作者要感谢克里斯托弗·格林，布拉德利·罗宾逊，和玛丽亚曼努埃拉·巴利亚达，数据的收集帮助。脑电设备经费由科研与研究生研究设备格兰特犹他州立大学的办公室克里乔丹的多感官认知实验室提供。本杰明调用由总统博士研究奖学金从犹他州立大学的校研究生达到他与韦德博士古德里奇工作的支持。

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The authors declare that they have no conflicting or competing financial interests.

该协议将讨论脑电图的应用来衡量参与者从两个典型的空间能力的仪器工作的问题和高度的空间工程静问题的大脑活动。这里详细介绍的方法最终可能能够帮助了解高，低绩效从事工作的这些问题的神经效率。它是了解工程学生在MCT和PSVT工作的神经效率的任何差异至关重要:R因为这些测试经常用于评估空间能力。比较他们互相使我们能够更好地评估其在工程应用的成功及其在基础工程课程的地位?...

空间能力是科学，技术，工程和数学（STEM）领域和教育至关重要，并在这些领域取得成功1,2,3相关。因此，要理解的是如何空间能力的影响的问题解决4的发展是重要的。空间能力已与兴趣5，6的性能，成功的工程学者7和成功的专业工程8。然而，没有表明在解决典型的许多空间能力的仪器，也没有具体的工程内容，具有高度的空间问题的具体神经过程做了大量的工作。 本文介绍了用于数据收集和空间能力的仪器评分与神经测量相结合的分析方法。朱庇特与出版的目的是使这些方法更广泛的受众更容易获得。一般公众的硬件和软件WERE在此研究中使用。作为一个方法纸，全部结果/数据集不报，也不是提供多个样品。所有图像本出版物专门抓获。下面详细介绍的方法编制的基础上，从八所高校大二的中年人士，其中3名是女性数据的初步报告发布会9人利用。 许多现有的仪器被用于指示的固有或个人了解到空间能力水平。通常使用的两个有效和可靠10,11文书是心理切削试验（MCT）12和循环的普渡空间可视化试验（PSVT:R）的13。虽然最初设计职业14这些仪器测试由皮亚杰理论10,15描述空间可视化不同的发展阶段。使用这些工具的创建一个需要了解的基本生理认知现象existin当个人通过这些问题的工作克为此，本研究旨在展示利用，可能会最终提高空间思想的分析和理解的经验生理数据的方法，验证现有指标的测试能力，并增加典型的工程教育的空间评估，以更复杂的问题的适用性。许多的这些问题可以在工程静力学会遇到。 静是一个基础力学课程交付给大多数工程的学生（ 例如 ，生物，机械，土木，环境，航空航天工程）16,17。这是学生在核心工程内容18给出的第一个广泛的解决问题的经验之一。静涉及力对刚体的相互作用是静止或以恒定速度移动的研究。不幸的是静具有高辍学，退缩，和故障率（14％为见于不变拟tigated大学），这可能与传统的讲座和课程交付模型忽略的关键支持途径，如空间增强的教育方法。例如，在静力学空间增强的方法可以针对部队典型分析分析之外是如何相互作用的可视化和加强学生与接地概念化程序性知识。需要从认知神经科学的角度来调查这种干预的有效性。 脑电图（EEG）提出衡量学生的脑电波活动的一个独特的移动方式。个人执行任务谁引起公测激活一般都与任务具体聘任，细心的他们在做什么19,20。随着任务的需求增加，对β波的幅度增加，一样的皮质区的带宽频率占用的大小。更火的神经元内公测频率范围（阿尔法:8 - 12赫兹，β:12 - 24Hz），可被定义为更大的功率测试。与此相关，为一个在任务变得更有经验，β波的振幅减小，产生更少的测试能力。这是神经效率假说21-28，其中当执行任务涉及在高频功率的减小更大的任务经历的一部分。尽管脑电图先前已在空间能力（通常为心理旋转和空间导航任务）的研究中使用-和适用的数据已在α，β已经确定，和θ波段27-33 -观察这个alpha和beta乐队研究和β被选定为本文进一步分析的代表，并在预备会议报告9。下面，因而注重测试带分析确定的程序，但调查的所有三个频段，这取决于所记录的数据，在未来的建议。 该神经效率假说的各种任务，包括国际象棋，视觉空间记忆，平衡和休息过测试。在执行常见任务时，所有的都表示任务的经验，在降低频率的功率因数。一个特别的研究已经25提供的证据，尽管（如智商测量）一个人的智慧可以帮助个人获得的技能在其神经效率的贡献远远超过智能执行任务，经验任务。换言之，越有经验的个人，越neurally效率，他或她就越​​大。 涉及空间能力现有神经效率的研究主要集中在空间旋转，并且不同的问题集已被用于比较不同的人群（ 例如 ，男/女）27-28。的空间能力任务脑电图的研究还比较性能与其他任务类型提供了深入了解（ 例如 ，口头任务）27,29,30。该方法在本文重点讨论和比较从MCT，PSVT问题:R以及静态平衡的任务，这是有关空间能力但不限于空间旋转和导航。其它空间任务可以代替给定为在该手稿示例的那些中使用。以这种方式，新的见解可对不同人群将来可获得（ 例如 ，男/女或专家/新手），以最终有助于提高工程教育实践。 在努力探讨空间能力和工程资质，我们已经开发利用脑电图测量的特定的空间和工程任务的有限的电池中，以确定效果较差的为高性能参与者的β波激活的协议。在这种情况下，术语高表演者是相关的参与者的性能，并且是不反光的时间由在该领域所花费的金额的学习者，因为所有参加者大约在他们的教育的相同点。此外，该问题涉及的集合是相当具体和基础;因此术语"专家"或"高性能"这里不能以专家，专业工程师使用的感觉来看，但代表工程力学课程和空间能力的手段这种狭隘片只有高性能。神经测量，也可用于鉴定任何毛趋势为哪些任务类型可以吸收更多的认知资源比其他，与有关的难度水平可能的解释。该信息可以潜在地提供深入了解未来的评估和干预有关的空间的能力。其它未来的见解可以通过考虑脑，这是不在本研究可能的更具体的区域导出由于所使用的脑电图硬件可用信道的数量有限。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Emotiv EPOC Model 1.0</td><td>Emotiv</td><td>Model: Emotiv Premium</td><td>&quot;High resolution, multi-channel, portable EEG system.&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Emotiv Control Panel (software)</td><td>Emotiv</td><td></td><td>Used for data collection.</td></tr><tr><td>Emotiv Testbench (software)</td><td>Emotiv</td><td></td><td>Used for data collection.</td></tr><tr><td>Virtual Serial Port Emulator - VSPE (software)</td><td>ETERLOGIC.COM</td><td></td><td>Used COM10 in data collection. Available as a free download, depending on the operating system.</td></tr><tr><td>E-Prime 2.0 (software)</td><td>Psychology Software Tools</td><td></td><td>Used for data collection (presentation of problems to participants and collection of markers for different phases).</td></tr><tr><td>EEGLab 13.4.4b (software)</td><td>Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience (SCCN)</td><td></td><td>Used for data analysis. &quot;An open source environment for electrophysiological signal processing&quot;. SCCN is a Center of the Institute for Neural Computation, the University of California San Diego.</td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB R2014b</td><td>The Mathworks, Inc.</td><td></td><td>Used to run EEGLab</td></tr><tr><td>Microsoft Excel 2013</td><td>Microsoft</td><td></td><td>Used to assemble and compare tabulated results from EEGLab &amp;amp; MATLAB, to create tables</td></tr><tr><td>Camcorder with built in Mic</td><td>Canon</td><td>CNVHFR50</td><td>Used to record sessions</td></tr><tr><td>Syringe Kit (5 cc syringe &amp;amp; 16 G blunted needles x 2)</td><td>Electro-Cap Intnl. Inc.</td><td>E7</td><td>For keeping the EEG cap&#039;s felts damp.</td></tr><tr><td>Nuprep EEG Skin Prep Gel</td><td>Weaver and Company</td><td>10-30</td><td>For cleaning the mastoid process.</td></tr><tr><td>Sanitizer</td><td>Purell</td><td>S-12808</td><td>For sanitizing hands</td></tr></tbody></table>

utilizing electroencephalography measurements for comparison of task-specific neural efficiencies: spatial intelligence tasks

空间智能是常挂在工程教育和工程专业的成功。使用脑电图使他们执行需要导出的解决方案空间能力连续任务的个人的神经效率对比计算。此处神经效率被定义为具有以下测试激活，并因此花费更少的神经资源，以便在相对于其他组或其他任务执行的任务。对于具有类似持续时间的任务的任务间的比较，这些测量可使得任务类型难度的比较。对于内部参与者和参与者间的比较，这些测量提供了潜在洞察的空间能力和不同的工程问题的解决任务的参与者的水平。在所选择的任务的性能，可以分析并与β-活动相关。这项工作提出了详细的研究方案就读的学生ENG的神经效率在年龄典型的空间能力和静力学问题的解决。学生完成切削试验（MCT）旋转，普渡空间可视化测试（PSVT:R）特有的心理问题，和静。同时从事解决这些问题，参与者的脑电波用脑电图允许将收集到的数据有关的α和β脑波激活和使用测得的。这项工作看起来识别途径在工程成功的表现，并在工程教育所产生的改进，可遵循关联与空间密集的工程任务纯粹的空间任务的功能表现。

在本节中，前面所述的步骤进行样品附图中示出，如下所述。不提供的统计测试全部数据摘要，如本文的目的是把重点放在方法。潜在PSVT的实例:R MCT，和空间的问题在图1， 图2，和图3分别给出。 的EEG帽将收集通过对于每个给定的信道，其可并联， 如图7中可以看到的电位脑激活。正如前面所提到的，数据中的某些工件需要手动移除，而其他人可以经由ICA?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks at JoVE.com

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

这份手稿介绍来衡量人的神经活动，同时解决空间重点工程问题的方法。脑电图方法有助于解释神经效率方面测试脑电波测量，以最终实现两个问题类型之间和参与者之间的工作性能比较的目的。

利用脑电图测量任务特定神经效率的比较:空间智能任务

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables ...

utilizing-electroencephalography-measurements-for-comparison-task

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Introduction to Psychology

Behavior

Unit 1

Thinking, Language And Intelligence

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.3K 次观看.  Utah State University. 这份手稿介绍来衡量人的神经活动，同时解决空间重点工程问题的方法。脑电图方法有助于解释神经效率方面测试脑电波测量，以最终实现两个问题类型之间和参与者之间的工作性能比较的目的。 

视频: Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

科研

行为学

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar tasks. Participants' behavior during task performance in an fMRI scanner can then be correlated to the brain activity using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. We measure behavior to be able to sort correct trials, where the subject performed the task correctly and then be able to examine the brain signals related to correct performance. Conversely, if subjects do not perform the task correctly, and these trials are included in the same analysis with the correct trials we would introduce trials that were not only for correct performance. Thus, in many cases these errors can be used themselves to then correlate brain activity to them. We describe two complementary tasks that are used in our lab to examine the brain during suppression of an automatic responses: the stroop1 and anti-saccade tasks. The emotional stroop paradigm instructs participants to either report the superimposed emotional 'word' across the affective faces or the facial 'expressions' of the face stimuli1,2. When the word and the facial expression refer to different emotions, a conflict between what must be said and what is automatically read occurs. The participant has to resolve the conflict between two simultaneously competing processes of word reading and facial expression. Our urge to read out a word leads to strong 'stimulus-response (SR)' associations; hence inhibiting these strong SR's is difficult and participants are prone to making errors. Overcoming this conflict and directing attention away from the face or the word requires the subject to inhibit bottom up processes which typically directs attention to the more salient stimulus. Similarly, in the anti-saccade task3,4,5,6, where an instruction cue is used to direct only attention to a peripheral stimulus location but then the eye movement is made to the mirror opposite position. Yet again we measure behavior by recording the eye movements of participants which allows for the sorting of the behavioral responses into correct and error trials7 which then can be correlated to brain activity. Neuroimaging now allows researchers to measure different behaviors of correct and error trials that are indicative of different cognitive processes and pinpoint the different neural networks involved.

The goal of our research is to correlate behavior to brain activity. Accurate behavioral measures and imaging techniques allow us to elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

关联从人类前额叶皮层的fMRI信号的行为反应:检查的认知过程，使用任务分析

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

神经科学

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the cortical networks involved in dynamical perceptual and cognitive tasks, such as attending to different sounds in a cocktail party. Many past studies have employed data recorded at the sensor level only, i.e., the magnetic fields or the electric potentials recorded outside and on the scalp, and have usually focused on activity that is time-locked to the stimulus presentation. This type of event-related field / potential analysis is particularly useful when there are only a small number of distinct dipolar patterns that can be isolated and identified in space and time. Alternatively, by utilizing anatomical information, these distinct field patterns can be localized as current sources on the cortex. However, for a more sustained response that may not be time-locked to a specific stimulus (e.g., in preparation for listening to one of the two simultaneously presented spoken digits based on the cued auditory feature) or may be distributed across multiple spatial locations unknown a priori, the recruitment of a distributed cortical network may not be adequately captured by using a limited number of focal sources.
Here, we describe a procedure that employs individual anatomical MRI data to establish a relationship between the sensor information and the dipole activation on the cortex through the use of minimum-norm estimates (MNE). This inverse imaging approach provides us a tool for distributed source analysis. For illustrative purposes, we will describe all procedures using FreeSurfer and MNE software, both freely available. We will summarize the MRI sequences and analysis steps required to produce a forward model that enables us to relate the expected field pattern caused by the dipoles distributed on the cortex onto the M/EEG sensors. Next, we will step through the necessary processes that facilitate us in denoising the sensor data from environmental and physiological contaminants. We will then outline the procedure for combining and mapping MEG/EEG sensor data onto the cortical space, thereby producing a family of time-series of cortical dipole activation on the brain surface (or "brain movies") related to each experimental condition. Finally, we will highlight a few statistical techniques that enable us to make scientific inference across a subject population (i.e., perform group-level analysis) based on a common cortical coordinate space.

We use magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG), combined with anatomical information captured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to map the dynamics of the cortical network associated with auditory attention.

同时MEG / EEG和解剖约束的最小模估计皮质动态映射:听觉注意示例

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain signal. Typically, researchers represent the brain's response as the mean across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal fluctuations over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that brain signal variability conveys meaningful functional information about neural network dynamics. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy (MSE) for quantifying brain signal variability. MSE may be particularly informative of neural network dynamics because it shows timescale dependence and sensitivity to linear and nonlinear dynamics in the data.

Neuroimaging researchers typically consider the brain's response as the mean activity across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal variability over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that there is signal in that noise. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy for quantifying brain signal variability in the time domain.

脑电图神经影像数据:事件相关电位，光谱功率，和多尺度熵的应用

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

Simultaneous Monitoring of Wireless Electrophysiology and Memory Behavioral Test as a Tool to Study Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on animals and humans. Adult neurogenesis mechanism is also linked to memory and learning improvement. Traditionally, researchers used to assess learning and memory parameters in rodent models by behavioral tasks. Therefore, the simultaneous monitoring of behavioral changes and EEG is particularly interesting in correlating data between brain activity and task-related behaviors. However, most of the equipment required to perform both studies are either complex, expensive, or uses a wired setup network that hinders the natural animals&#8217; movement. In this study, EEG was recorded with a wireless electrophysiology device along with the execution of a novel object recognition task (NORT). The animal&#8217;s behavior was monitored simultaneously by a video tracking system. Both recordings were analyzed offline by their timestamps which were synched to link EEG signals with the animal&#8217;s actions. Subjects consist of adult Wistar rats after medium-term environmental enrichment treatment. Six skull screw electrodes were fixed in pairs on both hemispheres over frontal, central, and parietal regions and were referenced to an electrode located posterior of the nasal bone. NORT protocol consists of exposing the animal to two identical objects for 10 min. After 2 h and 24 h, one of the objects was replaced with a novel one. Exploration time for each object was monitored by a behavioral tracking software (BTS) and EEG data recording. The analysis of the EEG synced with behavioral data consists of estimations of alpha and beta relative band power and comparisons between novel object recognition versus familiar object exploration, between three experimental stages. In this manuscript, we have discussed electrodes manufacturing process, epidural electrodes implantation surgery, environmental enrichment protocol, NORT protocol, BTS setup, EEG &#8211; BTS coupling for simultaneous monitoring in real-time, and EEG data analysis based on automatic events detection.

The protocol presented here provides information on the simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and behavioral assessment in real-time. We have discussed all steps involved in this protocol as an attractive solution for researchers in many fields of neuroscience, particularly in learning and memory areas.

同时监测无线电生理学和记忆行为测试作为研究海马神经发生的工具

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on ...

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive neuroscience. Intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) can directly record electrical neural activity and has the unique potential to accomplish this goal. Traditionally, averaging analysis has been applied to analyze intracranial EEG data; however, several new techniques are available for depicting neural activity and intra- and inter-regional connectivity. Here, we introduce two analytical protocols we recently applied to analyze intracranial EEG data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency SPM analysis for neural activity and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity. We report our analysis of intracranial EEG data during the observation of faces as representative results. The results revealed that the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) showed gamma-band activity at very early stages (110 ms) in response to faces, and both the IOG and amygdala showed rapid intra- and inter-regional connectivity using various types of oscillations. These analytical protocols have the potential to identify the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive functions with high spatial and temporal profiles.

We present two analytical protocols that can be used to analyze intracranial electroencephalography data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency statistical parametric mapping analysis for neural activity, and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity.

利用 SPM 软件分析颅内脑电图数据的神经活动和连接性

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive ...

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by inspecting the relationship between the neural and hemodynamic signals. EEG is an electrophysiological technology that can measure the rapid neuronal activity of the cortex, whereas fNIRS relies on the hemodynamic responses to infer brain activation. The combination of EEG and fNIRS neuroimaging techniques can identify more features and reveal more information associated with the functioning of the brain. In this protocol, fused EEG-fNIRS measurements were performed for concurrent recordings of evoked-electrical potentials and hemodynamic responses during a Flanker task. In addition, the critical steps for setting up the hardware and software system as well as the procedures for data acquisition and analysis were provided and discussed in detail. It is expected that the present protocol can pave a new avenue for improving the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying various cognitive processes by using the EEG and fNIRS signals.

The present protocol describes how to perform concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings and how to inspect the relationship between the EEG and fNIRS data.&#160;

使用 Flanker 任务进行并发脑电图和功能近红外光谱记录

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by ...

A Visuospatial Planning Task Coupled with Eye-Tracker and Electroencephalogram Systems

The planning process, characterized by the capability to formulate an organized plan to reach a goal, is essential for human goal-directed behavior. Since planning is compromised in several neuropsychiatric disorders, the implementation of proper clinical and experimental tests to examine planning is critical. Due to the nature of the deployment of planning, in which several cognitive domains participate, the assessment of planning and the design of behavioral paradigms coupled with neuroimaging methods are current challenges in cognitive neuroscience. A planning task was evaluated in combination with an electroencephalogram (EEG) system and eye movement recordings in 27 healthy adult participants. Planning can be separated into two stages: a mental planning stage in which a sequence of steps is internally represented and an execution stage in which motor action is used to achieve a previously planned goal. Our protocol included a planning task and a control task. The planning task involved solving 36 maze trials, each representing a zoo map. The task had four periods: i) planning, where the subjects were instructed to plan a path to visit the locations of four animals according to a set of rules; ii) maintenance, where the subjects had to retain the planned path in their working memory; iii) execution, where the subjects used eye movements to trace the previously planned path as indicated by the eye-tracker system; and iv) response, where the subjects reported the order of the visited animals. The control task had a similar structure, but the cognitive planning component was removed by modifying the task goal. The spatial and temporal patterns of the EEG revealed that planning induces a gradual and lasting rise in frontal-midline theta activity (FM&#952;) over time. The source of this activity was identified within the prefrontal cortex by source analyses. Our results suggested that the experimental paradigm combining EEG and eye-tracker systems was optimal for evaluating cognitive planning.

The study of cognitive planning combining EEG and eye-tracking systems provides a multimodal approach to investigate the neural mechanisms that mediate cognitive control and goal-directed behavior in humans. Here, we describe a protocol for investigating the role of brain oscillations and eye movements in planning performance.

The planning process, characterized by the capability to formulate an organized plan to reach a goal, is essential for human goal-directed behavior. Since ...

Electroencephalography Network Indices as Biomarkers of Upper Limb Impairment in Chronic Stroke

Alteration of electroencephalography (EEG) signals during task-specific movement of the impaired limb has been reported as a potential biomarker for the severity of motor impairment and for the prediction of motor recovery in individuals with stroke. When implementing EEG experiments, detailed paradigms and well-organized experiment protocols are required to obtain robust and interpretable results. In this protocol, we illustrate a task-specific paradigm with upper limb movement and methods and techniques needed for the acquisition and analysis of EEG data. The paradigm consists of 1 min of rest followed by 10 trials comprising alternating 5 s and 3 s of resting and task (hand extension)-states, respectively, over 4 sessions. EEG signals were acquired using 32 Ag/AgCl scalp electrodes at a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz. Event-related spectral perturbation analysis associated with limb movement and functional network analyses at the global level in the low-beta (12-20 Hz) frequency band were performed. Representative results showed an alteration of the functional network of low-beta EEG frequency bands during movement of the impaired upper limb, and the altered functional network was associated with the degree of motor impairment in chronic stroke patients. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the experimental paradigm in EEG measurements during upper limb movement in individuals with stroke. Further research using this paradigm is needed to determine the potential value of EEG signals as biomarkers of motor impairment and recovery.

The experimental protocol demonstrates the paradigm for acquiring and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) signals during upper limb movement in individuals with stroke. The alteration of the functional network of low-beta EEG frequency bands was observed during the movement of the impaired upper limb and was associated with the degree of motor impairment.

脑电图网络指数作为慢性中风上肢损伤的生物标志物

Alteration of electroencephalography (EEG) signals during task-specific movement of the impaired limb has been reported as a potential biomarker for the ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>将 MEG 和 HD-EEG 整合到儿科癫痫定位中

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

For children with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), seizure freedom relies on the delineation and resection (or ablation/disconnection) of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) while preserving the eloquent brain areas. The development of a reliable and noninvasive localization method that provides clinically useful information for the localization of the EZ is, therefore, crucial to achieving successful surgical outcomes. Electric and magnetic source imaging (ESI and MSI) have been increasingly utilized in the presurgical evaluation of these patients showing promising findings in the delineation of epileptogenic as well as eloquent brain areas. Moreover, the combination of ESI and MSI into a single solution, namely electromagnetic source imaging (EMSI), performed on simultaneous high-density electroencephalography (HD-EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings has shown higher source localization accuracy than either modality alone. Despite these encouraging findings, such techniques are performed in only a few tertiary epilepsy centers, are rarely recorded simultaneously, and are underutilized in pediatric cohorts. This study illustrates the experimental setup for recording simultaneous MEG and HD-EEG data as well as the methodological framework for analyzing these data aiming to localize the irritative zone, the seizure onset zone, and eloquent brain areas in children with DRE. More specifically, the experimental setups are presented for (i) recording and localizing interictal and ictal epileptiform activity during sleep and (ii) recording visual-, motor-, auditory-, and somatosensory-evoked responses and mapping relevant eloquent brain areas (i.e., visual, motor, auditory, and somatosensory) during visuomotor task, as well as auditory and somatosensory stimulations. Detailed steps of the data analysis pipeline are further presented for performing EMSI as well as individual ESI and MSI using equivalent current dipole (ECD) and dynamic statistical parametric mapping (dSPM).

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦:通过新型生物标志物和增强定位推进儿童癫痫手术

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and high-density electroencephalography (HD-EEG) are rarely recorded simultaneously, although they yield confirmatory and complementary information. Here, we illustrate the experimental setup for recording simultaneous MEG and HD-EEG and the methodology for analyzing these data aiming to localize epileptogenic and eloquent brain areas in children with drug-resistant epilepsy.

电磁源显像在儿童耐药性癫痫术前评估中的应用

For children with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), seizure freedom relies on the delineation and resection (or ablation/disconnection) of the epileptogenic ...