我们想感谢脑产品有限责任公司提供的设备，专门知识和帮助。这项研究是由联邦经济和技术从德国航天局（DLR）50WB0819授予通过部。

1。实验过程<ol><li>地面飞行前的准备 - 这个题目准备在机场的一个单独的房间。 （起飞前1-2小时） <ol><li>安装脑电图/近红外光谱帽<ol><li>电极和近红外传感器连接到头皮脑电图帽。这种方法可以确保正确的位置传感器。 </li><li>盖大小，是由主体的头部的大小</li><li>运营商确定正确位置的第。长征电极顶点（点中途之间的鼻根和洋葱），PO9 - PO10 FP1，FP2电极水平，上限是对称的。 </li><li>心率电极放在胸部</li></ol></li><li>尽量减少阻抗<ol><li>脑产品actiCAP电极连接到控制箱。 </li><li>每个电极包含发光二极管，变成红色，当阻抗测量开始。 </li><li>头发被移开电极尖端与钝头的针。 </li><li>凝胶注射之间的电极尖端和皮肤表面。 </li><li>颜色LED的变化，阻抗减小。最初的红色变成黄色，黄色变成绿色，如果达到目标阻抗值。 </li><li>目标阻抗是25欧姆，自积极的电极提供了良好的信号噪声低于此值的口粮。因此，第筹备方便快捷。 </li><li>运营商开始工作参考和接地电极，和所有其他电极重复。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>板飞行前的准备<ol><li>预测量<ol><li>科目置于实验装置，安全带固定松散</li><li>电缆连接，装入电池。 </li><li>运营商开始脑电图和近红外光谱模块，控制连接和脑电图/近红外光谱信号的质量。 </li><li>记录静息状态下脑电图/近红外光谱。受试者没有任何任务。 </li><li>停止录音。 </li><li>受试者在地面上执行认知任务。认知任务是注意/计算任务（ <a href="http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/chalkboard-challenge/id317961833?mt=8">http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/chalkboard-challenge/id317961833?mt=8</a> ），科目，以确定这是量比较大的一个方程的方其他有关的速度和准确性。 </li></ol></li><li>存储设备<ol><li>运营商存储的相机和起飞的iPhone。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>在飞行测量<ol><li>制备<ol><li>操作员安装视频摄像机扶手，并开始录制。 </li><li> iPhone手机是放在大腿的科目。 </li><li>运营商开始脑电图和近红外光谱模块，控制脑电图/近红外光谱信号的质量，并开始录制。 </li></ol></li><li>测量<ol><li>受试者在两个抛物线11-15和16-20之间的五个抛物线块执行认知任务。以随机顺序执行的任务将在失重状态或正常重力。只有休息状态脑电图/近红外光谱记录在第10抛物线。最后一个抛物线将用于在以前的测量丢失的情况下（见图1）。 </li><li>运营商控制的录音，并指示科目。运营商将写下的认知测试和时间的所有结果。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>地面飞行后的测量<ol><ol><li>静息状态下的脑电图/近红外光谱测量进行。 </li></ol></ol></li></ol>我们期望找到在失重增加脑激活（施耐德等人2008 + 2009之前）所示。我们进一步预期，因此增加含氧额叶脑组织中的失重和降低超重含氧组织。注意任务应该是整个飞行过程中受损，相比前和飞行后，甚至在失重状态下，由于较高的中央在失重状态下的激活和兴奋。 2。代表性的成果映射从超重相失重的过渡，我们能够观察到，在额叶皮质增加大脑皮质活动，减少了活动的时间和枕叶皮层2000 - 2350毫秒后发病的失重（图2A，B）。 sLORETA允许本地化布罗德曼面积9背外侧前额叶皮层，这是众所周知的行政职能涉及电机策划，组织和调控过程中的感觉和助记符信息的整合，（图3A，B额叶激活增加）。此外，受2显示增加布罗德曼面积6，运动前皮层，在身体稳定的过程中的作用，在感官指导（参见图3b）。 第10抛物线的平均值，近红外光谱的分析显示，减少超重两个科目的氧合血红蛋白（HHB）的浓度以及增加氧合血红蛋白在失重状态下（O2Hb）。对于主题1 HHB血红蛋白中，我们发现了在超重阶段增加的趋势之前，失重，以及减少在失重和失重后超重阶段。在这个问题O2Hb回到基线10％至15秒以下的抛物线。反差2显示沿O2Hb在减少超重阶段的失重前略有增加，在失重的增加和减少在超重后失重。对于这个问题O2Hb仍然下降约30秒以下的抛物线（图4A，B） 认知任务，在飞行过程中都在正常重力的参与者相比，预检会议性能降低分数。仅须2显示在weightlessnes下降的得分（图5）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2670/2670fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1。抛物线飞行序列。订购任务，并在飞行过程中测量;抛物线数量显示为灰色，用撇号的数字表示抛物线之间的长度较长的休息。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2670/2670fig2a.jpg" alt="图2a" /> <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2670/2670fig2b.jpg" alt="图2b" /> 图2两个科目超过500毫秒之前失重（超重）在失重状态下，直到2500毫秒间的映射视图。视图是从头部上方;小圆圈表示电极位置，蓝色减少和黄红色微伏的electrocortical活动增加。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2670/2670fig3a.jpg" alt="图3a" /> <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2670/2670fig3b.jpg" alt="图3b" /> 图3三个LORETA意见（顶部：从上面，左下：从左侧，右下：从背面）两个科目在2000毫秒的时间内，发病后的失重状态，直到2350毫秒。红色表明大脑活动的增加。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2670/2670fig4a.jpg" alt="图4a" /> <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2670/2670fig4b.jpg" alt="图4b" /> 图4近红外光谱的痕迹（红色：氧合血红蛋白，蓝色：脱氧血红蛋白，黑色：重力水平）。抛物线内超过前40秒，在正常重力抛物线（1G：黄色区域），在第一个超重阶段， （1.8 G：蓝色区域），失重（0G：红色区域），直到40秒后，抛物线在第二超重阶段（1.8G：蓝色区域）。显示反重力水平（中微量的减少意味着重力等于正常重力（1G），从0开始增加，数据显示，平均超过10抛物线。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2670/2670fig5.jpg" alt="图5" /> 图5。参与者1的认知任务的性能得分（蓝色线）和2个测量飞行前培训和在失重状态下的空中（0G）和正常重力（1G）（红色曲线）。

<ol>
	<li>Santo, N. G. D. e., Cirillo, M., Kirsch, K. A., Correale, G., Drummer, C., Frassl, W., Perna, A. F., Stazio, E. D. i., Bellini, L., Gunga, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anemia+and+erythropoietin+in+space+flights.">Anemia and erythropoietin in space flights.</a> Semin Nephrol. 25, 379-387 (2005).</li><li>Ellis, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collisions+in+space.">Collisions in space.</a> , 4-9 (2000).</li><li>Genik, R. J. 2. n. d., Green, C. C., Graydon, F. X., Armstrong, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+avionics+and+watching+spaceflight+crews+think:+generation-after-next+research+tools+in+functional+neuroimaging.+Aviat+Space+Environ+Med+76.">Cognitive avionics and watching spaceflight crews think: generation-after-next research tools in functional neuroimaging. Aviat Space Environ Med 76.</a> , 208-212 (2005).</li><li>Schneider, S., Brummer, V., Carnahan, H., Dubrowski, A., Askew, C. D., Struder, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+happens+to+the+brain+in+weightlessness?+A+first+approach+by+EEG+tomography.">What happens to the brain in weightlessness? A first approach by EEG tomography.</a> Neuroimage. 42, 1316-1323 (2008).</li><li>Schneider, S., Brummer, V., Mierau, A., Carnahan, H., Dubrowski, A., Strueder, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+brain+cortical+activity+during+parabolic+flights+has+no+influence+on+a+motor+tracking+task.">Increased brain cortical activity during parabolic flights has no influence on a motor tracking task.</a> Exp Brain Res. 185, 571-579 (2008).</li><li>Schneider, S., Brummer, V., Gobel, S., Carnahan, H., Dubrowski, A., Struder, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parabolic+flight+experience+is+related+to+increased+release+of+stress+hormones.">Parabolic flight experience is related to increased release of stress hormones.</a> Eur J Appl Physiol. 100, 301-308 (2007).</li></ol>

生产这篇文章是由大脑的产品，公司赞助。罗兰Csuhaj脑产品在这篇文章中使用的仪器，有限责任公司，该公司生产的雇员。

由于缺少极端条件下的脑成像方法，到目前为止，底层的神经生理过程的认知能力和心理状态减值尚未评估。在本文中，我们能显示在大脑皮质活动的变化和一个抛物线飞行过程中的氧水平和本地化大脑内的这些变化使用脑电图结合LORETA和近红外光谱。正如预期的那样，我们发现在失重electrocortical活动的增加，这是正面的大脑区域（布罗德曼地区9 6）本地化的。结果表明，过渡后大脑皮质活动的大约2000名多发性硬化症是在正面的大脑区域主要修改。这可能是假设布罗德曼面积6和9的活性增加，这反映了大脑的检测和处理，以保持身体的稳定，以及电机在重力条件下改变的能力改变重力条件下的机制。 对于血流动力学变化，近红外光谱分析显示，额叶脑O2Hb显着降低，在第一阶段超重和失重增加，但是，HHB显示，只有适度的变化。因此这种影响不能归因于血容量完全转变。更有可能的是，这似乎反映了一种脑血管自动调节功能，尤其是在发生O2Hb增加很久以前从1.8克到0G（尤其是在图4）过渡。相比之下O2Hb和HHB双方在第二超重阶段的减少。 认知任务的结果表明：在正常重力或失重飞行中预检会议相比没有明显的障碍。基于两个科目的结果没有明确的说法是可能的抛物线飞行，失重状态，其大脑活动的增加和氧合水平是否有认知能力的影响。早先的研究使人们有理由相信，在这方面的压力也可能发挥的作用（Schneider 等人，2007年），但没有皮质醇浓度的变化可以得到这两个问题。需要进一步的数据来验证这些结果，并允许在大脑皮质活动的变化，血流动力学变化，以及认知能力的相关性。 本文旨在表明，在脑皮层的活动和血氧水平的变化，整个改变重力的不同阶段的监测是通过脑电图结合近红外光谱和LORETA。这些结果为空间研究的成功，将使复杂的脑皮层的活动和当地的变化显示，超重或失重，与大脑中的客观变化和关联精神或电机测试。下一步是这种方法适用于在长期的空间飞行任务。

coherence between brain cortical function and neurocognitive performance during changed gravity conditions

以往的研究，认知心理和/或电机在短期，中期和长期的失重过程只有描述性，并侧重于心理方面。到现在为止，还没有进行客观的观察神经电生理参数-的技术和方法手段，无疑是因为还没有着落-失重的神经生理影响的调查是在萌芽阶段（施耐德等 2008 ）。 虽然成像技术，如正电子发射断层扫描（PET）和磁共振成像（MRI）将在太空中难以适用，非侵入性的近红外光谱（NIRS）技术代表了实时映射在大脑中的血流动力学过程的方法都相对便宜，即使在极端条件下，可聘用。脑电图（EEG）的结合，开辟了按照不断变化的更精细的时间分辨率以及重力条件下进行了深入的本地化electrocortical的进程实例electrotomography（LORETA），的可能性。 以往的研究表明，正常重力条件下的β频率活动的增加和一个抛物线飞行期间失重条件下减少（施耐德等。2008A + B ）。倾斜的研究揭示脑功能的不同而变化，我们建议，在抛物线飞行中的变化可能反映情感过程，而不是血流动力学变化。不过，目前还不清楚这些是否改变重力或大脑内的血流动力学变化的影响。脑电图/ LORETA和近红外光谱相结合，要为第一次，它可以映射失重和低重力的大脑中的血流动力学和电生理过程的影响。最初，这是一个抛物线飞行期间完成可行性研究的一部分。之后，它也计划在中期和长期的太空飞行中使用这两种技术。 可以设想，长期的氧气供应到大脑的血容量和相应增加的再分配，会导致中枢神经系统的变化，也负责贫血过程，可以依次降低性能（德圣等，2005），这意味着他们可以为一个使命（Genik 等人，2005年，埃利斯2000年）的成功和安全的关键。 根据这些结果，就必须发展和聘请广泛的对策。火星500计划研究的初步结果表明，除了其在心血管和运动系统，运动和体力活动的背景下的意义，可以起到改善神经损伤的参数的一部分。在此之前可以完全建立起来，但是，似乎有必要了解更多的改变对神经生理过程和相关的神经认知功能损害的严重性条件的影响。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Coherence between Brain Cortical Function and Neurocognitive Performance during Changed Gravity Conditions at JoVE.com

Coherence between Brain Cortical Function and Neurocognitive Performance during Changed Gravity Conditions

大脑中的血流动力学和电生理过程，失重和超重的影响将是脑电图和近红外光谱技术的抛物线飞行期间。一个更复杂的实验，这是有计划地进行中期和长期的太空飞行期间的可行性研究。

大脑皮质功能和神经在更改重力条件下的性能之间的一致性

Previous studies of cognitive, mental and/or motor processes during short-, medium- and long-term weightlessness have only been descriptive in nature, and ...

coherence-between-brain-cortical-function-neurocognitive-performance

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

19.4K 次观看.  German Sport University Cologne. 大脑中的血流动力学和电生理过程，失重和超重的影响将是脑电图和近红外光谱技术的抛物线飞行期间。一个更复杂的实验，这是有计划地进行中期和长期的太空飞行期间的可行性研究。

视频: Coherence between Brain Cortical Function and Neurocognitive Performance during Changed Gravity Conditions

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the cortical networks involved in dynamical perceptual and cognitive tasks, such as attending to different sounds in a cocktail party. Many past studies have employed data recorded at the sensor level only, i.e., the magnetic fields or the electric potentials recorded outside and on the scalp, and have usually focused on activity that is time-locked to the stimulus presentation. This type of event-related field / potential analysis is particularly useful when there are only a small number of distinct dipolar patterns that can be isolated and identified in space and time. Alternatively, by utilizing anatomical information, these distinct field patterns can be localized as current sources on the cortex. However, for a more sustained response that may not be time-locked to a specific stimulus (e.g., in preparation for listening to one of the two simultaneously presented spoken digits based on the cued auditory feature) or may be distributed across multiple spatial locations unknown a priori, the recruitment of a distributed cortical network may not be adequately captured by using a limited number of focal sources.
Here, we describe a procedure that employs individual anatomical MRI data to establish a relationship between the sensor information and the dipole activation on the cortex through the use of minimum-norm estimates (MNE). This inverse imaging approach provides us a tool for distributed source analysis. For illustrative purposes, we will describe all procedures using FreeSurfer and MNE software, both freely available. We will summarize the MRI sequences and analysis steps required to produce a forward model that enables us to relate the expected field pattern caused by the dipoles distributed on the cortex onto the M/EEG sensors. Next, we will step through the necessary processes that facilitate us in denoising the sensor data from environmental and physiological contaminants. We will then outline the procedure for combining and mapping MEG/EEG sensor data onto the cortical space, thereby producing a family of time-series of cortical dipole activation on the brain surface (or "brain movies") related to each experimental condition. Finally, we will highlight a few statistical techniques that enable us to make scientific inference across a subject population (i.e., perform group-level analysis) based on a common cortical coordinate space.

We use magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG), combined with anatomical information captured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to map the dynamics of the cortical network associated with auditory attention.

同时MEG / EEG和解剖约束的最小模估计皮质动态映射：听觉注意示例

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the ...

科研

神经科学

Thinned-skull Cortical Window Technique for In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a biomedical imaging technique with high spatial-temporal resolution. With its minimally invasive approach OCT has been used extensively in ophthalmology, dermatology, and gastroenterology1-3. Using a thinned-skull cortical window (TSCW), we employ spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) modality as a tool to image the cortex in vivo. Commonly, an opened-skull has been used for neuro-imaging as it provides more versatility, however, a TSCW approach is less invasive and is an effective mean for long term imaging in neuropathology studies. Here, we present a method of creating a TSCW in a mouse model for in vivo OCT imaging of the cerebral cortex.

Thinned-skull Cortical Window Technique for In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging

We present a method of creating a thinned-skull cortical window (TSCW) in a mouse model for in vivo OCT imaging of the cerebral cortex.

稀疏的头骨皮层的窗口技术<em在体内</em光学相干断层成像

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a biomedical imaging technique  with high spatial-temporal resolution. With its minimally invasive approach OCT  has ...

Juxtasomal Biocytin Labeling to Study the Structure-function Relationship of Individual Cortical Neurons

The cerebral cortex is characterized by multiple layers and many distinct cell-types that together as a network are responsible for many higher cognitive functions including decision making, sensory-guided behavior or memory. To understand how such intricate neuronal networks perform such tasks, a crucial step is to determine the function (or electrical activity) of individual cell types within the network, preferentially when the animal is performing a relevant cognitive task. Additionally, it is equally important to determine the anatomical structure of the network and the morphological architecture of the individual neurons to allow reverse engineering the cortical network. Technical breakthroughs available today allow recording cellular activity in awake, behaving animals with the valuable option of post&#160;hoc identifying the recorded neurons. Here, we demonstrate the juxtasomal biocytin labeling technique, which involves recording action potential spiking in the extracellular (or loose-patch) configuration using conventional patch pipettes. The juxtasomal recording configuration is relatively stable and applicable across behavioral conditions, including anesthetized, sedated, awake head-fixed, and even in the freely moving animal. Thus, this method allows linking cell-type specific action potential spiking during animal behavior to reconstruction of the individual neurons and ultimately, the entire cortical microcircuit. In this video manuscript, we show how individual neurons in the juxtasomal configuration can be labeled with biocytin in the urethane-anaesthetized rat for post&#160;hoc identification and morphological reconstruction.

To understand the structure of neuronal networks, functional and morphological characterization of individual neurons is a necessity. Here, we demonstrate juxtasomal biocytin labeling, which allows electrophysiological recordings in the extracellular configuration, yet maintaining the ability to intracellularly label the neuron for post&#160;hoc reconstruction of dendritic and axonal architecture.

Juxtasomal生物胞素标记来研究单个皮层神经元的结构与功能的关系

The cerebral cortex is characterized by multiple layers and many distinct cell-types that together as a network are responsible for many higher cognitive ...

Subtype-selective Electroporation of Cortical Interneurons

The study of central nervous system (CNS) maturation relies on genetic targeting of neuronal populations. However, the task of restricting the expression of genes of interest to specific neuronal subtypes has proven remarkably challenging due to the relative scarcity of specific promoter elements. GABAergic interneurons constitute a neuronal population with extensive genetic and morphological diversity. Indeed, more than 11 different subtypes of GABAergic interneurons have been characterized in the mouse cortex1. Here we present an adapted protocol for selective targeting of GABAergic populations. We achieved subtype selective targeting of GABAergic interneurons by using the enhancer element of the homeobox transcription factors Dlx5 and Dlx6, homologues of the Drosophila distal-less (Dll) gene2,3, to drive the expression of specific genes through in utero electroporation.

This procedure shows how to target interneurons in the developing mouse forebrain by means of in utero electroporation. This technique was particularly efficient to achieve selective gene expression in interneuron subtypes destined to the superficial layers of the cortex.

皮质的interneurons的亚型选择性电穿孔

The study of central nervous system (CNS) maturation relies on genetic targeting of neuronal populations. However, the task of restricting the expression ...

Imaging Serotonergic Fibers in the Mouse Spinal Cord Using the CLARITY/CUBIC Technique

Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal cord of the majority of these fiber systems have not been thoroughly investigated in any species. Serotonergic fibers, which project to the spinal cord, have been studied in rats and opossums on histological sections and their functional significance has been deduced based on their fiber termination pattern in the spinal cord. With the development of CLARITY and CUBIC techniques, it is possible to investigate this fiber system and its distribution in the spinal cord, which is likely to reveal previously unknown features of serotonergic supraspinal pathways. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for imaging the serotonergic fibers in the mouse spinal cord using the combined CLARITY and CUBIC techniques. The method involves perfusion of a mouse with a hydrogel solution and clarification of the tissue with a combination of clearing reagents. Spinal cord tissue was cleared in just under two weeks, and the subsequent immunofluorescent staining against serotonin was completed in less than ten days. With a multi-photon fluorescent microscope, the tissue was scanned and a 3D image was reconstructed using Osirix software.

Supraspinal projections are important for pain perception and other behaviors, and serotonergic fibers are one of these fiber systems. The present study focused on the application of the combined CLARITY/CUBIC protocol to the mouse spinal cord in order to investigate the termination of these serotonergic fibers.

影像学检查HT能纤维在小鼠脊髓使用CLARITY / CUBIC技术

Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal ...

Studying Brain Function in Children Using Magnetoencephalography

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique which directly measures magnetic fields produced by the electrical activity of the human brain. MEG is quiet and less likely to induce claustrophobia compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is therefore a promising tool for investigating brain function in young children. However, analysis of MEG data from pediatric populations is often complicated by head movement artefacts which arise as a consequence of the requirement for a spatially-fixed sensor array that is not affixed to the child's head. Minimizing head movements during MEG sessions can be particularly challenging as young children are often unable to remain still during experimental tasks. The protocol presented here aims to reduce head movement artefacts during pediatric MEG scanning. Prior to visiting the MEG laboratory, families are provided with resources that explain the MEG system and the experimental procedures in simple, accessible language. An MEG familiarization session is conducted during which children are acquainted with both the researchers and the MEG procedures. They are then trained to keep their head still whilst lying inside an MEG simulator. To help children feel at ease in the novel MEG environment, all of the procedures are explained through the narrative of a space mission. To minimize head movement due to restlessness, children are trained and assessed using fun and engaging experimental paradigms. In addition, children's residual head movement artefacts are compensated for during the data acquisition session using a real-time head movement tracking system. Implementing these child-friendly procedures is important for improving data quality, minimizing participant attrition rates in longitudinal studies, and ensuring that families have a positive research experience.

This article introduces a child-friendly research protocol designed to improve data quality by reducing head movement during pediatric magnetoencephalography (MEG). We familiarize families with the MEG environment, train children to remain still using an MEG simulator, and correct for residual head movement artefacts using a real-time head movement detection system.

脑磁图在儿童脑功能研究中的应用

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique which directly measures magnetic fields produced by the electrical activity of the ...

Chronic Implantation of Whole-cortical Electrocorticographic Array in the Common Marmoset

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent development of thin, flexible ECoG electrodes has enabled conduction of stable recordings of large-scale cortical activity. We have developed a whole-cortical ECoG array for the common marmoset. The array continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortical hemisphere, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles, and it captures whole-cortical neural activity in one shot. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain. Marmosets have two advantages regarding ECoG recordings, one being the homologous organization of anatomical structures in humans and macaques, including frontal, parietal, and temporal complexes. The other advantage is that the marmoset brain is lissencephalic and contains a large number of complexes, which are more difficult to access in macaques with ECoG, that are exposed to the brain surface.These features allow direct access to most cortical areas beneath the surface of the brain. This system provides an opportunity to investigate global cortical information processing with high resolutions at a sub-millisecond order in time and millimeter order in space.

We have developed a whole-cortical electrocorticographic array for the common marmoset that continuously covers almost the entire lateral surface of cortex, from the occipital pole to the temporal and frontal poles. This protocol describes a chronic implantation procedure of the array in the epidural space of the marmoset brain.

常见马莫塞的全皮质电皮质阵列的慢性植入

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Multiple Mitochondrial Parameters in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Neural and Glial Derivatives

Mitochondria are important in the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative diseases. Changes in mitochondrial volume, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number are often features of these processes. This report details a novel flow cytometry-based approach to measure multiple mitochondrial parameters in different cell types, including human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC-derived neural and glial cells. This flow-based strategy uses live cells to measure mitochondrial volume, MMP, and ROS levels, as well as fixed cells to estimate components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) and mtDNA-associated proteins such as mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). 
By co-staining with fluorescent reporters, including MitoTracker Green (MTG), tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE), and MitoSox Red, changes in mitochondrial volume, MMP, and mitochondrial ROS can be quantified and related to mitochondrial content. Double staining with antibodies against MRC complex subunits and translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (TOMM20) permits the assessment of MRC subunit expression. As the amount of TFAM is proportional to mtDNA copy number, the measurement of TFAM per TOMM20 gives an indirect measurement of mtDNA per mitochondrial volume. The entire protocol can be carried out within 2-3 h. Importantly, these protocols allow the measurement of mitochondrial parameters, both at the total level and the specific level per mitochondrial volume, using flow cytometry.

This study reports a novel approach to measure multiple mitochondrial functional parameters based on flow cytometry and double staining with two fluorescent reporters or antibodies to detect changes in mitochondrial volume, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species level, mitochondrial respiratory chain composition, and mitochondrial DNA.

人诱导多能干细胞及其神经和神经胶质衍生物中多种线粒体参数的流式细胞术分析

Mitochondria are important in the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative diseases. Changes in mitochondrial volume, mitochondrial membrane potential ...

Investigation of Spatial Interaction Between Astrocytes and Neurons in Cleared Brains

Combining viral vector transduction and tissue clearing using the CLARITY method makes it possible to simultaneously investigate several types of brain cells and their interactions. Viral vector transduction enables the marking of diverse cell types in different fluorescence colors within the same tissue. Cells can be identified genetically by activity or projection. Using a modified CLARITY protocol, the potential sample size of astrocytes and neurons has grown by 2-3 orders of magnitude. The use of CLARITY allows the imaging of complete astrocytes, which are too large to fit in their entirety in slices, and the examination of the somata with all their processes. In addition, it provides the opportunity to investigate the spatial interaction between astrocytes and different neuronal cell types, namely, the number of pyramidal neurons in each astrocytic domain or the proximity between astrocytes and specific inhibitory neuron populations. This paper describes, in detail, how these methods are to be applied.

Combining viral vector transduction and brain clearing using the CLARITY method allows the investigation of a large number of neurons and astrocytes simultaneously.

研究清除大脑中星形胶质细胞和神经元之间的空间相互作用

Combining viral vector transduction and tissue clearing using the CLARITY method makes it possible to simultaneously investigate several types of brain ...

Robust and Highly Reproducible Generation of Cortical Brain Organoids for Modelling Brain Neuronal Senescence In Vitro

Brain organoids are three-dimensional models of the developing human brain and provide a compelling, cutting-edge platform for disease modeling and large-scale genomic and drug screening. Due to the self-organizing nature of cells in brain organoids and the growing range of available protocols for their generation, issues with heterogeneity and variability between organoids have been identified. In this protocol paper, we describe a robust and replicable protocol that largely overcomes these issues and generates cortical organoids from neuroectodermal progenitors within 1 month, and that can be maintained for more than 1 year. This highly reproducible protocol can be easily carried out in a standard tissue culture room and results in organoids with a rich diversity of cell types typically found in the developing human cortex. Despite their early developmental make-up, neurons and other human brain cell types will start to exhibit the typical signs of senescence in neuronal cells after prolonged in vitro culture, making them a valuable and useful platform for studying aging-related neuronal processes. This protocol also outlines a method for detecting such senescent cells in cortical brain organoids using senescence-associated beta-galactosidase staining.

Robust and Highly Reproducible Generation of Cortical Brain Organoids for Modelling Brain Neuronal Senescence In Vitro

In this study, we provide a detailed technique for a simple yet robust cortical organoid culture system using standard feeder-free hPSC cultures. This is a rapid, efficient, and reproducible protocol for generating organoids that model aspects of brain senescence in vitro.

强大且高度可重复的皮质脑类器官生成，用于在体外模拟大脑神经元衰老

Brain organoids are three-dimensional models of the developing human brain and provide a compelling, cutting-edge platform for disease modeling and ...