The authors would like to acknowledge funding from the Wellcome Trust (088429/Z/09/Z, 104580/Z/14/Z support to IT).

该协议是经UCL当地的研究伦理委员会，批准文号CEHP /九百○一分之二千○十四。 1，仪器设置在此之前的学员到达<ol><li>使用录像从3台摄像机来分析"现实世界"型任务（如Shallice和伯吉斯，1991年第3）: <ol><li>将一个相机实验者的胸部，以跟踪参与者的动作。 </li><li>安装摄像头到fNIRS遮光帽跟踪这些参与者在寻找整个实验。 </li><li>准备并打开相机电源为第二实验者，谁后的第一个实验者和参与者在整个会话。 </li></ol></li><li>清洁fNIRS耳机和消毒擦拭。 </li><li>将三维数字化仪在合适的房间（如，远离金属物体，墙壁和地板），并打开它。 </li></ol> 2. ParticipanT的制备和fNIRS探针放置<ol><li>在实验开始前，有参与者签署同意书。 </li><li>使用10-20系统（图2）和数字化的光极10-20标准位置24，25，从而获得稳定fNIRS耳机放置在所有参加者: <ol><li>标记带可洗的标记的鼻根（NZ，额骨和鼻甲骨之间的交叉点），INION（IZ，枕骨隆突处头皮的背面）和左，右前置耳廓点（LPA，RPA，点前的耳朵在耳屏的上端的前部）（图2）在与制造商的说明协议。 </li><li>测量NZ-IZ距离上并围绕在头部和LPA-RPA距离的头。 </li><li>标记带可洗的标记的直拉（所述NZ-IZ线和LPA-RPA线之间的交点，位于所述NZ-IZ距离的50％与50％οf显示LPA-RPA距离），FPZ所述NZ-IZ的距离（10％）和Fz的（所述NZ-IZ距离的30％）的基础10-20系统上的点（图2）。 </li><li>使用带有孔相匹配的光极职位跨参与者更准确的数字化头带。从额头尽可能沿着发际线有可能使用发夹清除头发。将数字化的头带在前额皮质据此向FPZ和Fz的要点:沟道9中FPZ点和信道9通道8线对准到FPZ-Fz的线（图1E）的对应关系。 </li><li>由3D磁数字转换器的数字化装置的标记:10-20的参考点和所述光极的位置。 </li></ol></li><li>保存数字化的坐标和使用空间分析工具<a href="http://brain-lab.jp/wp/?page_id=52">（http://brain-lab.jp/wp/?page_id=52</a>开源平台）光学地形分析工具（马铃薯）的软件（见材料的表毛皮疗法的信息）来注册fNIRS数据到蒙特利尔神经学研究所（MNI）脑模板。 注:对于概率登记的实现算法转换成现实世界中的数字化的位置坐标系到MNI坐标系，然后项目和本地化到他们的MNI脑表面（ 图1E）26,27。 <ol><li>通过MATLAB命令P3打开土豆。 </li><li>从菜单中选择"空间分析"对马铃薯图形用户界面（GUI）的主窗口中，点击"空间分析"按钮。 </li><li>点击空间分析数据浏览器窗口中的"空10-20"按钮加载数字化的坐标。 </li><li>点击"清空MNI"按钮。 </li><li>选择MNI估计窗口上的10/20参考点，并启动空间注册。 </li></ol></li><li>检查的f的正确位置近红外光谱通道在模板上脑表面（图1E）:检查是否信道8和沟道9的半球间裂缝28重叠。如果正确的话，除进一步分析的通道配置文件;否则更换数字化频带重新对准通道8和9向FPZ-Fz的线和重叠的信道9至FPZ。然后重复数字化过程。 </li><li>放置fNIRS耳机对准通道8和9的FPZ-FZ线重叠的信道9 FPZ，与数字化头带协议，并取下头带（ 图1B-C）。确保探头以及连接到参与者的头部。 </li><li>将安装在它在fNIRS耳机阴影帽头摄像头。 </li><li>解释实验规则的参与者。包括设备相关的预防措施（如，"以尽可能少的时间尽可能不急于或离开实验者的背后（NO运行）"），以及塔斯ķ特定规则（如，"不要去皇后广场区外进入邻近的街道或地区"）。 </li><li>有参加者成功地记住所有的规则，去外面开始实验。 </li></ol> 3. fNIRS信号质量评估<ol><li>第一次使用fNIRS系统在无线模式下，以目测的fNIRS笔记本电脑信号质量: <ol><li>按下便携盒的"电源"按钮，打开fNIRS在无线模式。上fNIRS膝上型打开fNIRS采集软件，并建立与便携式盒的连接。 </li><li>按下"探头调整"按钮，以优化探测器获得检测到的光的基础上。 </li><li>检查软件的"探头调整"窗口探头的调整结果，并检查每个检测器通过检查所有的通道被列为"普通"接收从源头上足够的光线。如果通道被标记为"流浪"或"下"，再发生的遮光帽，最大限度地与额头耦合的光极。如果通道被标记为"过"，设置激光源为"低"的力量。 注意:作为横向通道覆盖背外侧前额叶皮层，在某些情况下，可能需要移动头发脱前额最大化接收到的光。 </li><li>按"准备"按钮，然后在"开始"获得一分钟的数据，并检查心跳（中〜1赫兹血红蛋白振荡）是浓度信号，确保了良好的信号质量明显。 </li></ol></li><li>关掉便携盒在无线模式压紧在其上的"电源"按钮。按联的"电源"按钮，在便携中的"模式"按钮，打开在单机模式下，fNIRS。 注:独立模式确保参与者可以自由走动实验区，避免了必要是靠近fNIRS膝上型保持无线连接。 </li></ol> 4.数据采集<ol><li>转动头部相机和实验者"摄像头，并开始拍摄。按下fNIRS的"探头调整"按钮，便携箱，以优化探测器获得，然后按"播放/停止"按钮开始fNIRS采集（采样频率= 5赫兹）。 </li><li>通过使用与音频触发器结合上fNIRS便携盒"标记"按钮进行手动添加标记到fNIRS数据（例如，哔声）。音频触发必须清楚地记录在所有的视频​​摄像头。然后开始实验。 注:这允许不同的摄像机和fNIRS录音之间建立起强大的时间同步。 </li></ol> 5.实验方案＆＃160; <ol><li>包括下列条件，并抵消整个参与者的前瞻记忆的: <ol><li>使用3基本条件: 注意:这允许耦全球血液动力学和氧的变化，由于行走有关的因脑系统性变化与更多的本地化反应（神经元）的功能。 <ol><li>对于剩下的1条件，有参与者站立静止在其中测试中进行的街道，并且计数刺激的数目在一张纸（例如，使用含两个X和O的一个片上印并具有参与者计数O的在其上的数目）。 </li><li>对于剩下的2条件，有与会者走很短的距离，在一个正常的步行速度，并没有他的其他要求。 </li><li>对于基线条件，周围有那里的实验进行的整个街道区域的参与者步行路程。 注:在本例中，实验发生在皇后广场，伦敦WC1N，英国</li></ol></li><li>对于未被污染的持续状态，有参与者走动的实验区和计算某些项目的发生（例如，贴包含单词"女王"的建筑符号的数量）。 </li><li>对于非社会的前瞻记忆的条件，有参与者进行持续的任务（例如，有参与者计数日期，并加盖建筑物的开放时间的数量），但除此之外，如果他们的指定距离内来了停车收费表，让他们去到它，触摸它。 </li><li>对于社会前瞻记忆的条件，有参与者进行持续的任务（例如，有参与者计数的数量门铃），但除此之外，还他以谁作为一个同伙谁走动进入预实验者的一个回应实验区内-specified位置。有参与者去给他们并给他们一个"拳头撞击"的问候语。 </li><li>在PM条件之后使用附加正在进行条件（污染进行中）（例如，参与者具有计数的测试区域内通畅楼梯的数量）。 </li><li>重复上述相反的顺序描述这两个休息条件（休息2，然后休息1）。 注意:这允许步行有关的系统性变化评价在实验结束。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6.恢复从影片活动<ol><li>下载所有摄像机的视频并保存MPG4格式。 </li><li>装载所有摄像机到ELAN视频<a href="https://tla.mpi.nl/tools/tla-tools/elan/">（https://tla.mpi.nl/tools/tla-tools/elan/）</a>和同步视频:使用选项/媒体同步模式，并基于音频的时间点它们对齐触发。 </li><li>在ELAN，使用注释并按下ELAN主窗口中的一级按钮（指以注释组， 即 ，一层为全社会的PM目标），以纪念在视频流中的事件。 <ol><li>观看同步的视频流和注释的每个实验条件的开始和结束，并使用层在每个PM目标到达地点。使用对社会和非社会PM目标的独立层。 </li><li>完成视频编辑每个参与者和使用文件/导出为/并排文本导出为文本文件中的所有标注的时间点。 </li></ol></li></ol> 7.数据分析<ol><li>打开从便携盒闪存卡插入fNIRS笔记本电脑fNIRS软件和出口数据。 注:fNIRS系统处理单元使用修改比尔-朗伯定律并计算从任意零基线在HBO 2和HHB的相对变化在测量周期的开始。浓度值，因此表示摩尔浓度（毫摩尔/升）乘以由路径长度（mm）6，因为它们的光路长度不予修正。 </li><li>保存浓度数据，并通过一个内部预处理软件导入到MATLAB。 </li><li>前处理步骤如下（ 图3B）的信号: <ol><li>信号下采样，以1赫兹: <ol><li>从5赫兹到下采样数据为1赫兹:使用样条插值（interp1 Matlab的功能）。 </li></ol></li><li>线性去趋势: <ol><li>去除信号的慢漂移，使用线性内插（Matlab的功能:polyfit）的休息1阶段开始时和试验结束时间。 </li></ol></li><li>运动伪影修正: <ol><li>对于每个通道，标识，并通过基于小波变换的方法，31取出运动伪影。通过采用基于改进的信号（CBSI）方法32的相关性提高信号质量。 </li></ol></li><li>复小波变换: <ol> &lt;li&gt;使用一个的Morlet母小波，缩放和转换随着时间的推移，计算小波变换的每个通道的通过小波工具箱（MATLAB函数:重量）由Grinsted 等人提供<a href="http://noc.ac.uk/using-science/crosswavelet-wavelet-coherence">33（http://noc.ac.uk/用科学/ crosswavelet小波相干</a> ）。 注意:从波频谱，就有可能评估的信号在时间-频率空间中的频谱内容。 </li></ol></li><li>带通滤波: <ol><li>在小波分析的基础上，采用3阶巴特沃斯带通滤波器（Matlab的功能:黄油和过滤器）0.008-0.2赫兹7，34的截止频率。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

本研究的目的是评估的潜在用途可佩带和无纤维fNIRS来监测期间真实世界的情况相关的脑的神经元活动的脑血液动力学和氧的变化。可穿戴和无纤维多通道fNIRS系统被用来在实验室外进行了一项前瞻性记忆任务，测量了前额叶皮层的大脑活动。这里报道的案例研究探讨是否在自由活动的参与者在HBO 2 HHB大脑的变化应对社会和非社会PM线索在实验在实验室外可以连续和稳健进行监控。 fNIRS对自由活动的参与者在生活为基础的实验中使用是一个具有挑战性的局面。事实上，头部运动可引起探头位移与随之而来的运动伪影，腐败大脑活动36的光学识别。此外，光学传感器是敏感的杂散光（例如，当阳光照射实验外执行），创造了fNIRS信号额外的噪声。报告的案例研究提供了fNIRS系统在这样的现实生活中应用的可行性进行了初步论证。不存在光纤在这样的装置的防止头皮并导致针对运动伪影更健壮的测量光极之间的光耦合。此外，该遮光盖保证了从杂散光，避免了检测器的饱和度和低信噪比（SNR）的良好的屏蔽。此外，增加HBO 2和减小HHB浓度存在于社会和非社会PM命中（ 图3D-E）11 对应，37进一步支持了其可行性。为了评估是否在图3D-E所观察到的血液动力学趋势是统计学显著和前额皮质内定位被激活的区域（图5，Vid的EO 1， 视频2，图6，图7），组级分析是必需的。为了使推断和识别功能专门前额叶皮质区38，39，今后的工作将目前使用的是一般线性模型（GLM）方法基于统计参数映射（SPM）组数据和统计分析。 即使结果必须视为初步，已经证明，无纤维fNIRS可以有效外传统实验室设置带来并用于大脑活动的实时监控。这开辟了神经和神经科学研究的新方向。有用于这方面的应​​用的至少两个明显的区域。第一个问题涉及到生态效度。认知神经科学的研究人员调查大脑活动模式，而人在执行认知任务（ 如使用，血氧水平依赖迹象人的变化作为功能性磁共振成像代理），以试图发现大脑如何支持我们的心理能力。在某些情况下，有可能创建匹配非常密切，其中所关注的方法用于这种情况中日常生活实验情况下的扫描仪。举个例子，阅读。读字的显示器上，而在一个核磁共振成像扫描仪有可能使这种类似的要求，以在读一本书的话，当在家里，这几乎是理所当然的收集扫描仪的结果可以帮助解释大脑是如何实现阅读的日常生活。然而，对于许多形式的人类行为和认知的，这种假设是更不稳定。例如，当一个社会状况，提出在MRI扫描器（其中参与者是不动的，在他们自己的，在一个非常熟悉和紧密控制的环境中）的参与者使用认知过程很可能是在重要的关于这些不同的当参与者socialis从事荷兰国际集团在现实生活40。这是社会神经科学尤其重要，因为人际动力学的神经元相关因素的调查（称为hyperscanning，综述见Babiloni和Astolfi年，2014年41），需要一个更自然的环境。近红外光谱技术为基础的hyperscanning 42，43可能因此代表了一种新的工具，同时监测大脑活动由两个或两个以上的人在现实的情况下。事实上，也有一些在MRI，PET和MEG扫描仪的高度人工化和物理环境限制无法研究清楚的心智能力。身体运动是涉及下床活动或大量的以及那些涉及社会相互作用是显而易见的候选者。出于这个原因，能够以研究参与者在自然情况下的脑活动是为研究人员非常需要的。 第二，相关的，具有广阔的应用领域涉及使用这种技术的临床情况。一个显而易见的候选者可能是神经康复，其中一个可能希望在学习培训过程中大脑的影响日常生活的活动（例如，在厨房），或在有关这些活动的特定神经元群体的药物。但是，这项技术可能也可能被开发为教育环境，以及， 例如 ，对于使用"实时"的自我监测大脑活动。便携性，低风险，和能力时行为以最小的约束使用它在原位在真实世界环境中，使得这种方法与其他当前可用很大的不同。 然而，尽管可佩戴fNIRS系统显示有可能真实世界的观察，也有必须解决自然行走过程中使用fNIRS当其他限制。由于红外光通过头皮行进，它是，在脑一个发生两个进程敏感ND头部外脑车厢。以往的研究表明，通过fNIRS测定的一定量的信号从系统性变化34，39，44不直接关系到大脑活动发生（参见Scholkmann 等人 9的综述）。由于内部和外脑血流受到系统性变化，双方的任务诱发和自发的（如，心脏速率，血压，呼吸，皮肤血流量），与行走活动的生理变化，应考虑。他们从自主神经系统（ANS）的活性，其通过其传出纤维调节心脏速率，呼吸，血压和血管直径起源。更准确地说，ANS的交感神经分工是超激活运动导致心脏速率，血压和呼吸递增45时。例如，以前的研究已经表明，呼吸诱导的变化碳DIOX的分压IDE在动脉血液（ 二氧化碳分压），其反过来影响脑血流和脑血容量46,47。此外， 图3A示出的内，可与混淆行走期间出现的周期性HHB增加和HBO 2减小的一个例子脑失活。为了使条件之间的一致性的比较（例如，评估是否在浓度显著变化发生相对于基线期间），所有的实验阶段应该在相同的物理活动状态下进行测量。出于这个原因，走了休息阶段（休息2）被列入我们的生活为基础的协议。的fNIRS数据正确的解释需要也是一个不错的信噪比。这通常是用常规的块和其中刺激被重复多次事件相关的设计来实现的。试的重复和结构设计并不总是可能在基于寿命的实验。由于这个原因，附加的传感器和相应的分析德chniques占系统性变化48和运动伪影是必要的，以改善信噪比并正确解释大脑信号。我们打​​算研究这些步行相关的系统性变化，通过使用便携式设备的影响，监测呼吸频率，心脏率和步行的速度。此外，需要事件恢复的需要解决的问题了。在认知神经科学实验中，大脑活动进行了研究相对于刺激或由参与者的所遇到的环境，并且其响应于或预期他们的行为。因此，实验者需要（一）了解目前可以在其环境中的参与者，和（b）具有参与者的行为一时逐时刻记录。在典型的实验室情况这些因素可容易地控制，因为实验者可以约束哪些参与者遇到，而形式和行为的参与者可以表示出的数目。然而，这是不在实验室中，有许多事件和经验，这项研究的参与者将有外面"真实世界"的环境的情况下超出了严格控制实验者49。因此，在这里所研究的那种"现实世界"型任务，视频记录被用于分析（例如，Shallice和伯吉斯，1991年第3）。这使得恢复双方持续的（如，块级）和瞬态（例如，事件相关）的支持性能的不同方面的进程（综述见戈南-Yaacovi和伯吉斯，2012 21）。的事件可从录像回收将取决于理论问题在实验中得到解决。在报告的案例研究，事件开始从由3台摄像机拍摄的视频恢复。确定其发作和终止特定线索和行为反应的此过程是费力的并且需要技术人员当基于寿命的DAT进行一个。一个核心问题是，与"现实生活"型实验，往往就没有了事件的实验室为基础的人的先验知识相同的程度，以及参与者通常有他们可以回应的方式更多的空间。此外，作为参与者可以自由地在自然和不受控制的环境中移动，它们面临着各种快速变化的刺激，这是难以恢复到感兴趣的真实事件的血流动力学响应。例如，在案例研究，观察到的HBO 2和HHB（图3D-E）的血流动力学趋势不是锁相到的视频-回收发病像典型的事件有关的血流动力学响应38。 HBO 2和HHB分别开始上升，刺激发病前下降20秒和之后达到高峰。因此，需要进一步分析，以确定是否PM用的杆事件实际发生时，参与者看到目标，当他接近实现，或当他到达了。鉴于无纤维fNIRS技术的现实生活中的临床应用的潜力，今后的工作将通过开发新的算法，识别更客观地事件开始，并探索直接从fNIRS数据做这件事的可能性，解决视频编码问题。

内前额叶皮质功能，并且特别是最前部子部分（延髓前额叶皮层，或BA10）异常是常见的范围为发育，精神病和神经疾病。它会导致明显的扰动解决问题，内存和注意力的能力，在日常生活中是非常禁用1,2。然而，这些种类的问题是难以在实验室或诊所诊断。这是因为BA 10支持参与应对新的，开放式的情况下，其中的行为是心理过程的自我发起的3。这种情况是很难在实验室成功重建，因为拘谨，做作和严格的限制的情况参与者通常面临的实验室可以改变他们的行为，他们对待这项任务的方式。这可以显著降低测量为任一临床或研究目的的有效性，具有较强的风险下，诊断4 &lt;/ SUP&gt;。一个由额叶在哪里，这是最明显的支持的认知能力是前瞻记忆（ 即记忆能力，开展未来行动），它早就知道，有可能是在日常进行的测量之间显著分歧生活和实验室5。这些方法问题可以在很大程度上规避，如果研究人员和临床调查前额叶皮质功能，包括前瞻记忆，可以采取他们的测量结果在"现实世界"的情况下做到这一点。 而神经成像技术代表一种强大的工具在非侵入性的和客观的方法来调查大脑功能，大多数的这些技术强加受试者的物理限制，并且因此不适合于在日常生活中的设置（例如，功能性磁共振使用（磁共振成像），脑磁图（MEG），正电子发射断层扫描（PET））。鉴于有必要把在实验室外功能成像仪器和鉴于最近的技术改进，便携式和可穿戴脑电图（EEG）和功能性近红外光谱（fNIRS）系统已被开发6-11。其中一个fNIRS在脑波的主要优势之一是其更高的空间分辨率。此外，它是运动伪影，闪烁和眼球运动12较不敏感。可穿戴fNIRS因此更好地适合于在日常生活中的上下文中的应用，因为它引入了比脑电图更少的物理限制，并允许在更自然的环境自由移动。 fNIRS非侵入性地照射头与近红外光（650-900纳米）。作为生物组织是在该波长范围内的相对透明，光能够到达脑部，并获得由血红蛋白吸收。 fNIRS从而同时测量氧合血红蛋白（HBO 2） ​​和脱氧血红蛋白（HHB）给人的氧合和血流动力学瓒信息的浓度变化GES与大脑活动有关。更具体地，脑功能活化被定义为并发增加HBO 2和 HHB 13下降。然而，穿透深度的光的意味着信号只能从皮质表面回收。作为光被高度分散在组织中，这是不可能获得关于脑14高度的空间结构信息。常规fNIRS系统使用的光纤耦合到所述头部通过头皮以便引导光并收集反向散射的光。虽然这些仪器小巧，便携，非常适合于实验室环境，光纤束和它们的重量限制了参与者的运动，如果不能很好地稳定下来，他们的位移导致运动伪影污染7。新一代的小型化和无纤维fNIRS系统提供了可能性，以探讨自由活动的参与者在实际情况的大脑活动S和不显著的物理限制。探索人类的行政职能和无纤维fNIRS系统可提供独特的洞察人脑的功能时，现实的情况是特别有价值的。第一无纤维系统装备仅具有小数量的通道（例如，单个通道15和第2通道16）限制了调查小区域。最近，多信道无线耐磨fNIRS装置已经发展6,7，17-20给出的可能性并监控对自由活动参与者较大的头部的部分。 在这项研究中，一个新的多声道耐磨和无纤维fNIRS系统用来监视和期间现实世界前瞻记忆（PM）的任务映射前额叶皮质活性。所述fNIRS系统主要是由柔性探针单元（耳机），覆盖两个背外侧和延髓前额叶皮质（图1）的，它连接到被戴在参与者的腰部（图1D）的处理装置（手提盒）。耳机是由6表面发射激光二极管用两个波长（705纳米和830纳米）和6个硅光电二极管。由于没有光纤的减少的重量和体探针，更加舒适的和健壮针对运动伪影。所述光极被布置在交替的几何结构（ 图1A）上以3厘米间光极分离，产生16源-检测器组合（例如，16个测量通道）6。为了从周围光屏蔽耳机，遮光盖设置（图1D）。 本研究的目的是调查前额叶皮质功能，在此期间，在现实世界中的前瞻性存储器任务。在前瞻记忆任务，参与者被要求记住一个罕见的提示作出反应（例如，一个熟悉的脸或停车收费表），同时执行称为"正在进行的任务"的另一个艰巨的任务。在两个不同的任务模块，社会前瞻记忆线索（一个人）进行了对比，以非社会前瞻记忆线索（停车收费表）。这种反差是因为它代表了基于事件的前瞻记忆任务不同形式的线索等等的实验范式可以保持接近"现实生活"的局面21之间作出的重大区别。而BA 10被称为是对社会与在某些情况下，非社会信息的处理敏感（例如，Gilbert等人，2007年22），最近的证据表明，有关预期记忆任务在BA 10血流动力学变化相对不敏感CUE的区别（Burgess等。2011年23审查）。因此，无论是一个开放的问题的社会与非社会暗示影响在前瞻性存储器范例的上下文中的BA 10活动。 本研究的目的是评估使用fNIRS系统，以监测诱导的真实世界的认知任务前额叶皮质血流动力学和氧合变化的可行性。在这里，我们报告的单个案例研究（一个健康的成年人参加者，24岁）在上一个前瞻记忆任务中使用fNIRS设备，在一个典型的伦敦街头的位置之外进行，并模仿日常生活的需求。特别是，是否对社会和非社会PM线索的血流动力学变化的响应可记录进行了研究。

<table border="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Wearable Optical Topography</td>
			<td>Hitachi Medical Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>fNIRS system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patriot</td>
			<td>Polhemus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D magnetic digitizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ActionCam</td>
			<td>Mobius</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Subject&#39;s Camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hero3</td>
			<td>GoPro</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Experimenter&#39;s Camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Panasonic HC-V720</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Experimenter&#39;s Camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platform for Optical Topography Analysis Tools (POTATo) software</td>
			<td>Hitachi Medical Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.hitachi.co.jp/products/ot/analyze/kaiseki_en.html</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using fiberless, wearable fnirs to monitor brain activity in real-world cognitive tasks

功能近红外光谱（fNIRS）是使用近红外光来监控大脑活动一个神经影像学技术。基于神经血管耦合，fNIRS能够测量血红蛋白浓度变化继发于神经元活动。相比其他神经成像技术，fNIRS表示在空间和时间分辨率方面具有良好的折衷。此外，它是便携，重量轻，更少运动伪影敏感并且不强加显著身体约束。因此，适当的监视范围广泛的认知任务（例如，听觉，步态分析，社会互动）和不同年龄的人群（例如，新生婴儿，成人，老人）。对无纤维fNIRS设备的最新发展开辟了道路，在神经科学研究的新应用。这代表了一个独特的机会期间真实测试来研究功能活性，其可以是更敏感和屁股准确咝声认知功能和功能障碍比实验室为基础的测试。本研究探讨用无纤维fNIRS过程中一个真实世界的前瞻记忆任务来监控大脑活动。这个协议是在实验室以外和脑血红蛋白浓度的变化被连续地测量到前额叶皮层而主体走动，以便完成多个不同的任务执行。

图3呈现 HBO 2和HHB未处理的信号（通道8）记录了基于寿命PM实验在这种情况下研究（图3A）和相应的信号（图3C）是处理前（图3B之后期间的一例）。 图4示出了信道8 HBO 2和HHB信号的小波功率谱，其中所述矩形指示与在带通滤波器保留的频率范围。考虑到一个事实，即参与者在整个实验过程中走外面转动着头来执行任务时，fNIRS系统是对运动伪影和阳光稳健。事实上，HBO 2递增和递减HHB可以对应地找到非社会（ 图3D）和社会（ 图3E）前瞻记忆的事件。这些趋势通常是指脑功能活动的13，35。在事实上，当一个脑区被激活，神经元"与随之增加局部脑血流量吸氧增加代谢的需求。由于大部分的氧气是通过血红蛋白运送到细胞，HHB浓度HBO 2的增量和下降过程中脑功能活动 9观察。表现出这种趋势的前额叶皮质区域内可以通过HBO 2和映射在额头HHB浓度值（ 图5，视频1视频2）的空间分布进行评估。如何大脑反应到社交下 ​​午事件分布在所有的信道的例子示于图5。 图5A和图5B报告分别在空间分布上HBO 2和HHB向社会PM事件前额（吨= 2455 S） 而图5C和图5D报告respectiv<html>伊利HBO 2和HHB的空间分布的非社会PM事件（吨= 1744多个）。 图5显示区域地点（信道），其中增加的HBO 2（红色， 图5A-C）和在HHB减少（蓝色， 图5B-D）是清楚观察到，指示增加大脑功能。如何前额叶皮层活动的社会PM和非社会PM事件和其在一段时间内的信道变化分布的例子示于视频1和视频2。另外，从图对应的所有的信道6和7示数据包括时间窗在视频1和视频2。 走相关的血流动力学和氧合的变化可以在图3A中观察到。在行走期间的条件的表观HHB增加和HBO 2减小发生和预处理后这些被除去。 <html>内容】"FO:保持together.within页="总是"&gt; <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53336/53336fig1.jpg" /> 图1. fNIRS耳机的位置和通道配置。在fNIRS探测光极排列说明A组。红色圆圈表示的注入点（源），黄色圆圈收集点（探测器）和绿色圆圈的测量通道。探针放置在前额（B，C，D）与沟道9中FPZ点和信道8-9与鼻根-INION中线对齐的对应关系。数字化的通道的位置被转换成MNI坐标系和叠加到大脑皮质（E）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53336/53336fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 6 / 53336fig2.jpg"/&gt; 图2:10-20系统解剖学参考。突出圆圈表示所选择的参考点标在参与者的头部（NZ =鼻根，IZ = INION，LPA =左预耳，RPA =右预耳）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53336/53336fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53336/53336fig3.jpg" /> 图3.信号预处理流。（A）HBO 2 HHB从代表频道拍摄的RAW信号（8频道）。 黑线标记的开始和每种实验条件下的末端。绿色和品红色线条标出非社会性和社会的前瞻记忆命中。星号表示该走了条件。 （R1 =休息1; R2 =休息2; B =基线; OGU =正在进行未受污染;中性粒细胞=非- 社会前瞻记忆;项目经理=社会前瞻记忆; OGC =持续的污染）。 （B）中该面板显示预处理流程图施加到信道8的原 ​​始信号。 （C）将所得的预处理的信号被呈现。 （D，E），HBO 2增加和减少HHB发生在响应选定的非社会（D）和社会（E）前瞻记忆命中。这血流动力学的趋势通常与功能激活。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53336/53336fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53336/53336fig4.jpg" /> 图4.小波功率谱。（A，B）通道8 HBO 2 HHB原始信号的小波功率谱，介绍了面板A和B分别。 黑线标记的开始和每种实验条件下的末端。星号表示该走了条件。 （R1 =休息1; R2 =休息2; B =基线; OGU =正在进行未受污染;中性粒细胞=非社会的前瞻记忆;项目经理=社会前瞻记忆; OGC =持续的污染）。黑色矩形突出通过带通滤波器（0.008-0.2赫兹）保留的频率范围内。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53336/53336fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/53336/53336fig5.jpg" /> 图5.皮质活动的空间分布于PM事件。HBO 2和HHB浓度的变化被映射到大脑皮质定位功能活性响应于社会下午事件（AB）和非社会PM事件（CD）。 HBO 2和HHB值取在t = 2,455秒为社会PM事件（AB）和t = 1,744秒的非社会PM事件（CD）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53336/53336fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53336/53336fig6.jpg" /> 为应对非社会PM事件的所有通道图6.氧合血红蛋白和脱氧血红蛋白的信号，绿色线表示的非社会PM事件（T = 1,744秒和t = 1,792秒）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53336/53336fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看大图这个数字。</a> <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/53336/53336fig7.jpg" /> 图7.氧合血红蛋白和脱氧血红蛋白SIGNALS为响应社会PM事件的所有通道。品红色线表示的社会PM事件（T = 2,455秒）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53336/53336fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/53336/53336mov1.jpg" /> 视频1 HBO 2和HHB浓度的变化对社会PM活动。视频显示HBO 2（左图）和HHB（右图）是如何随着时间的推移而参与者接近社会PM目标。贴在实验者的胸部同步摄像机的视频。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53336/Video2_new.mp4" target="_blank">请点击此处观看该视频。</a> <img alt="图7" src="/文件/ ftp_upload / 53336 / 53336mov2.jpg"/&gt; 视频2 HBO 2和HHB浓度的变化，以非社会PM活动。视频显示HBO 2（左图）和HHB（右图）是如何随着时间的推移而参与者接近的非社会PM目标。贴在实验者的胸部同步摄像机的视频。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53336/Video1_new.mp4" target="_blank">请点击此处观看该视频。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks at JoVE.com

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

监测实验室外的大脑活动没有实物形态的限制提出了方法论方面的挑战。一个无纤维，耐磨功能近红外光谱（fNIRS）系统使用过程中的生态前瞻记忆任务，测量大脑活动。据证实，该系统可被用来监测在非实验室基于实验的脑活动。

用无纤维，耐磨fNIRS监视在真实世界的认知任务脑活动

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

using-fiberless-wearable-fnirs-to-monitor-brain-activity-real-world

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

26.8K 次观看.  University College London. 监测实验室外的大脑活动没有实物形态的限制提出了方法论方面的挑战。一个无纤维，耐磨功能近红外光谱（fNIRS）系统使用过程中的生态前瞻记忆任务，测量大脑活动。据证实，该系统可被用来监测在非实验室基于实验的脑活动。 

视频: Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

How to Detect Amygdala Activity with Magnetoencephalography using Source Imaging

In trace fear conditioning a conditional stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS), which is presented after a brief stimulus free period (trace interval)1. Because the CS and UCS do not co-occur temporally, the subject must maintain a representation of that CS during the trace interval. In humans, this type of learning requires awareness of the stimulus contingencies in order to bridge the trace interval2-4. However when a face is used as a CS, subjects can implicitly learn to fear the face even in the absence of explicit awareness*. This suggests that there may be additional neural mechanisms capable of maintaining certain types of "biologically-relevant" stimuli during a brief trace interval. Given that the amygdala is involved in trace conditioning, and is sensitive to faces, it is possible that this structure can maintain a representation of a face CS during a brief trace interval.
It is challenging to understand how the brain can associate an unperceived face with an aversive outcome, even though the two stimuli are separated in time. Furthermore investigations of this phenomenon are made difficult by two specific challenges. First, it is difficult to manipulate the subject's awareness of the visual stimuli. One common way to manipulate visual awareness is to use backward masking. In backward masking, a target stimulus is briefly presented (&lt; 30 msec) and immediately followed by a presentation of an overlapping masking stimulus5. The presentation of the mask renders the target invisible6-8. Second, masking requires very rapid and precise timing making it difficult to investigate neural responses evoked by masked stimuli using many common approaches. Blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses resolve at a timescale too slow for this type of methodology, and real time recording techniques like electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) have difficulties recovering signal from deep sources.
However, there have been recent advances in the methods used to localize the neural sources of the MEG signal9-11. By collecting high-resolution MRI images of the subject's brain, it is possible to create a source model based on individual neural anatomy. Using this model to "image" the sources of the MEG signal, it is possible to recover signal from deep subcortical structures, like the amygdala and the hippocampus*.

This article describes how to record amygdala activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG). In addition this article will describe how to conduct trace fear conditioning without awareness, a task that activates the amygdala. It will cover 3 topics: 1) Designing a trace conditioning paradigm using backward masking to manipulate awareness. 2) Recording brain activity during the task using magnetoencephalography. 3) Using source imaging to recover signal from subcortical structures.

如何检测杏仁核活动脑磁图源成像

In trace fear conditioning a conditional  stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS),  which is presented after a brief ...

科研

行为学

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional Change Card Sort task, participants switch from sorting cards one way, such as shape, to sorting them a different way, such as color. Adjusting behavior in this way exacts a small performance cost, or switch cost, such that responses are typically slower and more error-prone on switch trials in which the sorting rule changes as compared to repeat trials in which the sorting rule remains the same. The ability to flexibly adjust behavior is often said to develop gradually, in part because behavioral costs such as switch costs typically decrease with increasing age. Why aspects of higher-order cognition, such as behavioral flexibility, develop so gradually remains an open question. One hypothesis is that these changes occur in association with functional changes in broad-scale cognitive control networks. On this view, complex mental operations, such as switching, involve rapid interactions between several distributed brain regions, including those that update and maintain task rules, re-orient attention, and select behaviors. With development, functional connections between these regions strengthen, leading to faster and more efficient switching operations. The current video describes a method of testing this hypothesis through the collection and multivariate analysis of fMRI data from participants of different ages.

This video presents a method of examining age-related changes in functional connectivity of cognitive control networks engaged by targeted tasks/processes. The technique is based on multi-variate analysis of fMRI data.

针对调查中的认知控制网络与关联维度变化卡片分类性能的功能连通性年龄相关性差异的方法

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional ...

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

使用地面投影迷宫自动化视觉认知任务记录神经活动

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily disrupt information processing in a brain region, generating a short-lived &#8220;virtual lesion.&#8221; Stimulation that interferes with task performance indicates that the affected brain region is necessary to perform the task normally. In other words, unlike neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that indicate correlations between brain and behavior, TMS can be used to demonstrate causal brain-behavior relations. Furthermore, by varying the duration and onset of the virtual lesion, TMS can also reveal the time course of normal processing. As a result, TMS has become an important tool in cognitive neuroscience. Advantages of the technique over lesion-deficit studies include better spatial-temporal precision of the disruption effect, the ability to use participants as their own control subjects, and the accessibility of participants. Limitations include concurrent auditory and somatosensory stimulation that may influence task performance, limited access to structures more than a few centimeters from the surface of the scalp, and the relatively large space of free parameters that need to be optimized in order for the experiment to work. Experimental designs that give careful consideration to appropriate control conditions help to address these concerns. This article illustrates these issues with TMS results that investigate the spatial and temporal contributions of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) to reading.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive functions.

经颅磁刺激对调查因果脑 - 行为关系及其时间进程

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋:检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

传输认知任务的脑成像方法:对任务的设计和结果判读的功能磁共振成像研究

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be clearly outlined in a step-by-step manner. Navigational skills are important when trying to find symbols within a speech-generating device (SGD) that has a dynamic screen and taxonomical organization. The following skills have been found to impact children&#8217;s ability to find symbols when navigating within the levels of an SGD: sustained attention, categorization, cognitive flexibility, and fluid reasoning1,2. According to past studies, working memory was not correlated with navigation1,2.
The materials needed for this method include a computerized tablet, an augmentative and alternative communication application, a booklet of symbols, and the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R)3. This method has been used in two previous studies. Robillard, Mayer-Crittenden, Roy-Charland, Minor-Corriveau and B&#233;langer1 assessed typically developing children, while Rondeau, Robillard and Roy-Charland2 assessed children and adolescents with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The direct observation of this method will facilitate the replication of this study for researchers. It will also help clinicians that work with children who have complex communication needs to determine the children&#8217;s ability to navigate an SGD with taxonomical categorization.

Children who have complex communication needs can benefit from the use of a speech-generating device (SGD). Cognitive skills were identified as having an impact on the ability to navigate between levels of SGDs. This protocol describes the steps needed for Speech-language Pathologists to assess cognitive skills and navigational abilities.

认知任务的实用方法在一个导航评估

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. Usually, only one of those tasks is chosen to examine lexical access in a study. Using two exemplar experiments, this paper introduces an approach to include both the lexical decision task and the naming task in a study. In the first experiment, the stimuli were Chinese characters with frequency and regularity manipulated. In the second experiment, the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words, in which the word frequency and the regularity of the leading character were manipulated. The logic of these two exemplar experiments was to explore some important issues such as the role of phonology on recognition by comparing the frequency effect between both the tasks. The results revealed different patterns of lexical access from those reported in the alphabetic systems. The results of Experiment 1 manifested a larger frequency effect in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were Chinese characters. And it is noteworthy that, in Experiment 1, when the stimuli were regular Chinese characters, the frequency effect observed in the naming task was roughly equivalent to that in the LDT. However, a smaller frequency effect was shown in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words in Experiment 2. Taking advantage of the respective demands and characteristics in both tasks, researchers can obtain a more complete and precise picture of character/word recognition.

Researchers adopt both the lexical decision task and the naming task to investigate some important topics such as character/word recognition by comparing the frequency effect between these two tasks. This article introduces this approach through two exemplar experiments and elaborates on the underlying logic.

在比较中国的词汇判断和命名任务之间的频率效应

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. ...

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Episodic memory is a complex memory system which allows recall and mental re-experience of previous episodes from one&#39;s own life. Real-life episodic memories are about events in their spatiotemporal context and are typically visuospatial, rather than verbal. Yet often, tests of episodic memory use verbal material to be recalled (word lists, stories). The Real-World What-Where-When memory test requires participants to hide a total of 16 different objects in 16 different locations over two temporal occasions, 2 h apart. Another two hours later, they are then asked to recall which objects (What) they had hidden in which locations (Where) and on which of the two occasions (When). In addition to counting the number of correctly recalled complete what-where-when combinations, this task can also be used to test real-world spatial memory and object memory. This task is sensitive to normal cognitive aging, and correlates well with performance on other episodic memory tasks, while at the same time providing more ecological validity and being cheap and easy to run.

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

The Real-World What-Where-When memory test is a novel episodic memory test, in which participants need to recall which objects have been hidden in which locations on which of two distinct occasions. It is easy to run and is sensitive to normal cognitive aging.

一个现实世界<em&gt;什么，在哪里，当</em&gt;记忆测试

Episodic memory is a complex memory system which allows recall and mental re-experience of previous episodes from one&#39;s own life. Real-life episodic ...