由国家科学和工程研究理事会（NSERC），卫生，纽约大学和作者系JFXD资​​助等博士资金由安大略问题赌博研究中心（OPGRC）。

1。进入磁共振室<ol><li>参与者完成一份同意书，解释所有的实验的风险（如心脏起搏器，幽闭恐惧症，金属植入物，怀孕的机会等），和他们的参与利益。 </li><li>所有的参与者都需要填写的MRI安全和筛选问卷（简要病史，以往的手术禁忌等）参加者必须排除。 </li></ol> 2。任务概述和培训<ol><li>反扫视任务性能提供培训。 <ol><li>绿色固定表明亲扫视审判。指示与会者在8-10°的可视角度，寻找到目标出现在屏幕的边缘。 </li><li>固定红色表示反扫视试验。指示参与者期待的目标出现在屏幕边缘的镜子对面，在可视角度8-10°（如正确的目标，寻找到日é左）。 </li></ol></li><li>提供培训以外的扫描仪的情绪Stroop任务绩效。 <ol><li>扫描器以外的计算机用字脸，表达不同的组合，包括15个练习试验。这种做法的目的是为参加学习的任务，什么是按相应的按钮，在核磁共振成像扫描仪对他们的期望。报告喜色/字，中性表达/字和忧伤的表情/字按下按钮指示参与者。此外，扫描仪内时，其中的情感，每个按钮代表提醒与会者。 </li><li>表明表达式（快乐，中性，悲伤）的描述性词语叠加在个别的面孔的照片。这些话是一致或不一致的，所面对的图片（ 图1）描绘的情感。要么代表提醒与会者，每次扫描开始在屏幕上的批示按相应的按钮，尽快ORT“脸部表情（快乐，中性，悲伤）”或“文字（快乐，中性，悲伤）”。 </li><li>指令显示1秒​​钟，随后由一个固定的十字架上，与会者迷恋上另1秒。其次是固定跨为250毫秒和2秒的响应形象呈现在脸上刺激。响应图像被用来给参与者报告他们的反应，按相应的按钮。这种反应图像结束后开始的下一个固定的交叉视觉呈现。每个参与者重复实验扫描在两个指令组（即面部表情或文字）之一。创建和使用演示12.1（ <a href="http://www.neurobs.com" target="_blank">www.neurobs.com</a> ）提出刺激。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3。扫描仪和眼动追踪设置<ol><li>到Begin的实验，开始集中到屏幕与数字投影机的MRI图像作为投影计算机的刺激。 </li><li>参与者被要求从他们在控制室里的椅子和起床，走进扫描仪室。耳塞和/或提供头手机和科目放置在自己的耳朵运河。 <ol><li>这个问题在于，他们的头部位置，仰卧，以头线圈的中心。我们用枕头或泡沫插入稳定参与者的身体和头部位置，使他们尽可能舒适，而且在限制他们的头部运动，头部运动以来，在扫描过程中会导致数据丢失的助手。尤其是当头部运动是大于1毫米，在任何方向。 </li><li>滑动/放置了参与者的头headcoil和他们倾斜舒适尽可能他们的头，直视前方，以查看一面镜子，反映了投影机的屏幕。眼睛一定要尽可能接近为p的首要位置ossible 8，以保持在扫描可长达两个小时的会议参与者的舒适性。 </li></ol></li><li>要求参与者如何投射影像的焦点是，一旦他们在扫描器。如果它不锋利，重新调整镜头，提高了屏幕上的图像。 </li><li>现在的eyetracker校准测试，以确保在正确的位置，红外发光二极管相机。如果在角膜上的反映是不理想或正常工作，红外发光二极管源必须进行调整，或一面镜子，反映参与者的头部位置附近的红外发光二极管源，必须重新调整/调整。如果参与者的头部进行了调整，问这个问题，如果需要更多的填充/泡沫或枕头保持这种头/身体位置。在扫描显示器和记录参与者的横向和纵向的眼睛的位置，使用红外线眼球追踪（即Sensomotoric仪器，李约瑟/马萨诸塞州波士顿）和关联这些行为范式WHEN分析大脑活动。5,7 </li></ol> 4。扫描程序<ol><li>将参与者的腹部，左手和右手摇杆/按钮盒上的紧急联络挤压球。在靠近头部的右侧，将维生素E胶囊。解剖扫描，这将使某些错误，这将是可见的，不会从左至右翻转图像。提高滑入中心的MRI床。 </li><li>确保所有实验者留下的MRI室的门关闭的MRI。 </li><li>与中控室通过对讲参与者沟通和确认，他们正在准备开始扫描，并尽可能舒适。如果不是，调整需要。 </li><li>提醒参与者，在扫描仪的噪音将是响亮的，这是正常的。 <ol><li>在第一次扫描沿矢状地区收集的几个脑图像，以便能够本地化/规定的确切或ientation解剖和功能完整的数据片。与会者被告知，这种扫描将需要几分钟。 </li><li>一旦实验者查看本地化扫描的结果，我们规定了一系列覆盖整个大脑的解剖切片。在我们的情况下，我们通常扫描轴向斜片，涵盖整个大脑（170至256片）。告诉参与者扫描，这将取决于规定数量的片约6至10分钟。在某些情况下可以做解剖扫描功能扫描后。后者有一定的优势，通常在长期实验的受试者会遇到疲劳。因此，解剖扫描需要的科目不重视，所以他们可能会关闭他们的眼睛。这可能是有用的，做这些扫描成像会议结束。 </li><li>解剖扫描完成后，参与者是通过沟通，通过麦克风提醒即将到来的扫描的具体说明/扬声器系统。 </li></ol></li><li>在这个例子中，伪事件相关设计2用于识别情绪Stroop任务的脑激活的区域，但需要时，可以使用定向任何感觉，内部的感知9或电机刺激10。在这些被扫描，然后我们将指示下一个主题将被扫描，反扫视范式。根据扫描成像参数的选择上，将接近6分钟之久。我们发现，扫描长于诱导受试者入睡。 </li><li>总的成像会议大约需要60至120分钟，根据分析所需的总扫描。 </li></ol> 5。功能磁共振成像分析<ol><li>使用BrainVoyager群星软件（或任何分析软件包，如AFNI或SPM）分析数据。 </li><li>首先，上解剖大脑图像叠加功能数据统计图。功能定义感兴趣的大脑区域（反渗透正在）使用一般线性模型（GLM），与单独的预测，为每个任务的条件（即一致和不一致的，脸指令字指令，反扫视，扫视）在两种类型的扫描2。 </li><li>检查所有激活的GLM对比额叶区域的信号强度（即所有与所有一致不一致的，以生产领域地图），计算所有参与者标准化BOLD信号和比较不一致的字/脸上的表情与全等字/面临两个条件2的表达。 </li><li>相关的试验，为GLMs使用收集反应时间，然后横 ​​跨每一个人相关的大脑活动，用他们自己的反应时间，具体如图4试验2。 </li></ol> 6。代表结果经过分析，我们显示与电子相关的大脑区域记录扫描过程中的运动的Stroop和反扫视任务。从情感Stroop范式结果表明表达，指导和大脑区域的所有三个因素之间的相互作用的影响，但没有指令2的表达并没有主要作用的主要作用。我们发现时，脸上的表情是不一致的，以叠加的情感词语，从报告的文字产生这种不契合，在左侧的空腹血糖受损（ 图2）具有较高的BOLD信号强度。统计学意义上的不一致表达的信号强度比较一致表达，高兴全等最大的区别2。 最重要的是RTS三个不一致的测试条件（悲伤，快乐和中性）预测左IFG组内的所有全等的条件（ 图3）相比增加BOLD信号。对于这个ANA裂解，我们专门研究了反应时间，并进行了回归分析，以测试是否不一致和全等的条件RT预测BOLD信号这个大脑区域内活动（ 图3）。我们发现，81％左IFG组活动的变化，报告中的不一致和全等的条件2字表达的快乐，中性，悲伤时，RT帐户。较高的RT是空腹血糖受损激活较大的左预测，产生的最大的RT /信号强度比所有其他表达条件与不一致伤心的条件。我们分析反扫视范例，使用上述类似的方法，能够比较两个网络的活动。在这个例子中，我们发现，有没有在左空腹血糖受损，反扫视亲扫视任务相比增加信号。有关详细信息，我们指的读者福特等人 （2007）。 <img alt="图1" src=“/ files/ftp_upload/3237/3237fig1.jpg”/&gt; 图1。不一致的审判（带喜色的脸叠加字的SAD）的一个例子。实验将开始与固定点（1秒），继续面对刺激（250毫秒）和掩盖图像（2秒），这需要参与者的按钮响应。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3237/3237fig2.jpg" /> 图2。所有固定量作为基准。误差棒表示标准误差平均值（SEM）。 （快乐，中性，悲伤）不一致的表达呈显着较大的BOLD信号的变化，相比2个全等的表达。插图图像显示左额下回受损（IFG）的功能定位在5.2节中使用的对比描述全等条件的不一致与情绪Stroop在出席字指令集。 <img alT =“图3”的src =“/ files/ftp_upload/3237/3237fig3.jpg”/&gt; 图3。在“参加到Word”的指令，不一致的一致性对比表明RTS和BOLD信号强度之间呈正相关。此图是平均所有10个科目的RTS和BOLD信号期间的六项条件。误差棒表示标准误差的平均值（扫描电镜）2。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/3237/3237fig4.jpg" /> 图4显示每个表达式的重复科目。最上面一行是一个试用序列从一个块试验示意图。底部是一个描绘两个伽玛用来发现在情绪的面部表情有关的大脑区域的血流动力学响应函数（HRF）。

<ol>
	<li>Stroop, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+interference+in+serial+verbal+reactions.">Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions.</a> Journal of Experimental Psychology. 18, 643-662 (1935).</li><li>Ovaysikia, S., Tahir, K. A., Chan, J. L., DeSouza, J. F. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Word+wins+over+face:+emotional+Stroop+effect+activates+the+frontal+cortical+network.">Word wins over face: emotional Stroop effect activates the frontal cortical network.</a> Front Hum. Neurosci. 4, 234 (2011).</li><li>Hallett, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+and+secondary+saccades+to+goals+defined+by+instructions.">Primary and secondary saccades to goals defined by instructions.</a> Vision Res. 18, 1279-1296 (1978).</li><li>Connolly, J. D., Goodale, M. A., DeSouza, J. F. X., Menon, R. S., Vilis, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+frontoparietal+fMRI+activation+during+anti-saccades+and+anti-pointing.">A comparison of frontoparietal fMRI activation during anti-saccades and anti-pointing.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 84, 1645-1655 (2000).</li><li>DeSouza, J. F. X., Menon, R. S., Everling, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparatory+set+associated+with+pro-saccades+and+anti-saccades+in+humans+investigated+with+event-related+FMRI.">Preparatory set associated with pro-saccades and anti-saccades in humans investigated with event-related FMRI.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 89, 1016-1023 (2003).</li><li>Everling, S., DeSouza, J. F. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rule-dependent+activity+for+prosaccades+and+antisaccades+in+the+primate+prefrontal+cortex.">Rule-dependent activity for prosaccades and antisaccades in the primate prefrontal cortex.</a> J. Cogn. Neurosci. 17, 1483-1496 (2005).</li><li>Ford, K. A., Goltz, H. C., Brown, M. R. G., Everling, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+processes+associated+with+antisaccade+task+performance+investigated+with+event-related+fMRI.">Neural processes associated with antisaccade task performance investigated with event-related fMRI.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 94, 429-440 (2005).</li><li>DeSouza, J. F. X., Nicolle, D. A., Vilis, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Task-dependent+changes+in+the+shape+and+thickness+of+Listing's+plane.">Task-dependent changes in the shape and thickness of Listing's plane.</a> Vision Res. 37, 2271-2282 (1997).</li><li>Hadjikhani, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+migraine+aura+revealed+by+functional+MRI+in+human+visual+cortex.">Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 4687-4692 (2001).</li><li>DeSouza, J. F. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+position+signal+modulates+a+human+parietal+pointing+region+during+memory-guided+movements.">Eye position signal modulates a human parietal pointing region during memory-guided movements.</a> J. Neurosci. 20, 5835-5840 (2000).</li></ol>

我们什么都没有透露。

确定大脑区域依赖于扫描的任务（即不一致与全等的情绪和面部表情的Stroop效应;或反扫视与亲扫视）之间建立一个准确的对比度，以产生一个激活地图相关任务。这些功能的地图，可以更精细的扫描器收集行为主体作出错误的删除试验。这些错误可以被删除，如果有足够数量比功能地图的错误可以作出这些3,4,5,6。最重要的是，当研究Stroop任务不一致的任务，有较长的反应时间，反应时间...

A correction was made to <a href="http://http://www.jove.com/video/3237">Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis</a>. Joseph DeSouza and Laura Pynn middle initials were omitted at publication.
These have been corrected to:
Joseph F.X. DeSouza Laura K. Pynn

A correction was made to <a href="http://http://www.jove.com/video/3237">Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis</a>. Some of the authors middle initials were omitted.

Erratum: Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 设备名称 </td><td> 公司 </td></tr><tr><td> 3特斯拉的核磁共振机</td><td>西门子MAGNETOM三重奏（德国埃尔兰根） </td></tr><tr><td> iViewX眼跟踪</td><td> SensoMotoric仪器公司</td></tr><tr><td> BrainVoyager群星软件</td><td>脑创新，荷兰马斯特里赫特</td></tr><tr><td>四按钮游戏杆</td><td>目前的设计公司，费城宾夕法尼亚，美国</td></tr></tbody></table> 表1。特定的试剂和设备。

correlating behavioral responses to fmri signals from human prefrontal cortex: examining cognitive processes using task analysis

这种方法文件的目的是描述如何实现影像学技术研究互补从事大脑由两个类似的任务。然后，可以参加“期间任务的功能磁共振成像扫描仪的性能行为相关的大脑活动使用的血氧水平依赖信号。我们衡量行为能够排序正确的试验，主体正确地执行任务，然后才能研究大脑的信号与纠正性能。反之，如果对象不执行任务的正确，这些试验是在同样的分析与正确的试验，我们将介绍，不仅是正确的性能试验。因此，在许多情况下，这些错误可以用自己的，然后关联到他们的大脑活动。我们描述了两个相辅相成的任务，在我们的实验室用于检查在一个自动应答的抑制大脑的Stroop 1和反扫视任务。 “情绪Stroop范式指示参与者报告的叠加的情绪整个情感面或面部的表情的脸刺激1,2&#39;字&#39;。当字和表情是指以不同的情绪，两者之间的冲突必须说，什么是自动读取发生。参与者要解决两个同时竞争的过程读字和面部表情之间的冲突。我们读出一个字的冲动，导致强烈的“刺激 - 反应（SR）的协会，从而抑制这些强SR的困难和参与者都容易犯错误。克服这种冲突和指导注意力从脸上或字，需要受到抑制过程通常指示注意更加突出的刺激的​​底部。同样，在反扫视任务3,4,5,6，其中一个指令提示是用来指示只注意外围的刺激位置，但在EY将é运动镜相反的立场。然而，我们再次测量分拣到正确的和错误的审判行为反应，然后可以与大脑活动的参与者允许通过记录眼球运动的行为。现在影像学，使研究人员能够测量不同的行为，正确的和错误的审判，不同的认知过程的指标，并查明涉及不同的神经网络。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis at JoVE.com

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

我们的研究目标是大脑活动的相关行为。准确的行为的措施和成像技术，让我们澄清脑 - 行为之间的关系。

关联从人类前额叶皮层的fMRI信号的行为反应：检查的认知过程，使用任务分析

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

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12.7K 次观看.  Centre for Vision Research, York University. 我们的研究目标是大脑活动的相关行为。准确的行为的措施和成像技术，让我们澄清脑 - 行为之间的关系。

视频: Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

Recording Behavioral Responses to Reflection in Crayfish

Social behavior depends on sensory input from the visual, mechanical and olfactory systems. One important issue concerns the relative roles of each sensory modality in guiding behavior. The role of visual inputs has been examined by isolating visual stimuli from mechanical and chemosensory stimuli. In some studies (Bruski &amp; Dunham, 1987: Delgado-Morales et al., 2004) visual inputs have been removed with blindfolds or low light intensity, and effects of remaining sensory modalities have been elucidated. An alternative approach is to study the effects of visual inputs in the absence of any appropriate mechanical and chemosensory cues. This approach aims to identify the exclusive role of visual inputs. 
We have used two methods to provide visual stimuli to crayfish without providing chemical and mechanical cues. In one method, crayfish are videotaped in an aquarium where half of the walls are covered in mirrors to provide a reflective environment, and the other half are covered in a non-reflective (matte finish) plastic. This gives the crayfish a choice between reflective and non-reflective environments. The reflective environment provides visual cues in the form of reflected images of the crayfish as it moves throughout half of the tank; these visual cues are missing from the non-reflective half of the tank. An alternative method is to videotape the behavior of crayfish in an aquarium separated by a smaller chamber at each end, with a crayfish in one small chamber providing visual cues and an inert object in the opposite small chamber providing visual input from a non-moving, non-crayfish source. 
Our published results indicate that responses of crayfish to the reflective environment depend on socialization and dominance rank. Socialized crayfish spent more time in the reflective environment and exhibited certain behaviors more frequently there than in the non-reflective environment; isolated crayfish showed no such differences. Crayfish that were housed in same-sex pairs developed a social rank of either dominant or subordinate. Responses to reflection differed between dominant and subordinate crayfish (May &amp; Mercier, 2006; May &amp; Mercier, 2007). Dominant crayfish spent more time on the reflective side, entered reflective corners more frequently and spent more time in reflective corners compared to the non-reflective side. Subordinate crayfish walked in reverse more often on the reflective side than on the non-reflective side. Preliminary data suggest similar effects from visual cues provided by a crayfish in a small adjoining chamber (May et al., 2008).

We have developed two methods for studying effects of visual cues on behavior in the absence of tactile and chemical cues. One method involves videotaping responses of crayfish to reflective walls in an aquarium; the other examines effects of visual inputs provided by a live crayfish behind a transparent partition.

小龙虾的反思记录行为反应

Social behavior depends on sensory input from the visual, mechanical and olfactory systems.  One important issue concerns the relative roles of each ...

科研

神经科学

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal models, including monkeys, ferrets, bats, rodents, and cats. In order to draw suitable parallels between human and animal models of auditory function, it is important to establish a bridge between human functional imaging studies and animal electrophysiological studies. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an established, minimally invasive method of measuring broad patterns of hemodynamic activity across different regions of the cerebral cortex. This technique is widely used to probe sensory function in the human brain, is a useful tool in linking studies of auditory processing in both humans and animals and has been successfully used to investigate auditory function in monkeys and rodents. The following protocol describes an experimental procedure for investigating auditory function in anesthetized adult cats by measuring stimulus-evoked hemodynamic changes in auditory cortex using fMRI. This method facilitates comparison of the hemodynamic responses across different models of auditory function thus leading to a better understanding of species-independent features of the mammalian auditory cortex.

Functional studies of the auditory system in mammals have traditionally been conducted using spatially-focused techniques such as electrophysiological recordings. The following protocol describes a method of visualizing large-scale patterns of evoked hemodynamic activity in the cat auditory cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

听觉皮层在成年猫用高场磁共振成像功能成像

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal ...

Simultaneous Detection of c-Fos Activation from Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Dopamine Reward Sites Following Naive Sugar and Fat Ingestion in Rats

This study uses cellular c-fos activation to assess effects of novel ingestion of fat and sugar on brain dopamine (DA) pathways in rats. Intakes of sugars and fats are mediated by their innate attractions as well as learned preferences. Brain dopamine, especially meso-limbic and meso-cortical projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA), has been implicated in both of these unlearned and learned responses. The concept of distributed brain networks, wherein several sites and transmitter/peptide systems interact, has been proposed to mediate palatable food intake, but there is limited evidence empirically demonstrating such actions. Thus, sugar intake elicits DA release and increases c-fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) from individual VTA DA projection zones including the nucleus accumbens (NAC), amygdala (AMY) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as well as the dorsal striatum. Further, central administration of selective DA receptor antagonists into these sites differentially reduce acquisition and expression of conditioned flavor preferences elicited by sugars or fats. One approach by which to determine whether these sites interacted as a distributed brain network in response to sugar or fat intake would be to simultaneous evaluate whether the VTA and its major mesotelencephalic DA projection zones (prelimbic and infralimbic mPFC, core and shell of the NAc, basolateral and central-cortico-medial AMY) as well as the dorsal striatum would display coordinated and simultaneous FLI activation after oral, unconditioned intake of corn oil (3.5%), glucose (8%), fructose (8%) and saccharin (0.2%) solutions. This approach is a successful first step in identifying the feasibility of using cellular c-fos activation simultaneously across relevant brain sites to study reward-related learning in ingestion of palatable food in rodents.

The goal of this study is to identify reward-related distributed brain networks by delineating a reliable immunohistological technique using cellular c-fos activation to measure simultaneous changes in dopamine pathways and terminal sites after novel ingestion of fat and sugar in rats.

从脑边缘和Mesocortical多巴胺奖赏网站继朴素的糖和脂肪摄入大鼠c-fos激活的同时检测

This study uses cellular c-fos activation to assess effects of novel ingestion of fat and sugar on brain dopamine (DA) pathways in rats. Intakes of sugars ...

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

The study of human olfaction is a highly complex and valuable field with applications ranging from biomedical research to clinical evaluation. Currently, evaluation of the functions of the human central olfactory system with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is still a challenge because of several technical difficulties. There are some significant variables to take into account when considering an effective method for mapping the function of the central olfactory system using fMRI, including proper odorant selection, the interaction between odor presentation and respiration, and potential anticipation of or habituation to odorants. An event-related, respiration-triggered olfactory fMRI technique can accurately administer odorants to stimulate the olfactory system while minimizing potential interference. It can effectively capture the precise onsets of fMRI signals in the primary olfactory cortex using our data post-processing method. The technique presented here provides an efficient and practical means for generating reliable olfactory fMRI results. Such a technique can ultimately be applied in the clinical realm as a diagnostic tool for diseases associated with olfactory degeneration, including Alzheimer&#39;s and Parkinson&#39;s disease, as we begin to further understand the complexities of the human olfactory system.

We present the technical challenges and solutions for obtaining reliable functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from the human central olfactory system. This includes special considerations in olfactory fMRI paradigm design, descriptions of fMRI data acquisition with an MRI-compatible olfactometer, odorant selection, and a special software tool for data post-processing.

一种免费呼吸功能磁共振成像方法研究人类嗅觉功能

The study of human olfaction is a highly complex and valuable field with applications ranging from biomedical research to clinical evaluation. Currently, ...

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic field pulses. The initiation of cortical activation or its modulation depends on the background activation of the neurons of the cortical region activated, the characteristics of the coil, its position and its orientation with respect to the head. TMS combined with simultaneous electrocephalography (EEG) and neuronavigation (nTMS-EEG) allows for the assessment of cortico-cortical excitability and connectivity in almost all cortical areas in a reproducible manner. This advance makes nTMS-EEG a powerful tool that can accurately assess brain dynamics and neurophysiology in test-retest paradigms that are required for clinical trials. Limitations of this method include artifacts that cover the initial brain reactivity to stimulation. Thus, the process of removing artifacts may also extract valuable information. Moreover, the optimal parameters for dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) stimulation are not fully known and current protocols utilize variations from the motor cortex (M1) stimulation paradigms. However, evolving nTMS-EEG designs hope to address these issues. The protocol presented here introduces some standard practices for assessing neurophysiological functioning from stimulation to the DLPFC that can be applied in patients with treatment resistant psychiatric disorders that receive treatment such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

The protocol presented here is for TMS-EEG studies utilizing intracortical excitability test-retest design paradigms. The intent of the protocol is to produce reliable and reproducible cortical excitability measures for assessing neurophysiological functioning related to therapeutic interventions in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression.

侧前额叶皮质联合经颅磁刺激与脑电图的研究

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic ...

Isolation of Adult Human Astrocyte Populations from Fresh-Frozen Cortex Using Fluorescence-Activated Nuclei Sorting

The complexity of human astrocytes remains poorly defined in primary human tissue, requiring better tools for their isolation and molecular characterization. Fluorescence-activated nuclei sorting (FANS) can be used to successfully isolate and study human neuronal nuclei (NeuN+) populations from frozen archival tissue, thereby avoiding problems associated with handling&#160;fresh tissue. However, efforts to similarly isolate astroglia from the non-neuronal (NeuN-) element are lacking. A recently developed and validated immunotagging strategy uses three transcription factor antibodies to simultaneously isolate enriched neuronal (NeuN+), astrocyte (paired box protein 6 (PAX6)+NeuN-), and oligodendrocyte progenitor (OLIG2+NeuN-) nuclei populations from non-diseased, fresh (unfixed) snap-frozen&#160;postmortem human temporal neocortex tissue.
This technique was shown to be useful for the characterization of cell type-specific transcriptome alterations in primary pathological epilepsy neocortex. Transcriptomic analyses confirmed that PAX6+NeuN- sorted populations are robustly enriched for pan-astrocyte markers and capture astrocytes in both resting and reactive conditions. This paper describes the FANS methodology for the isolation of astrocyte-enriched nuclei populations from fresh-frozen human cortex, including tissue dissociation into single-nucleus (sn) suspension; immunotagging of nuclei with anti-NeuN and anti-PAX6 fluorescently conjugated antibodies; FANS gating strategies and quality control metrics for optimizing sensitivity and specificity during sorting and for confirming astrocyte enrichment; and recommended procurement for downstream transcriptome and chromatin accessibility sequencing at bulk or sn resolution. This protocol is applicable for non-necrotic, fresh-frozen, human cortical specimens with various pathologies and recommended postmortem tissue collection within 24 h.

We have developed a method that enriches for and isolates human astrocyte populations from fresh-frozen tissue for use in downstream molecular analyses.

使用荧光激活的细胞核分选从新鲜冷冻的皮质中分离出成年人类星形胶质细胞群

The complexity of human astrocytes remains poorly defined in primary human tissue, requiring better tools for their isolation and molecular ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Studying the physiological properties of specific synapses in the brain, and how they undergo plastic changes, is a key challenge in modern neuroscience. Traditional in vitro electrophysiological techniques use electrical stimulation to evoke synaptic transmission. A major drawback of this method is its nonspecific nature; all axons in the region of the stimulating electrode will be activated, making it difficult to attribute an effect to a particular afferent connection. This issue can be overcome by replacing electrical stimulation with optogenetic-based stimulation. We describe a method for combining optogenetics with in vitro patch-clamp recordings. This is a powerful tool for the study of both basal synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity of precise anatomically defined synaptic connections and is applicable to almost any pathway in the brain. Here, we describe the preparation and handling of a viral vector encoding channelrhodopsin protein for surgical injection into a pre-synaptic region of interest (medial prefrontal cortex) in the rodent brain and making of acute slices of downstream target regions (lateral entorhinal cortex). A detailed procedure for combining patch-clamp recordings with synaptic activation by light stimulation to study short- and long-term synaptic plasticity is also presented. We discuss examples of experiments that achieve pathway- and cell-specificity by combining optogenetics and Cre-dependent cell labeling. Finally, histological confirmation of the pre-synaptic region of interest is described along with biocytin labeling of the post-synaptic cell, to allow further identification of the precise location and cell type.

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Here we present a protocol describing viral transduction of discrete brain regions with optogenetic constructs to permit synapse-specific electrophysiological characterization in acute rodent brain slices.

离体 从内侧前额叶皮层到外嗅皮层的远距离突触传递和可塑性的光遗传学询问

Studying the physiological properties of specific synapses in the brain, and how they undergo plastic changes, is a key challenge in modern neuroscience. ...

Rapid Golgi Stain for Dendritic Spine Visualization in Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex

Golgi impregnation, using the Golgi staining kit with minor adaptations, is used to impregnate dendritic spines in the rat hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. This technique is a marked improvement over previous methods of Golgi impregnation because the premixed chemicals are safer to use, neurons are consistently well impregnated, there is far less background debris, and for a given region, there are extremely small deviations in spine density between experiments. Moreover, brains can be accumulated after a certain point and kept frozen until further processing. Using this method any brain region of interest can be studied. Once stained and cover slipped, dendritic spine density is determined by counting the number of spines for a length of dendrite and expressed as spine density per 10 &#181;m dendrite.

The protocol describes a modification of the rapid Golgi method, which can be adapted to any part of the nervous system, for staining neurons in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex of the rat.

快速高尔基染色用于海马体和前额叶皮层树突状脊柱可视化

Golgi impregnation, using the Golgi staining kit with minor adaptations, is used to impregnate dendritic spines in the rat hippocampus and medial ...

推进视觉皮层映射以增强对视力障碍的评估

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex with Wide-View Retinotopic Stimulation

High-resolution retinotopic blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a wide-view presentation can be used to functionally map the peripheral and central visual cortex. This method for measuring functional changes of the visual brain allows for functional mapping of the occipital lobe, stimulating &gt;100&#176; (&plusmn;50&#176;) or more of the visual field, compared to standard fMRI visual presentation setups which usually cover &lt;30&#176; of the visual field. A simple wide-view stimulation system for BOLD fMRI can be set up using common MR-compatible projectors by placing a large mirror or screen close to the subject's face and using only the posterior half of a standard head coil to provide a wide-viewing angle without obstructing their vision. The wide-view retinotopic fMRI map can then be imaged using various retinotopic stimulation paradigms, and the data can be analyzed to determine the functional activity of visual cortical regions corresponding to central and peripheral vision. This method provides a practical, easy-to-implement visual presentation system that can be used to evaluate changes in the peripheral and central visual cortex due to eye diseases such as glaucoma and the vision loss that may accompany them.

作者聚焦：通过宽视角 fMRI 映射洞察视觉皮层研究 

We have developed techniques for mapping the visual cortex function utilizing more of the visual field than is commonly used. This approach has the potential to enhance the evaluation of vision disorders and eye diseases.

具有宽视网膜刺激的视觉皮层功能性磁共振成像 （fMRI）

High-resolution retinotopic blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a wide-view presentation can be ...