电穿孔的斑马鱼的胚胎被安装在玻璃底培养皿低熔点琼脂糖。荧光标记的神经祖细胞，然后成像下共聚焦显微镜使用水浸渍物镜固定的时间间隔36小时。本方法提供了一种方式来获得脑的神经祖细胞在体内发展的见解，并可以应用到中央神经系统的斑马鱼胚胎的其他部分。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain at JoVE.com

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

本视频演示了一种方法，这需要电和共聚焦显微镜相结合的优势，发展中的斑马鱼的前脑执行个别的神经祖细胞的实时成像。<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;脑神经祖细胞克隆的发展的分析，可以实现这种方式。

在发展中国家斑马鱼的前脑的神经祖细胞克隆相关的定时实时成像

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

time-lapse-live-imaging-clonally-related-neural-progenitor-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.2K 次观看.  University of California San Francisco. 本视频演示了一种方法，这需要电和共聚焦显微镜相结合的优势，发展中的斑马鱼的前脑执行个别的神经祖细胞的实时成像。在体内脑神经祖细胞克隆的发展的分析，可以实现这种方式。

视频: Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms. Striking progress has been particularly evident in Drosophila, whose extensive toolkit of mutants and transgenic lines provides a convenient model to study evolutionarily-conserved developmental and cell biological mechanisms. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms that control cell fate specification in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Drosophila. Bristles that cover the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings of the adult fly are individual mechanosensory organs, and have been studied as a model system for understanding mechanisms of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions. Sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells of the microchaetes (or small bristles), are distributed throughout the epithelium of the pupal thorax, and are specified during the first 12 hours after the onset of pupariation. After specification, the SOP cells begin to divide, segregating the cell fate determinant Numb to one daughter cell during mitosis. Numb functions as a cell-autonomous inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway.
Here, we show a method to follow protein dynamics in SOP cell and its progeny within the intact pupal thorax using a combination of tissue-specific Gal4 drivers and GFP-tagged fusion proteins 1,2.This technique has the advantage over fixed tissue or cultured explants because it allows us to follow the entire development of an organ from specification of the neural precursor to growth and terminal differentiation of the organ. We can therefore directly correlate changes in cell behavior to changes in terminal differentiation. Moreover, we can combine the live imaging technique with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) system to assess the dynamics of tagged proteins in mitotic SOPs under mutant or wildtype conditions. Using this technique, we and others have revealed novel insights into regulation of asymmetric cell division and the control of Notch signaling activation in SOP cells (examples include references 1-6,7 ,8).

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we describe a method for live cell imaging of asymmetrically dividing sensory organ progenitor cells and epidermal cells in intact Drosophila pupae

在完整的感觉器官前体细胞的活细胞成像果蝇蛹

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

科研

神经科学

High-resolution Live Imaging of Cell Behavior in the Developing Neuroepithelium

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Although much is known about the molecular mechanisms that pattern the spinal cord and elicit neuronal differentiation1, 2, we lack a deep understanding of these early events at the level of cell behavior. It is thus critical to study the behavior of neural progenitors in real time as they undergo neurogenesis.
In the past, real-time imaging of early embryonic tissue has been limited by cell/tissue viability in culture as well as the phototoxic effects of fluorescent imaging. Here we present a novel assay for imaging such tissue for long periods of time, utilizing a novel ex vivo slice culture protocol and wide-field fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 1). This approach achieves long-term time-lapse monitoring of chick embryonic spinal cord progenitor cells with high spatial and temporal resolution.
This assay may be modified to image a range of embryonic tissues3, 4 In addition to the observation of cellular and sub-cellular behaviors, the development of novel and highly sensitive reporters for gene activity (for example, Notch signaling5) makes this assay a powerful tool with which to understand how signaling regulates cell behavior during embryonic development.

Imaging embryonic tissue in real-time is challenging over long periods of time. Here we present an assay for monitoring cellular and sub-cellular changes in chick spinal cord for long periods with high spatial and temporal resolution. This technique can be adapted for other regions of the nervous system and developing embryo.

高分辨率实时成像发展中的神经上皮细胞的行为

The embryonic spinal cord consists of cycling neural progenitor cells that give rise to a large percentage of the neuronal and glial cells of the central ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Acute Slices of the Adult Mouse Forebrain

There is a substantial body of evidence indicating that new functional neurons are constitutively generated from an endogenous pool of neural stem cells in restricted areas of the adult mammalian brain. Newborn neuroblasts from the subventricular zone (SVZ) migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to their final destination in the olfactory bulb (OB)1. In the RMS, neuroblasts migrate tangentially in chains ensheathed by astrocytic processes2,3 using blood vessels as a structural support and a source of molecular factors required for migration4,5. In the OB, neuroblasts detach from the chains and migrate radially into the different bulbar layers where they differentiate into interneurons and integrate into the existing network1, 6.
In this manuscript we describe the procedure for monitoring cell migration in acute slices of the rodent brain. The use of acute slices allows the assessment of cell migration in the microenvironment that closely resembling to in vivo conditions and in brain regions that are difficult to access for in vivo imaging. In addition, it avoids long culturing condition as in the case of organotypic and cell cultures that may eventually alter the migration properties of the cells. Neuronal precursors in acute slices can be visualized using DIC optics or fluorescent proteins. Viral labeling of neuronal precursors in the SVZ, grafting neuroblasts from reporter mice into the SVZ of wild-type mice, and using transgenic mice that express fluorescent protein in neuroblasts are all suitable methods for visualizing neuroblasts and following their migration. The later method, however, does not allow individual cells to be tracked for long periods of time because of the high density of labeled cells. We used a wide-field fluorescent upright microscope equipped with a CCD camera to achieve a relatively rapid acquisition interval (one image every 15 or 30 sec) to reliably identify the stationary and migratory phases. A precise identification of the duration of the stationary and migratory phases is crucial for the unambiguous interpretation of results. We also performed multiple z-step acquisitions to monitor neuroblasts migration in 3D. Wide-field fluorescent imaging has been used extensively to visualize neuronal migration7-10. Here, we describe detailed protocol for labeling neuroblasts, performing real-time video-imaging of neuroblast migration in acute slices of the adult mouse forebrain, and analyzing cell migration. While the described protocol exemplified the migration of neuroblasts in the adult RMS, it can also be used to follow cell migration in embryonic and early postnatal brains.

We describe a protocol for real-time videoimaging of neuronal migration in the mouse forebrain. The migration of virally-labeled or grafted neuronal precursors was recorded in acute live slices using wide-field fluorescent imaging with a relatively rapid acquisition interval to study the different phases of cell migration, including the durations of the stationary and migration phases and the speed of migration.

急性片的成年小鼠前脑的神经细胞迁移的延时成像

There is a substantial body of evidence indicating that new functional neurons are constitutively generated from an endogenous pool of neural stem cells ...

Forebrain Electrophysiological Recording in Larval Zebrafish

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked seizures, epilepsy can be acquired as a result of an insult to the brain or a genetic mutation. Efforts to model seizures in animals have primarily utilized acquired insults (convulsant drugs, stimulation or brain injury) and genetic manipulations (antisense knockdown, homologous recombination or transgenesis) in rodents. Zebrafish are a vertebrate model system1-3 that could provide a valuable alternative to rodent-based epilepsy research. Zebrafish are used extensively in the study of vertebrate genetics or development, exhibit a high degree of genetic similarity to mammals and express homologs for ~85% of known human single-gene epilepsy mutations. Because of their small size (4-6 mm in length), zebrafish larvae can be maintained in fluid volumes as low as 100 &mu;l during early development and arrayed in multi-well plates. Reagents can be added directly to the solution in which embryos develop, simplifying drug administration and enabling rapid in vivo screening of test compounds4. Synthetic oligonucleotides (morpholinos), mutagenesis, zinc finger nuclease and transgenic approaches can be used to rapidly generate gene knockdown or mutation in zebrafish5-7. These properties afford zebrafish studies an unprecedented statistical power analysis advantage over rodents in the study of neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Because the "gold standard" for epilepsy research is to monitor and analyze the abnormal electrical discharges that originate in a central brain structure (i.e., seizures), a method to efficiently record brain activity in larval zebrafish is described here. This method is an adaptation of conventional extracellular recording techniques and allows for stable long-term monitoring of brain activity in intact zebrafish larvae. Sample recordings are shown for acute seizures induced by bath application of convulsant drugs and spontaneous seizures recorded in a genetically modified fish.

A simple method to record extracellular field potentials in the larval zebrafish forebrain is described. The method provides a robust in vivo read-out of seizure-like activity. This technique can be used with genetically modified zebrafish larvae carrying epilepsy-related genes or seizures evoked by administration of convulsant drugs.

斑马鱼幼虫的前脑的电生理记录

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked ...

Motor Nerve Transection and Time-lapse Imaging of Glial Cell Behaviors in Live Zebrafish

The nervous system is often described as a hard-wired component of the body even though it is a considerably fluid organ system that reacts to external stimuli in a consistent, stereotyped manner, while maintaining incredible flexibility and plasticity. Unlike the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is capable of significant repair, but we have only just begun to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern this phenomenon. Using zebrafish as a model system, we have the unprecedented opportunity to couple regenerative studies with in vivo imaging and genetic manipulation. Peripheral nerves are composed of axons surrounded by layers of glia and connective tissue. Axons are ensheathed by myelinating or non-myelinating Schwann cells, which are in turn wrapped into a fascicle by a cellular sheath called the perineurium. Following an injury, adult peripheral nerves have the remarkable capacity to remove damaged axonal debris and re-innervate targets. To investigate the roles of all peripheral glia in PNS regeneration, we describe here an axon transection assay that uses a commercially available nitrogen-pumped dye laser to axotomize motor nerves in live transgenic zebrafish. We further describe the methods to couple these experiments to time-lapse imaging of injured and control nerves. This experimental paradigm can be used to not only assess the role that glia play in nerve regeneration, but can also be the platform for elucidating the molecular mechanisms that govern nervous system repair.

Although the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is capable of significant repair after injury, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern this phenomenon. Using live, transgenic zebrafish and a reproducible nerve transection assay, we can study dynamic glial cell behaviors during nerve degeneration and regeneration.

电机神经切断和时间推移成像胶质细胞行为在现场斑马鱼

The  nervous system is often described as a hard-wired component of the body even  though it is a considerably fluid organ system that reacts to external ...

In vivo Postnatal Electroporation and Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Mouse Acute Brain Slices

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the main neurogenic niches in the postnatal brain. Here, neural progenitors proliferate and give rise to neuroblasts able to move along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) towards the olfactory bulb (OB). This long-distance migration is required for the subsequent maturation of newborn neurons in the OB, but the molecular mechanisms regulating this process are still unclear. Investigating the signaling pathways controlling neuroblast motility may not only help understand a fundamental step in neurogenesis, but also have therapeutic regenerative potential, given the ability of these neuroblasts to target brain sites affected by injury, stroke, or degeneration.
In this manuscript we describe a detailed protocol for in vivo postnatal electroporation and subsequent time-lapse imaging of neuroblast migration in the mouse RMS. Postnatal electroporation can efficiently transfect SVZ progenitor cells, which in turn generate neuroblasts migrating along the RMS. Using confocal spinning disk time-lapse microscopy on acute brain slice cultures, neuroblast migration can be monitored in an environment closely resembling the in vivo condition. Moreover, neuroblast motility can be tracked and quantitatively analyzed. As an example, we describe how to use in vivo postnatal electroporation of a GFP-expressing plasmid to label and visualize neuroblasts migrating along the RMS. Electroporation of shRNA or CRE recombinase-expressing plasmids in conditional knockout mice employing the LoxP system can also be used to target genes of interest. Pharmacological manipulation of acute brain slice cultures can be performed to investigate the role of different signaling molecules in neuroblast migration. By coupling in vivo electroporation with time-lapse imaging, we hope to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling neuroblast motility and contribute to the development of novel approaches to promote brain repair.

In vivo Postnatal Electroporation and Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Mouse Acute Brain Slices

Neuroblast migration is a fundamental event in postnatal neurogenesis. We describe a protocol for efficient labeling of neuroblasts by in vivo postnatal electroporation and subsequent visualization of their migration using time-lapse imaging of acute brain slices. We include a description for the quantitative analysis of neuroblast dynamics by video tracking.

成神经细胞迁移的小鼠急性脑片在体内电穿孔产后和时间推移成像

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the main neurogenic niches in the postnatal brain. Here, neural progenitors proliferate and give rise to ...

Assessing Cell Cycle Progression of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Mouse Developing Brain after Genotoxic Stress

Neurons of the cerebral cortex are generated during brain development from different types of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPC), which form a pseudostratified epithelium lining the lateral ventricles of the embryonic brain. Genotoxic stresses, such as ionizing radiation, have highly deleterious effects on the developing brain related to the high sensitivity of NSPC. Elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved depends on the characterization of the DNA damage response of these particular types of cells, which requires an accurate method to determine NSPC progression through the cell cycle in the damaged tissue. Here is shown a method based on successive intraperitoneal injections of EdU and BrdU in pregnant mice and further detection of these two thymidine analogues in coronal sections of the embryonic brain. EdU and BrdU are both incorporated in DNA of replicating cells during S phase and are detected by two different techniques (azide or a specific antibody, respectively), which facilitate their simultaneous detection. EdU and BrdU staining are then determined for each NSPC nucleus in function of its distance from the ventricular margin in a standard region of the dorsal telencephalon. Thus this dual labeling technique allows distinguishing cells that progressed through the cell cycle from those that have activated a cell cycle checkpoint leading to cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage.
An example of experiment is presented, in which EdU was injected before irradiation and BrdU immediately after and analyzes performed within the 4 hr&#160;following irradiation. This protocol provides an accurate analysis of the acute DNA damage response of NSPC in function of the phase of the cell cycle at which they have been irradiated. This method is easily transposable to many other systems in order to determine the impact of a particular treatment on cell cycle progression in living tissues.

Administration of two analogs of thymidine, EdU and BrdU, in pregnant mice allows the analysis of cell cycle progression in neural and progenitor cells in the embryonic mouse brain. This method is useful to determine the effects of genotoxic stress, including ionizing radiation, during brain development.

神经干细胞和祖细胞在小鼠脑开发基因毒性应激后的评估细胞周期进程

Neurons of the cerebral cortex are generated during brain development from different types of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPC), which form a ...

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the developing cerebral cortex, abnormal mitosis of neural progenitors can cause defects in brain size and function. Hence, there is a critical need for tools to understand the mechanisms of neural progenitor mitosis. Cortical development in rodents is an outstanding model for studying this process. Neural progenitor mitosis is commonly examined in fixed brain sections. This protocol will describe in detail an approach for live imaging of mitosis in ex vivo embryonic brain slices. We will describe the critical steps for this procedure, which include: brain extraction, brain embedding, vibratome sectioning of brain slices, staining and culturing of slices, and time-lapse imaging. We will then demonstrate and describe in detail how to perform post-acquisition analysis of mitosis. We include representative results from this assay using the vital dye Syto11, transgenic mice (histone H2B-EGFP and centrin-EGFP), and in utero electroporation (mCherry-&#945;-tubulin). We will discuss how this procedure can be best optimized and how it can be modified for study of genetic regulation of mitosis. Live imaging of mitosis in brain slices is a flexible approach to assess the impact of age, anatomy, and genetic perturbation in a controlled environment, and to generate a large amount of data with high temporal and spatial resolution. Hence this protocol will complement existing tools for analysis of neural progenitor mitosis.

Neural progenitor mitosis is a critical parameter of neurogenesis. Much of our understanding of neural progenitor mitosis is based on analysis of fixed tissue. Live imaging in embryonic brain slices is a versatile technique to assess mitosis with high temporal and spatial resolution in a controlled environment.

有丝分裂中的不同发育阶段小鼠胚胎皮层实时成像

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a source of transplantable cells for regenerative applications after disease or accidents. Neural crest (NC) cells are the precursors for a large variety of adult somatic cells, such as cells from the peripheral nervous system and glia, melanocytes and mesenchymal cells. They are a valuable source of cells to study aspects of human embryonic development, including cell fate specification and migration. Further differentiation of NC progenitor cells into terminally differentiated cell types offers the possibility to model human diseases in vitro, investigate disease mechanisms and generate cells for regenerative medicine. This article presents the adaptation of a currently available in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs. This new protocol requires 18 days of differentiation, is feeder-free, easily scalable and highly reproducible among human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Both old and new protocols yield NC cells of equal identity.

Neural crest (NC) cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have great potential for modeling human development and disease and for cell replacement therapies. Here, a feeder-free adaptation of the currently widely used in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs is presented.

从人多能神经嵴前体细胞的无饲养推导干细胞

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a ...

Cell Sorting of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells from the Adult Mouse Subventricular Zone and Live-imaging of their Cell Cycle Dynamics

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. They successively generate transit amplifying cells (TACs) and neuroblasts that differentiate into neurons once they integrate the olfactory bulbs. Emerging fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) techniques have allowed the isolation of NSCs as well as their progeny and have started to shed light on gene regulatory networks in adult neurogenic niches. We report here a cell sorting technique that allows to follow and distinguish the cell cycle dynamics of the above-mentioned cell populations from the adult SVZ with a LeX/EGFR/CD24 triple staining. Isolated cells are then plated as adherent cells to explore in details their cell cycle progression by time-lapse video microscopy. To this end, we use transgenic Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) mice in which cells are red-fluorescent during G1 phase due to a G1 specific red-Cdt1 reporter. This method has recently revealed that proliferating NSCs progressively lengthen their G1 phase during aging, leading to neurogenesis impairment. This method is easily transposable to other systems and could be of great interest for the study of the cell cycle dynamics of brain cells in the context of brain pathologies.

We report a Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)-based method to isolate neural stem cells (NSCs) and their progeny from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse brain. Applied to Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) transgenic mice, it allows the study of cell cycle progression by live imaging.

神经干细胞和祖细胞来自成年小鼠脑室下区细胞分选和实时成像的细胞周期动力学

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. ...