短程传感器网络制造商电器大地测量，INC（EGI）。有关联系信息，请访问<a href="http://www.egi.com/company">http://www.egi.com/company</a> 。

1。准备实验装置<ol><li>参与者在实验室的到来之前，确保短程脑电图系统（GES）组件和实验控制计算机和软件（净站）正常运行。 </li><li>删除所有不必要的和潜在的分心项目，从试验室。 </li><li>根据正在实施的特别实验范式的试验室。这里我们使用的范例，包括通过电子总理演示软件管理的各种家长的婴儿和实验者婴儿的互动范式的以计算机为基础的任务。 </li><li>确保摄像机的收费，并安排在目前的实验装置的理想角度的摄像机。 </li></ol> 2。交流信息<ol><li>参与者在到达实验室后，描述的短程传感器网络应用协议，并解释了实验。 </li><li>确保参与者有一个很好地理解实验协议后，确保他或她（或他或她的法定监护人）在进行实验之前签署一份同意书。 </li><li>脑电图研究，常常是有用的记录电气大脑活动的影响，可以预期的参与者一定的信息获取。例如，有关嗜睡，最后一餐，最后睡眠的信息可能会感兴趣的。在海利实验室，这些信息是通过管理的标准化问卷。为了帮助及时进行实验，建议有两个实验者目前：一个管理的问卷调查，并进行HCGSN下面详细的准备。 </li></ol> 3。 HydroCel短程传感器网络应用的准备<ol><li>准备HydroCel盐水电解质溶液，蒸馏水，氯化钾，婴儿洗发水，确保彻底搅拌，直到所有的氯化钾溶解在解决方案。 </li><li>用一个卷尺，测量参与者的头围，记录以厘米为单位测量。 </li><li>检索适当大小的HCGSN即，包括参与者的头围落在头部周长范围。 </li><li>淹没在电解质溶液中HCGSN的传感器的结束，并允许它浸泡5分钟，一定要保持的连接器端，远离所有的液体。明智的做法是使用一个计时器或秒表来保证精确的时序。 </li><li>打开控制电脑上的网站软件，并开始实验的控制会话允许连接HCGSN连接器和收集数据之前采取的零点和增益测量。 </li></ol> 4。应用HydroCel短程传感器网络为了让收集到的脑电数据的有效和一致的分析，NET应用程序必须是高度标准化。这种标准化是实现参与者的头（如上所述）的测量，以保证准确和一致的参与者，参与者的电极安置。如果最初没有达到最佳的净定位是，删除净，并重新申请。 <ol><li>虽然等待完成浸泡在电解液中的传感器网络，引导参与者进入试验室，并指示他或她坐在椅子上。主席应无轮，以避免不必要的运动，在传感器网络应用程序。在一个婴儿参与者的情况下，婴儿的监护人与婴儿坐在他或她的腿上直立坐在椅子上，抱着的婴儿，使婴儿的整个头部访问和婴儿仍然保持腰部。 </li><li>用一个卷尺和一个中国的标记铅笔，找到并采取以下测量标志的顶点： <ol class="lalpha"><li>在头顶合不拢嘴</li><li>鼻根至枕外隆凸尖，在头顶</li></ol>顶点可以被认定为点，这两个测量交叉。 </li><li>从电解质桶中取出传感器网络，它放在一个干净，用干毛巾。除去多余的电解质溶液用毛巾轻轻拍打传感器网络。 </li><li> HCGSN接头端给参与者或期间举行NET应用程序的第二个实验者。 </li><li>拿起HCGSN，把双手在室内净。保持你的大拇指推坚决中央，最正面的电极，和你的小指手指两侧而是轻轻推坚决反对带连接电极的最后的行的净等。要小心不要过度扩张的净。其余六个手指应宽松，允许内网的中心部分下降跛行。 </li><li>蹲下或跪了下来，让你在眼睛与参与者的水平。 </li><li>从后到前，参与者的头拉过来的传感器网络。它往往是有益的申请婴儿参与者传感器网时有第二个实验者目前，分散的婴儿，并尽量减少头部运动。 </li><li>用你的指尖，轻轻拉动乐队的净调整，使顶点电极坐在以前与中国标记铅笔标记的顶点点。拧耳朵和下巴带。检查解剖标志的位置和净对称，看网络是否正确定位，并进行必要的调整。 </li></ol> 5。测量电极阻抗脑电图引用的网站和网站之间的电位差（电压）测量。在头皮电极界面的高阻抗，导致测得的电压下降，信号幅度的衰减，并存在噪音的增加。虽然在某些研究中的收购后过滤（例如，传统的ERP研究）可以得到消除这种噪音，高阻抗一般妥协收购脑电图数据的保真度。因此重要的是确保阻抗容忍的规格内，才开始记录脑电图数据。 <ol><li>插件的接口电缆HCGSN的连接器端和转动杆锁定到位。打开相机。 </li><li>在控制室，打开一个网站的新一届，输入参与者的信息，单击“开始会议”。由于视频和 D脑电信号同步视频直播，从试验室的饲料应出现在屏幕上。 </li><li>选择面板的下拉菜单中，打开阻抗，并点击“测量”按钮。 HCGSN传感器阵列蒙太奇将出现在屏幕上。拖动窗口到屏幕边缘，以便它在显示器上打开，在试验室。 </li><li>使用一次性吸管，耙预留的参与者，使每一个电极是坐在直接参与者的头皮上的头发。 </li><li>请参阅显示器上显示的HCGSN蒙太奇的阻抗测量窗口。不与头皮接触良好的感应器会出现红色。请注意电极传感器号码。使用吸管和少量的电解质溶液已经准备，以改善这些传感器的阻抗。蒙太奇上的电极会变成绿色，其阻抗提高。 </li><li>当阻抗是令人满意的（也就是说，当所有电极上的蒙太奇是绿色的），单击“保存并关闭”按钮上的中控室的阻抗测量窗口。 </li><li>网站，打开茂密的波形显示。滚动通过波形，并注意任何显示高幅度噪声由于不良的头皮接触的渠道，。 </li></ol> 6。以基线记录在开始实验范式之前，采取一些基线d的脑电图记录参与者的休息电气大脑活动。休息的基准记录是在连续ð脑电图研究的重要，因为有一个电气大脑活动的参与者，参与者的高度变异性。因此，必须实行最持续的 ð脑电图研究学科内的实验设计，分析每一个实验条件和预实验的基线阶段之间的差异。事件相关的脑电研究，基线阶段可能没有必要。 <ol><li>离开仅在试验室的参与者，并指示他或她静静地坐着，尽量减少运动。对于婴幼儿参与者，家长/监护人应留在房间里的婴儿静静地坐在他或她的腿上。在海利实验室，标题为“婴儿莫扎特，古典音乐和丰富多彩的移动设计的视听结合，一部电影，以确保婴儿保持冷静，并仍然发挥。虽然一个互动的基线阶段可能并不总是理想的，它可以被用来作为一个基线前阶段的婴儿平静之前，基线录音。 </li><li>网站，点击录制按钮开始录制视频和波形数据。在茂密的波形显示，可插入事件标记链接行为的事件，在整个实验的电活动。插入波形上显示的一个“基线”事件标记。 </li><li>记录基线为一个标准化的一段时间。在海利实验室，标准的基线阶段，持续2分钟。 </li></ol> 7。运行实验 在 D脑电图的研究，它是整个研究过程中至少有两个实验者。一个实验者将负责与参与者交互和执行的行为范式，而第二个实验者将监测密集的波形显示。 <ol><li>实施实验段范式。 </li><li>监控整个实验，以确定是否有任何渠道正在显示越来越多的噪音水平密集的波形显示。增加噪声可能会增加阻抗反射。可接受的阻抗水平，可以恢复使用更多的电解质溶液。这项工作应在实验协议的突破。 </li></ol> 8。述职的参与者<ol><li>当实验完成后，小心地松开，并从参与者的头部取出HCGSN。冲洗，消毒，干净。 </li><li>让参与者与毛巾擦去多余的电解质溶液。 </li><li>给参与者需要完成任何剩余的问卷。 </li></ol> 9。分析 EGI相同的软件，用于获取dEEG数据也可用于对数据进行分析，从而为顺利和容易的过渡从数据收集到的数据分析。由于HCGSN也拿起电气噪声环境中的数据必须先进行过滤和清洗，然后才可以分析。必要的工具都包含在净站。 <ol><li>网站，点击打开波形的工具“面板。通过设置所需参数后，工件的筛选和检测工具，运行采集的数据文件。工件检测工具识别眨眼或眼球运动产生的尖峰，并检测到坏的渠道。在许多情况下，额外的手工编辑和工件的去除可能是必要的（特别是当工作与婴儿的人群，您可以在其中无法控制眨眼和运动）。 </li><li>段的数据，以单独的插入事件标记的基础上，不同的实验条件。 </li><li>申请所需的任何分析。在海利实验室，使用频率分析来分析大脑活动的特征频率之间的实验条件和不同的大脑区域之间的变化如何。波功率下降，可能在该区域的神经元活动增加的反射。 </li></ol> 10。具有代表性的数据<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2759/2759fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1原始脑电波形显示在一个单一的电极（电极30），记录时间（s）两端的电压（μV）的波动。波形代表收集到的数据：在每3个实验阶段的第一个1000毫秒基线，示范，并立即召回。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2759/2759fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /> 图2，收集的原始数据，从整个头皮（128电极蒙太奇）在参与婴儿的三个实验阶段（基线，示范，立即召回）。数据是作为一个地形图，并说明在表面层次的大脑电活动的差异（μV）在大脑区域和实验阶段的傀儡任务。

<ol>
	<li>Willis, W. G., Weiler, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+substrates+of+childhood+attention-deficit+/+hyperactivity+disorder:+Electroencephalographic+and+Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging+evidence.">Neural substrates of childhood attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder: Electroencephalographic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging evidence.</a> Developmental Neuropsychology. 27, 135-182 (2005).</li><li>Yang, L., Liu, Z., He, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG-fMRI+reciprocal+functional+neuroimaging.">EEG-fMRI reciprocal functional neuroimaging.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 121, 1240-1250 (2010).</li><li>Dale, M. P., Halgren, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemperal+mapping+of+brain+activity+by+integration+of+multiple+imaging+modalities.+Current+Opinion+in+Neurobiology.">Spatiotemperal mapping of brain activity by integration of multiple imaging modalities. Current Opinion in Neurobiology.</a> 11, 202-208 (2001).</li><li>Sperli, F., Spinelli, L., Seeck, M., Kurian, M., Michel, C. M., Lantz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+source+imaging+in+pediatric+epilepsy+surgery:+A+new+perspective+in+presurgical+workup.">EEG source imaging in pediatric epilepsy surgery: A new perspective in presurgical workup.</a> Epilepsia. 47, 1-10 (2006).</li><li>Holmes, M. D., Quiring, J., Tucker, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+that+juvenile+myoclonic+epilepsy+is+a+disorder+of+frontotemporal+corticothalamic+networks.">Evidence that juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is a disorder of frontotemporal corticothalamic networks.</a> NeuroImage. 49, 80-93 (2010).</li><li>Holmes, M. D., Tucker, D. M., Quiring, J. M., Hakimian, S., Miller, J. W., Ojemann, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparing+Noninvasive+dense+array+and+intracranial+electroencephalography+for+the+localization+of+seizures.">Comparing Noninvasive dense array and intracranial electroencephalography for the localization of seizures.</a> Neurosurgery. 66, 1-10 (2010).</li><li>Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Johnson, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+rolandic+mu+rhythm+during+observation+of+a+precision+grip.">Changes in rolandic mu rhythm during observation of a precision grip.</a> Psychophysiology. 41, 152-156 (2004).</li><li>Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Johnson, B. W., McNair, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mu+rhythm+modulation+during+observation+of+an+object-directed+grasp.">Mu rhythm modulation during observation of an object-directed grasp.</a> Cognitive Brain Research. 19, 195-201 (2004).</li><li>Arbel, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Error+processing+by+individuals+with+specific+language+impairment:+An+ERP+study.">Error processing by individuals with specific language impairment: An ERP study.</a> Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 67, 3095-3095 (2006).</li><li>Lepage, J., Th&#233;oret, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+evidence+for+the+presence+of+an+action+observation-execution+matching+system+in+children.">EEG evidence for the presence of an action observation-execution matching system in children.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 23, 2505-2510 (2006).</li><li>Sokhadze, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Event-related+potential+study+of+novelty+processing+abnormalities+in+autism.">Event-related potential study of novelty processing abnormalities in autism.</a> Applied Psychphysiology and Biofeedback. 34, 37-51 (2009).</li><li>Nystr&#246;m, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+infant+mirror+neuron+system+studied+with+high+density+EEG.">The infant mirror neuron system studied with high density EEG.</a> Social Neuroscience. Special Issue: The Mirror Neuron System. , 3-3 (2008).</li><li>Bernier, R., Dawson, G., Webb, S., Murias, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+mu+rhythm+and+imitation+impairments+in+individuals+with+autism+spectrum+disorder.">EEG mu rhythm and imitation impairments in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.</a> Brain and Cognition. 64, 228-237 (2007).</li><li>Brodbeck, V., Lascano, A. M., Spinelli, L., Seeck, M., Michel, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+EEG+source+imaging+of+epileptic+spikes+in+patients+with+large+brain+lesions.">Accuracy of EEG source imaging of epileptic spikes in patients with large brain lesions.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 120, 679-685 (2009).</li><li>Ramon, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Power+spectral+density+changes+and+language+lateralization+during+covert+object+naming+tasks+measured+with+high-density+EEG+recordings.">Power spectral density changes and language lateralization during covert object naming tasks measured with high-density EEG recordings.</a> Epilepsy and Behaviour. 14, 54-59 (2009).</li></ol>

Hydrocel EGI的短程传感器网络构成一个非侵入性和易于获得ð从成人和婴儿参与者的脑电图数据的方法。这项技术结合了更多的机会为流动的时间和空间分辨率高，使其在复杂的行为范式的使用进行调查，可能只有在电活动的微妙变化中反映出来的认知活动的理想之选。鉴于在调查婴幼儿的认知和脑成像技术，适合使用在婴幼儿人口的相对稀缺的发展越来越感兴趣，HCGSN使用可能会增加，带领我们到一个更深入的了解婴幼儿的认知。

investigating social cognition in infants and adults using dense array electroencephalography (deeg)

密集阵脑电图（D脑电图），它提供了一种非侵入性测量大脑活动和任何其他电流脑成像技术1,2，卓越的时间分辨率的窗口，正在越来越多地用于婴儿和成人的社会认知功能的研究。 而 D脑电图，使研究人员能够研究了前所未有的水平灵敏度的大脑活动模式，传统的脑电记录系统继续面临一定的局限性，包括：1）空间分辨率差和源本地化3,4，2）持久的考试科目的身体不适众多电极的单个应用程序的头皮表面，和3）的研究人员学习使用多个软件包，以收集和处理数据的复杂性。在这里，我们提出了一个概述一个既定的方法，代表了对传统方法的研究婴儿和成人的脑电图明显改善。虽然一些分析软件技术，可用于建立源定位的间接指标，以改善的空间分辨率的D脑电图，HydroCel短程传感器网络（HCGSN）公司（EGI），一个密集的感官阵列保持相等的距离电气大地测量相邻头皮表面记录电极之间，进一步提高标准 D脑电图系统相比，空间分辨率4,5,6。可应用于海绵基于HCGSN迅速，没有头皮磨损，使其为7,8，9,10,11儿童，成人和婴儿在研究和临床4,5,6,13,14 12，使用的理想15设置。此功能允许通过降低平均NET应用程序的时间比其他 D脑电图系统大量节省成本和时间。此外，HCGSN包括数据的所有阶段的统一，无缝的软件应用，大大简化了收集，处理， 分析和d的脑电图数据。 HCGSN功能低调电极基座，充满电解质溶液时，创建一个密封的微环境和头皮电极接口。在所有短程ð脑电图系统，脑电图传感器检测电压的变化，从参与者的头皮，连同少量的室内环境的电气噪音。短程传感器网络中的所有传感器的电信号放大器，它们会自动处理，包装，同时接收和发送到的计算机数据采集器（DAC）。一旦收到由DAC，可以分离出头皮电活动EGI的软件中使用的过滤和工件检测工具，分析工件。通常情况下，HCGSN可以连续最多只能到两个小时，因为电解液干涸，随着时间的推移，逐渐减少头皮电极界面的质量。 在家长与婴儿在多伦多大学的研究实验室，我们使用 D脑电图研究的社会认知过程，包括记忆，情绪，目标，意向，期待，在成人和婴儿参与者的行政运作。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography dEEG at JoVE.com

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography dEEG

密集阵脑电图是正在越来越多地用于婴儿和成人学习的社会认知功能。在这里，我们提出了一个既定的方法，代表了对传统方法的研究婴儿和成人的脑电图明显改善。

调查婴儿和成人使用密集阵脑电图的社会认知（ D脑电图）

Dense array electroencephalography (dEEG), which provides a non-invasive window for measuring brain activity and a temporal resolution unsurpassed by any ...

investigating-social-cognition-infants-adults-using-dense-array

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography (dEEG)

17.7K 次观看.  University Toronto Scarborough. 密集阵脑电图是正在越来越多地用于婴儿和成人学习的社会认知功能。在这里，我们提出了一个既定的方法，代表了对传统方法的研究婴儿和成人的脑电图明显改善。

视频: Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography dEEG

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

睾酮和社会决策，结合行为内分泌和实验经济学：

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

科研

神经科学

Electrophysiological Measurements and Analysis of Nociception in Human Infants

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. Since infants cannot verbally report their experiences, current methods of pain assessment are based on behavioural and physiological body reactions, such as crying, body movements or changes in facial expression. While these measures demonstrate that infants mount a response following noxious stimulation, they are limited: they are based on activation of subcortical somatic and autonomic motor pathways that may not be reliably linked to central sensory processing in the brain. Knowledge of how the central nervous system responds to noxious events could provide an insight to how nociceptive information and pain is processed in newborns.
The heel lancing procedure used to extract blood from hospitalised infants offers a unique opportunity to study pain in infancy. In this video we describe how electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) time-locked to this procedure can be used to investigate nociceptive activity in the brain and spinal cord.
This integrative approach to the measurement of infant pain has the potential to pave the way for an effective and sensitive clinical measurement tool.

The assessment and treatment of pain in infants is difficult because infants cannot verbally report their experience. In this video we describe quantitative electrophysiological methods and analysis techniques that can be used to measure the response to noxious events from the infant nervous system.

在人类婴儿的伤害性电生理测量和分析

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. Since infants cannot verbally report their experiences, current methods of pain assessment are ...

Super-resolution Imaging of Neuronal Dense-core Vesicles

Detection of fluorescence provides the foundation for many widely utilized and rapidly advancing microscopy techniques employed in modern biological and medical applications. Strengths of fluorescence include its sensitivity, specificity, and compatibility with live imaging. Unfortunately, conventional forms of fluorescence microscopy suffer from one major weakness, diffraction-limited resolution in the imaging plane, which hampers studies of structures with dimensions smaller than ~250 nm. Recently, this limitation has been overcome with the introduction of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques, such as photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM). Unlike its conventional counterparts, PALM can produce images with a lateral resolution of tens of nanometers. It is thus now possible to use fluorescence, with its myriad strengths, to elucidate a spectrum of previously inaccessible attributes of cellular structure and organization.
Unfortunately, PALM is not trivial to implement, and successful strategies often must be tailored to the type of system under study. In this article, we show how to implement single-color PALM studies of vesicular structures in fixed, cultured neurons. PALM is ideally suited to the study of vesicles, which have dimensions that typically range from ~50-250 nm. Key steps in our approach include labeling neurons with photoconvertible (green to red) chimeras of vesicle cargo, collecting sparsely sampled raw images with a super-resolution microscopy system, and processing the raw images to produce a high-resolution PALM image. We also demonstrate the efficacy of our approach by presenting exceptionally well-resolved images of dense-core vesicles (DCVs) in cultured hippocampal neurons, which refute the hypothesis that extrasynaptic trafficking of DCVs is mediated largely by DCV clusters.

We describe how to implement photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM)-based studies of vesicles in fixed, cultured neurons. Key components of our protocol include labeling vesicles with photoconvertible chimeras, collecting sparsely sampled raw images with a super-resolution microscopy system, and processing the raw images to produce a super-resolution image.

神经元的密集核心囊泡的超分辨率成像

Detection of fluorescence provides the foundation for many widely utilized and rapidly advancing microscopy techniques employed in modern biological and ...

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure involves the chronic placement of multiple depth electrodes into regions of the brain typically inaccessible via subdural grid electrode placement. SEEG thus provides a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. In this paper we demonstrate how SEEG can be used to investigate the role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in cognitive control. We include a description of the SEEG procedure, demonstrating the surgical placement of the electrodes. We describe the components and process required to record local field potential (LFP) data from consenting subjects while they are engaged in a behavioral task. In the example provided, subjects play a cognitive interference task, and we demonstrate how signals are recorded and analyzed from electrodes in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area intimately involved in decision-making. We conclude with further suggestions of ways in which this method can be used for investigating human cognitive processes.

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is an operative technique used in epilepsy surgery to help localize seizure foci. It also affords a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. Here we describe how SEEG can be used to investigate cognitive processes in human subjects.

调查深皮层的功​​能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图：由前扣带皮层的经验教训

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure ...

Studying Brain Function in Children Using Magnetoencephalography

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique which directly measures magnetic fields produced by the electrical activity of the human brain. MEG is quiet and less likely to induce claustrophobia compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is therefore a promising tool for investigating brain function in young children. However, analysis of MEG data from pediatric populations is often complicated by head movement artefacts which arise as a consequence of the requirement for a spatially-fixed sensor array that is not affixed to the child's head. Minimizing head movements during MEG sessions can be particularly challenging as young children are often unable to remain still during experimental tasks. The protocol presented here aims to reduce head movement artefacts during pediatric MEG scanning. Prior to visiting the MEG laboratory, families are provided with resources that explain the MEG system and the experimental procedures in simple, accessible language. An MEG familiarization session is conducted during which children are acquainted with both the researchers and the MEG procedures. They are then trained to keep their head still whilst lying inside an MEG simulator. To help children feel at ease in the novel MEG environment, all of the procedures are explained through the narrative of a space mission. To minimize head movement due to restlessness, children are trained and assessed using fun and engaging experimental paradigms. In addition, children's residual head movement artefacts are compensated for during the data acquisition session using a real-time head movement tracking system. Implementing these child-friendly procedures is important for improving data quality, minimizing participant attrition rates in longitudinal studies, and ensuring that families have a positive research experience.

This article introduces a child-friendly research protocol designed to improve data quality by reducing head movement during pediatric magnetoencephalography (MEG). We familiarize families with the MEG environment, train children to remain still using an MEG simulator, and correct for residual head movement artefacts using a real-time head movement detection system.

脑磁图在儿童脑功能研究中的应用

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique which directly measures magnetic fields produced by the electrical activity of the ...

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement (PMSM), for Investigating Implicit Social Bias

New knowledge is continuously gained from a social environment that can influence how people respond to each other. Such responses often occur implicitly, at a subliminal perceptual level, and related brain mechanisms can be experimentally isolated by presenting the stimuli quickly. Subliminal presentation of faces that belong to different ethnicity groups, races, or gender has been shown to be successful in investigating social implicit responses. However, many implicit responses are based on knowledge previously gained about the faces (e.g., sexual orientation, political views, and socioeconomic status) and not solely on physical appearance. Here, a novel method called post-movie subliminal measurement (PMSM) is presented. When watching a socially engaging movie, a spectator gains knowledge about the protagonist and becomes familiar with his/her identity and world views. When the face of the protagonist is presented subliminally after the movie, it evokes an implicit neural response depending on what is learned about the protagonist. With a vast number of movies available, each depicting a variety of people with different identities, the PMSM method enables investigation of the brain&#39;s complex implicit biases in a manner that resembles real-life social perceptions.

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement PMSM, for Investigating Implicit Social Bias

This protocol describes the use of movies to investigate brain mechanisms underlying implicit social biases during functional magnetic resonance imaging. When the face of a protagonist is presented after a movie subliminally, it evokes an implicit response based on knowledge of the protagonist gained during the movie.

电影后潜意识测量（PMSM），用于调查隐性社会偏差

New knowledge is continuously gained from a social environment that can influence how people respond to each other. Such responses often occur implicitly, ...

Culture of Neurospheres Derived from the Neurogenic Niches in Adult Prairie Voles

Neurospheres are primary cell aggregates that comprise neural stem cells and progenitor cells. These 3D structures are an excellent tool to determine the differentiation and proliferation potential of neural stem cells, as well as to generate cell lines than can be assayed over time. Also, neurospheres can create a niche (in vitro) that allows the modeling of the dynamic changing environment, such as varying growth factors, hormones, neurotransmitters, among others. Microtus ochrogaster (prairie vole) is a unique model for understanding the neurobiological basis of socio-sexual behaviors and social cognition. However, the cellular mechanisms involved in these behaviors are not well known. The protocol aims to obtain neural progenitor cells from the neurogenic niches of the adult prairie vole, which are cultured under non-adherent conditions, to generate neurospheres. The size and number of neurospheres depend on the region (subventricular zone or dentate gyrus) and sex of the prairie vole. This method is a remarkable tool to study sex-dependent differences in neurogenic niches in vitro and the neuroplasticity changes associated with social behaviors such as pair bonding and biparental care. Also, cognitive conditions that entail deficits in social interactions (autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia) could be examined.

We established the conditions to culture neural progenitor cells from the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of the adult brain of prairie voles, as a complementary in vitro study, to analyze the sex-dependent differences between neurogenic niches that could be part of functional plastic changes associated with social behaviors.

从成人草原卷的神经性尼奇衍生的神经球培养

Neurospheres are primary cell aggregates that comprise neural stem cells and progenitor cells. These 3D structures are an excellent tool to determine the ...

Reliable Acquisition of Electroencephalography Data during Simultaneous Electroencephalography and Functional MRI

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), EEG-fMRI, combines the complementary properties of scalp EEG (good temporal resolution) and fMRI (good spatial resolution) to measure neuronal activity during an electrographic event, through hemodynamic responses known as blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) changes. It is a non-invasive research tool that is utilized in neuroscience research and is highly beneficial to the clinical community, especially for the management of neurological diseases, provided that proper equipment and protocols are administered during data acquisition. Although recording EEG-fMRI is apparently straightforward, the correct preparation, especially in placing and securing the electrodes, is not only important for safety but is also critical in ensuring the reliability and analyzability of the EEG data obtained. This is also the most experience-demanding part of the preparation. To address these issues, a straightforward protocol that ensures data quality was developed. This article provides a step-by-step guide for acquiring reliable EEG data during EEG-fMRI using this protocol that utilizes readily available medical products. The presented protocol can be adapted to different applications of EEG-fMRI in research and clinical settings, and may be beneficial to both inexperienced and expert operators.

This article provides a straightforward protocol for acquiring good quality electroencephalography (EEG) data during simultaneous EEG and functional magnetic resonance imaging by utilizing readily available medical products.

同时脑电图和功能 MRI 期间的可靠脑成像数据获取

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), EEG-fMRI, combines the complementary properties of scalp EEG ...

Optrode Array for Simultaneous Optogenetic Modulation and Electrical Neural Recording

During the last decade, optogenetics has become an essential tool for the investigation of neural signaling due to its unique capability of selective neural modulation or monitoring. As specific types of neuronal cells can be genetically modified to express opsin proteins, optogenetics enables optical stimulation or inhibition of the selected neurons. There have been several technological advances in the optical system for optogenetics. Recently, it was proposed to combine the optical waveguide for light delivery with electrophysiological recording to simultaneously monitor the neural responses to optogenetic stimulation or inhibition. In this study, an implantable optrode array (2x2 optical fibers) was developed with embedded multichannel electrodes. 
A light-emitting diode (LED) was employed as a light source, and a microfabricated microlens array was integrated to provide sufficient light power at the tip of the optical fibers. The optrode array system comprises the disposable part and the reusable part. The disposable part has optical fibers and electrodes, while the reusable part has the LED and electronic circuitry for light control and neural signal processing. The novel design of the implantable optrode array system is introduced in the accompanying video in addition to the procedure of the optrode implantation surgery, optogenetic light stimulation, and the electrophysiological neural recording. The results of in vivo experiments successfully showed time-locked neural spikes evoked by the light stimuli from hippocampal excitatory neurons of mice.

Here, we present the fabrication method of an optrode system with optical fibers for light delivery and an electrode array for neural recording. In vivo experiments with transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 show the feasibility of the system for simultaneous optogenetic stimulation and electrophysiological recording.

用于同步光遗传学调制和电神经记录的光驱阵列

During the last decade, optogenetics has become an essential tool for the investigation of neural signaling due to its unique capability of selective ...

Brain Mapping Using a Graphene Electrode Array

Cortical maps represent the spatial organization of location-dependent neural responses to sensorimotor stimuli in the cerebral cortex, enabling the prediction of physiologically relevant behaviors. Various methods, such as penetrating electrodes, electroencephalography, positron emission tomography, magnetoencephalography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging, have been used to obtain cortical maps. However, these methods are limited by poor spatiotemporal resolution, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), high costs, and non-biocompatibility or cause physical damage to the brain. This study proposes a graphene array-based somatosensory mapping method as a feature of electrocorticography that offers superior biocompatibility, high spatiotemporal resolution, desirable SNR, and minimized tissue damage, overcoming the drawbacks of previous methods. This study demonstrated the feasibility of a graphene electrode array for somatosensory mapping in rats. The presented protocol can be applied not only to the somatosensory cortex but also to other cortices such as the auditory, visual, and motor cortex, providing advanced technology for clinical implementation.

We present a graphene array-based brain mapping procedure to reduce the invasiveness and improve spatiotemporal resolution. Graphene array-based surface electrodes exhibit long-term biocompatibility, mechanical flexibility, and suitability for brain mapping in a convoluted brain. This protocol allows for constructing multiple forms of sensory maps simultaneously and sequentially.

使用石墨烯电极阵列进行脑映射

Cortical maps represent the spatial organization of location-dependent neural responses to sensorimotor stimuli in the cerebral cortex, enabling the ...