<p class="jove_content"&gt;荷兰语NWO / ZonMW的补助912-03-037 911-02-004资助。</p

1。 6DF运动平台前庭刺激与运动平台（ 见图1），能够产生六度自由（FCS-MOOG，Nieuw-Vennep的，荷兰），总角和平移刺激的交付。该平台移动由六个电气 - 机械执行器连接到个人计算机上使用专用的控制软件。它生成准确的动作，与六自由度。传感器执行器放置在连续监测平台的运动曲线。该器件具有小于0.5毫米的精度&lt;0.05°的线性和角运动。在刺激过程中的振动分别为0.02°。与该设备的共振频率是75赫兹。平台运动轮廓重建使用逆动力学中的执行器和传感器信息发送到数据采集计算机。要同步的平台和眼球运动的数据时，激光束的背面，安装在车辆射击TForm的投射到一个小光电（1毫米，反应时间为10微秒）。光电池的输出电压与眼球运动数据采样的速率为1 KHz，用1毫秒的精度，并提供了一​​个真正的运动起始时间指示器。在离线分析，利用Matlab（Mathworks公司，马萨诸塞Natic​​k），在平台上的执行器传感器信息平台的基础上重建的运动曲线，精确地对准平台的运动开始。 2。主题 A.客厅受试者坐在椅子上的安装在平台（ 图2）的中心。主体的身体了四点安全带的约束中所使用的赛车。安全带被锚定的基础运动平台。椅子被环绕由PVC立方米帧的磁场线圈和服务作为支撑。场线圈系统是高度可调节的，例如，SUBJ等的眼睛中的磁场的中心。 B.头部固定头部被固定使用单独成型的印象牙齿咬板，这是通过刚性杆连接到立方框架。一种真空枕头折叠绕在脖子上，并连接到椅子的环形空间，进一步确保固定的主体（ 图1）。此外，监察虚假头部运动刺激时，我们重视两个3D传感器（商Analog Devices Inc，诺伍德，MA）直接咬板，一个角度和线性加速度。 3。坐标系统眼睛旋转定义在头固定，右手坐标系统（ 图3）。从主体的角度来看向左绕Z轴（偏航），在Y轴（音高）和向右旋转绕X轴（辊）的向下绕在该系统中被定义为位置的VE。到X，Y和Z的旋转轴正交的平面分别是滚动，俯仰和偏航平面（ 图3）。 4。眼动记录双眼眼球运动记录3D巩膜搜索线圈（SKALAR，代尔夫特，荷兰）4使用一个标准的25千赫两个励磁线圈系统罗宾逊（型号EMP3020，SKALAR医疗，代尔夫特，荷兰振幅检测方法的基础上的） 5。通过该线圈信号通过模拟低通滤波器的截止频率为500 Hz，采样的上线和存储到硬盘上在1千赫的频率下具有16位精度（CED的系统运行的Spike2卷剑桥电子设计剑桥）。 5。搜索线圈校准实验前， 在体外通过安装在线圈上的菲克胃肠方向和扭转线圈的灵敏度和非正交性验证放置MBAL系统中的磁场的中心。所有红衣主教轴旋转的万向系统，我们证实在实验中使用的所有线圈均在2％以内的所有方向对称。 在体内 ，两个线圈的水平和垂直信号被单独校准指示的主题，连续地注视了一系列的5个目标（中央的目标和目标，在10度，左，右，向上和向下），每五秒钟。在186厘米的距离投射到半透明的屏幕校准目标。导致实验后分析校准数据的灵敏度和偏移值的每个搜索线圈。然后使用这些值在分析过程写在Matlab 3。 6刺激 A.正弦刺激该平台提供全身正弦旋转（1赫兹，A = 4°）约三个CARDI信号的轴的喙尾鳍或垂直轴（偏航），双耳轴（间距）和鼻枕轴（卷），大约中间的递增步长22.5°之间的横滚和俯仰水平轴。 在光明与黑暗交付正弦刺激。在光照下，受试者迷恋上持续点亮的视觉目标（红色LED，2毫米直径）在眼睛的水平（ 图1C左侧面板）位于177厘米面前的课题。头部被定位，这样里德的线为基础（虚线连接的鼻道外耳炎较低的轨道旋律）是在6度，从地球水平）。在黑暗中的正弦刺激期间，简要介绍视标（2秒），当平台在每两个连续的刺激之间的时间间隔期间是静止的。为了避免自发性眼球运动刺激时，受试者想象的空间位置固定目标指示注视在正弦AL刺激后的目标已关闭之前运动起病。我们验证了指令的类型主要是减少眼球运动，在黑暗中，只有少量增益（&lt;10％）的影响。这种变异发生在所有的组件（横向，纵向和扭转）同时进行。 B.脉冲刺激在一个灯光昏暗的环境中，持续时间短，全身冲动交付。唯一可见的刺激的主题是一个可视化的目标位在177厘米面前的课题在眼睛水平。每个脉冲重复6次，并交付以随机顺序和随机定时运动发作（间隔2.5秒和3.5秒之间变化）。冲动的档案是在第一个100毫秒的脉冲，然后是逐渐线性减小加速度的加速度恒定的100°秒-2。这刺激导致直线上升速度达到veloc性10°秒-1的后100毫秒。在前庭刺激测量角速度和线性加速度设备异常头部运动刺激幅度小于4％。响应这些冲动的眼球运动的峰值速度的100倍以上的线圈的信号的噪声电平。 7。数据分析线圈信号被转换成菲克角，然后表示旋转向量6,7。直行从固定数据的目标，我们确定了不对中的眼睛相对于正交的主磁场线圈中的线圈。纠正这个偏移错位由三维计数器旋转信号。这也验证了圈打滑发生在实验过程中，通过验证每个运动发病前在固定的目标位置输出。 为了表达三维的眼球运动速度域，我们角速度旋转矢量数据转换回。在转换之前的旋转矢量的角速度，由零相的数据与正向和反向的20点的高斯窗（长度为20毫秒）的数字滤波器平滑。 8。正弦响应 A增益 。每个组件和三维眼速度增益的增益计算拟合正弦曲线的频率等于平台下的频率，通过水平，垂直和扭转角速度分量。增益定义为眼组件峰值速度和平台峰值速度之间的比例为每个组件分别计算每只眼睛。 乙错位。3D眼睛速轴和头部速度轴之间的错位计算使用的方法Aw和同事8,9。从两个向量的标量积不对的插件计算tantaneous角度之间的逆眼速度轴和磁头速度轴在三维空间中。三维角速度增益和不对中的每个方位取向进行比较预测的矢量求和，在0°（辊）和90°（间距）方位元件10的增益和不对中。从这个矢量求和，当滚动和俯仰的速度增益是相等的，眼球的转动轴的方向与头部旋转轴对齐时，两者是不同的，刺激和眼球的转动轴之间的最大偏差预计在45 °方位角。 9。脉冲响应左眼和右眼的数据痕迹6演示每个运动方向分别分析。由于左眼和右眼的值几乎相同，从左眼和右眼的数据的平均值，以确定响应脉冲刺激眼睛的速度增益。所有痕迹在计算机屏幕上单独检查。当拍摄对象眨眼或扫视期间的冲动，跟踪手动丢弃。角速度分量（n = 5〜6）发病后的运动过程中的第一个100毫秒的平均值在20毫秒的时间箱（提供一种有效的低通滤波），并绘制为平台速度11,12的功能。

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我们什么都没有透露。

本文介绍了一种方法来准确地测量3D角VOR响应在人类的整个身体旋转。该方法的优点是，它使所有三个维度的3D角VOR增益和不对的定量信息。该方法可用于基础研究，也有潜在的临床应用价值， 例如用于测试垂直管问题的患者或患者一知半解中枢前庭问题。该设备的另一个优点是能够测试平移VOR响应1。该系统的缺点是：1）成本方面的设备，场地和人员（当前的机器被开发用于飞行?...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric Motion Base MB-E-6DOF/24/1800KG * (Formerly E-CUE 624-1800)</td>
			<td>FCS-MOOG, Nieuw-Vennep, The Netherlands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic field with detector, Model EMP3020</td>
			<td>Skalar Medical, Delft, The Netherlands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CED power 1401, running Spike2 v6</td>
			<td>Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electromagnetic search coils</td>
			<td>Chronos Vision, Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
 </tbody>
	</table>

three dimensional vestibular ocular reflex testing using a six degrees of freedom motion platform

前庭器官是一个传感器，用来测量具有六个自由度（6DF）的角速度和线加速度。完全或部分的前庭器官的缺陷，导致轻度至严重的平衡问题，如眩晕，头晕，步态，振动幻视忽快忽慢，恶心和/或呕吐。一个良好和常用的措施，以量化的凝视稳定的增益，它被定义为相对于施加的头部运动补偿眼球运动的幅度。为了测试前庭功能更充分地认识到，理想的生成三维VOR补偿眼旋转不仅与（增益）的大小相等，方向相反的头部周围，但也绕一轴线，与头部旋转轴是共线的（对应）。前庭功能异常，从而导致增益和对准3D VOR响应的变化在变化。 在这里，我们描述了一个方法来测量使用全身旋转3D VOR上6DF莫蒂平台上。尽管该方法还允许测试翻译VOR反应1，我们只限于讨论的方法来衡量3D角VOR。此外，我们把自己限制在这里说明数据收集在健康受试者响应角的正弦和脉冲刺激。 主题端端正正坐在，接受全身小振幅正弦和恒定加速度冲动的。正弦刺激（= 1赫兹，A = 4°）绕垂直轴的轴线在水平面内的方位角为22.5°增量变化之间滚动和俯仰交付。冲动交付偏航，俯仰和横滚角度和垂直管平面。眼球运动测量巩膜搜索线圈技术的2。搜索线圈信号被采样在1千赫的频率下。 来回计算投入产出比（增益）和不对的3D VOR（共线性）m的眼线圈信号3。 三维VOR增益和共线性依赖于刺激轴的方向。系统偏差被发现特别是在横轴刺激。正确对齐在光亮中，眼球的转动轴与轴方向0°和90°方位的刺激，但逐渐偏离越来越向45°方位角。 扭转（X轴或辊轴的旋转）的低增益和高增益垂直眼球运动（Y轴或俯仰轴旋转（参见图2）可以被解释为在中间轴的未对准的系统偏差。由于中间轴刺激导致的矢量求和，基于个人的眼球的转动组件的一种代偿性反应，净反应轴线会偏离，因为X-和Y-轴的增益是不同的。 在黑暗中，所有眼球的转动组件收益低ER值。其结果是，在黑暗中和冲动的不对中比光有不同的波峰和波谷的俯仰轴的轧辊轴的刺激的刺激和其最大达到其最低值。 病例报告九门​​学科参加了实验。所有受试者签署知情同意书。实验过程中，伊拉斯谟大学医学中心的医学伦理委员会批准，并遵守赫尔辛基宣言涉及人类受试者的研究。 六个科目作为对照组。三科有单侧前庭损害，由于前庭神经鞘瘤。对照组（六男三女）年龄介乎22至55岁。没有任何控件有视觉或前庭投诉，由于神经，心血管，眼科疾病。 患者的年龄与schwanno马不同在44至64岁之间（两男一女）。所有神经鞘瘤受试者进行医学监察和/或曾接受治疗的othorhinolaryngologist和伊拉斯谟大学医学中心的神经外科医生组成的一个多学科小组。测试的病人都度过了一个右侧前庭神经鞘瘤，并接受了一个等待和手表政策的（ 表1，科目N1-N3）后，被诊断为前庭神经鞘瘤。他们的肿瘤已经超过8-10年的磁共振成像稳定。

正弦刺激光 图4（上图）显示为对照组的水平，垂直和扭转角速度分量中的光在水平面上的所有测试的正弦刺激的平均增益。扭转最大的0°的方位角，，而垂直有其最大值，在90℃。 图5显示了三维的眼睛中的光的速度增益。增益变化在0.99±0.12（间距）和0.54±0.16（卷）。测得的数据密切对应的扭转和垂直分量（ 图5的虚线）的矢量和计算出?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform at JoVE.com

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

的方法，所述测量三维前庭眼反射（三维VOR）在人类使用六个自由度（6DF）运动模拟器。的增益和不对中的三维角VOR提供前庭功能的质量的直接量度。健康受试者提供有代表性的数据

三维前庭眼反射测试使用六度自由度运动平台

The vestibular organ is a sensor that measures angular and linear accelerations with six degrees of freedom (6DF). Complete or partial defects in the ...

three-dimensional-vestibular-ocular-reflex-testing-using-six-degrees

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

15.8K 次观看.  Erasmus MC. 的方法，所述测量三维前庭眼反射（三维VOR）在人类使用六个自由度（6DF）运动模拟器。的增益和不对中的三维角VOR提供前庭功能的质量的直接量度。健康受试者提供有代表性的数据

视频: Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

MPI CyberMotion Simulator: Implementation of a Novel Motion Simulator to Investigate Multisensory Path Integration in Three Dimensions

Path integration is a process in which self-motion is integrated over time to obtain an estimate of one's current position relative to a starting point 1. Humans can do path integration based exclusively on visual 2-3, auditory 4, or inertial cues 5. However, with multiple cues present, inertial cues - particularly kinaesthetic - seem to dominate 6-7. In the absence of vision, humans tend to overestimate short distances (&lt;5 m) and turning angles (&lt;30&deg;), but underestimate longer ones 5. Movement through physical space therefore does not seem to be accurately represented by the brain.
Extensive work has been done on evaluating path integration in the horizontal plane, but little is known about vertical movement (see 3 for virtual movement from vision alone). One reason for this is that traditional motion simulators have a small range of motion restricted mainly to the horizontal plane. Here we take advantage of a motion simulator 8-9 with a large range of motion to assess whether path integration is similar between horizontal and vertical planes. The relative contributions of inertial and visual cues for path navigation were also assessed.
16 observers sat upright in a seat mounted to the flange of a modified KUKA anthropomorphic robot arm. Sensory information was manipulated by providing visual (optic flow, limited lifetime star field), vestibular-kinaesthetic (passive self motion with eyes closed), or visual and vestibular-kinaesthetic motion cues. Movement trajectories in the horizontal, sagittal and frontal planes consisted of two segment lengths (1st: 0.4 m, 2nd: 1 m; &plusmn;0.24 m/s2 peak acceleration). The angle of the two segments was either 45&deg; or 90&deg;. Observers pointed back to their origin by moving an arrow that was superimposed on an avatar presented on the screen.
Observers were more likely to underestimate angle size for movement in the horizontal plane compared to the vertical planes. In the frontal plane observers were more likely to overestimate angle size while there was no such bias in the sagittal plane. Finally, observers responded slower when answering based on vestibular-kinaesthetic information alone. Human path integration based on vestibular-kinaesthetic information alone thus takes longer than when visual information is present. That pointing is consistent with underestimating and overestimating the angle one has moved through in the horizontal and vertical planes respectively, suggests that the neural representation of self-motion through space is non-symmetrical which may relate to the fact that humans experience movement mostly within the horizontal plane.

An efficient way to gain insight into how humans navigate themselves in three dimensions is described. The method takes advantage of a motion simulator capable of moving observers in ways unattainable by traditional simulators. Results confirm that movement in the horizontal plane is underestimated, while vertical movement is overestimated.

MPI Cyber​​Motion模拟器：一种新型的运动模拟器的执行情况调查三个维度的多感官的路径积分

Path integration is a process in which self-motion is integrated over time to obtain an estimate of one's current position relative to a starting point 1. ...

科研

神经科学

Protocol for Three-dimensional Confocal Morphometric Analysis of Astrocytes

As glial cells in the brain, astrocytes have diverse functional roles in the central nervous system. In the presence of harmful stimuli, astrocytes modify their functional and structural properties, a condition called reactive astrogliosis. Here, a protocol for assessment of the morphological properties of astrocytes is presented. This protocol includes quantification of 12 different parameters i.e. the surface area and volume of the tissue covered by an astrocyte (astrocyte territory), the entire astrocyte including branches, cell body, and nucleus, as well as total length and number of branches, the intensity of fluorescence immunoreactivity of antibodies used for astrocyte detection, and astrocyte density (number/1,000 &#181;m2). For this purpose three-dimensional (3D) confocal microscopic images were created, and 3D image analysis software such as Volocity 6.3 was used for measurements. Rat brain tissue exposed to amyloid beta1-40 (A&#946;1-40) with or without a therapeutic&#160;intervention was used to present the method. This protocol can also be used for 3D morphometric analysis of other cells from either in vivo or in vitro conditions.

Astrocytes in the CNS change their functional and structural properties in response to harmful stimuli. This report presents a protocol for assessment of three-dimensional astrocyte morphology in diseased conditions or after therapeutic interventions.

协议星形胶质细胞的三维共聚焦形态分析

As glial cells in the brain, astrocytes have diverse functional roles in the central nervous system. In the presence of harmful stimuli, astrocytes modify ...

A Rat Model of Central Fatigue Using a Modified Multiple Platform Method

In this article, we introduced a rat model of central fatigue using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM). The Multiple Platform box was designed as a water tank with narrow platforms on the bottom. The model rats were put into the tank and stood on the platforms for 14 h (18:00 - 8:00) per day for a consecutive 21 days, with a blank control group set for contrast. At the end of modeling, rats in the model group showed an obvious fatigued appearance. To assess the model, we performed several behavioral tests, including the open field test (OFT), the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, and the exhaustive swimming (ES) test. The results showed that anxiety, spatial cognition impairment, poor muscle performance, and declined voluntary activity presented in model rats confirm the diagnosis of&#160;central fatigue. Changes of the central neurotransmitters also verified the result. In conclusion, the model successfully simulated central fatigue, and future study with the model may help reveal the pathological mechanism of the disease.

Here, we present a protocol to introduce a rat model of central fatigue using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM).

基于改进多平台法的大鼠中心疲劳模型

In this article, we introduced a rat model of central fatigue using the modified multiple platform method (MMPM). The Multiple Platform box was designed ...

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex

The mammalian neocortex is composed of many types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, each with specific electrophysiological and biochemical properties, synaptic connections, and in vivo functions, but their basic functional and anatomical organization from cellular to network scale is poorly understood. Here we describe a method for the three-dimensional imaging of fluorescently-labeled neurons across large areas of the brain for the investigation of the cortical cellular organization. Specific types of neurons are labeled by the injection of fluorescent retrograde neuronal tracers or expression of fluorescent proteins in transgenic mice. Block brain samples, e.g., a hemisphere, are prepared after fixation, made transparent with tissue clearing methods, and subjected to fluorescent immunolabeling of the specific cell types. Large areas are scanned using confocal or two-photon microscopes equipped with large working distance objectives and motorized stages. This method can resolve the periodic organization of the cell type-specific microcolumn functional modules in the mouse neocortex. The procedure can be useful for the study of three-dimensional cellular architecture in the diverse brain areas and other complex tissues.

Here we describe a procedure for tissue clearing, fluorescent labeling, and large-scale imaging of mouse brain tissue which, thereby, enables visualization of the three-dimensional organization of cell types in the neocortex.

小鼠大脑皮层细胞组织的大尺度三维成像

The mammalian neocortex is composed of many types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, each with specific electrophysiological and biochemical ...

Three-Dimensional Shape Modeling and Analysis of Brain Structures

Statistical shape analysis of brain structures has been used to investigate the association between their structural changes and pathological processes. We have developed a software package for accurate and robust shape modeling and group-wise analysis. Here, we introduce an pipeline for the shape analysis, from individual 3D shape modeling to quantitative group shape analysis. We also describe the pre-processing and segmentation steps using open software packages. This practical guide would help researchers save time and effort in 3D shape analysis on brain structures.

We introduce a semi-automatic protocol for shape analysis on brain structures, including image segmentation using open software, and further group-wise shape analysis using an automated modeling package. Here, we demonstrate each step of the 3D shape analysis protocol with hippocampal segmentation from brain MR images.

脑结构三维形状建模与分析

Statistical shape analysis of brain structures has been used to investigate the association between their structural changes and pathological processes. ...

In Vivo Three-Dimensional Two-Photon Microscopy to Study Conducted Vascular Responses by Local ATP Ejection Using a Glass Micro-Pipette

Maintenance of normal brain function requires a sufficient and efficient supply of oxygen and nutrition by a complex network of vessels. However, the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is incompletely understood, especially at the capillary level. Two-photon microscopy is a powerful tool widely used to study CBF and its regulation. Currently, this field is limited by the lack of in vivo two-photon microscopy studies examining (1) CBF responses in three-dimensions, (2) conducted vascular responses, and (3) localized interventions within the vascular network. Here, we describe a 3D in vivo method using two-photon microscopy to study conducted vascular responses elicited by&#160;local ejection of ATP with a glass micro-pipette. Our method uses fast and repetitive hyperstack two-photon imaging providing precise diameter measurements by maximal intensity projection of the obtained images. Furthermore, we show that this method can also be used to study 3D astrocytic calcium responses. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of glass micro-pipette insertion and two-photon hyperstack imaging.

We present an optimized local ejection procedure using a glass micro-pipette and a fast two-photon hyperstack imaging method, which allows precise measurement of capillary diameter changes and investigation of its regulation in three dimensions.

在 Vivo 三维双光子显微镜中,利用玻璃微移器研究本地 ATP 喷射的血管反应

Maintenance of normal brain function requires a sufficient and efficient supply of oxygen and nutrition by a complex network of vessels. However, the ...

Three-Dimensional Motor Nerve Organoid Generation

A fascicle of axons is one of the major structural motifs observed in the nervous system. Disruption of axon fascicles could cause developmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Although numerous studies of axons have been conducted, our understanding of formation and dysfunction of axon fascicles is still limited due to the lack of robust three-dimensional in vitro models. Here, we describe a step-by-step protocol for the rapid generation of a motor nerve organoid (MNO) from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in a microfluidic-based tissue culture chip. First, fabrication of chips used for the method is described. From human iPS cells, a motor neuron spheroid (MNS) is formed. Next, the differentiated MNS is transferred into the chip. Thereafter, axons spontaneously grow out of the spheroid and assemble into a fascicle within a microchannel equipped in the chip, which generates an MNO tissue carrying a bundle of axons extended from the spheroid. For the downstream analysis, MNOs can be taken out of the chip to be fixed for morphological analyses or dissected for biochemical analyses, as well as calcium imaging and multi-electrode array recordings. MNOs generated with this protocol can facilitate drug testing and screening and can contribute to understanding of mechanisms underlying development and diseases of axon fascicles.

This protocol provides a comprehensive procedure to fabricate human iPS cell-derived motor nerve organoid through spontaneous assembly of a robust bundle of axons extended from a spheroid in a tissue culture chip.

三维运动神经器官生成

A fascicle of axons is one of the major structural motifs observed in the nervous system. Disruption of axon fascicles could cause developmental and ...

Measuring the Influence of Magnetic Vestibular Stimulation on Nystagmus, Self-Motion Perception, and Cognitive Performance in a 7T MRT

Strong magnetic fields induce dizziness, vertigo, and nystagmus due to Lorentz forces acting on the cupula in the semi-circular canals, an effect called magnetic vestibular stimulation (MVS). In this article, we present an experimental setup in a 7T MRT scanner (MRI scanner) that allows the investigation of the influence of strong magnetic fields on nystagmus as well as perceptual and cognitive responses. The strength of MVS is manipulated by altering the head positions of the participants. The orientation of the participants&#39; semicircular canals with respect to the static magnetic field is assessed by combining a 3D magnetometer and 3D constructive interference in steady-state (3D-CISS) images. This approach allows to account for intra- and inter-individual differences in participants&#8217; responses to MVS. In the future, MVS can be useful for clinical research, for example, in the investigation of compensatory processes in vestibular disorders. Furthermore, it could foster insights into the interplay between vestibular information and cognitive processes in terms of spatial cognition and the emergence of self-motion percepts under conflicting sensory information. In fMRI studies, MVS can elicit a possible confounding effect, especially in tasks influenced by vestibular information or in studies comparing vestibular patients with healthy controls.

In this article, we describe the experimental setup, material, and procedures to assess reflexive eye movements, self-motion perception, and cognitive tasks under magnetic vestibular stimulation, as well as the anatomical orientation of the vestibular organs, in a 7 Tesla Magnetic resonance tomography (7T-MRT) scanner.

测量磁前庭刺激对7T MRT眼球震颤、自我运动知觉和认知表现的影响

Strong magnetic fields induce dizziness, vertigo, and nystagmus due to Lorentz forces acting on the cupula in the semi-circular canals, an effect called ...

Production of Human Neurogenin 2-Inducible Neurons in a Three-Dimensional Suspension Bioreactor

The derivation of neuronal lineage cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) marked a milestone in brain research. Since their first advent, protocols have been continuously optimized and are now widely used in research and drug development. However, the very long duration of these conventional differentiation and maturation protocols and the increasing demand for high-quality hiPSCs and their neural derivatives raise the need for the adoption, optimization, and standardization of these protocols to large-scale production. This work presents a fast and efficient protocol for the differentiation of genetically modified, doxycycline-inducible neurogenin 2 (iNGN2)-expressing hiPSCs into neurons using a benchtop three-dimensional (3D) suspension bioreactor.
In brief, single-cell suspensions of iNGN2-hiPSCs were allowed to form aggregates within 24 h, and neuronal lineage commitment was induced by the addition of doxycycline. Aggregates were dissociated after 2 days of induction and cells were either cryopreserved or replated for terminal maturation. The generated iNGN2 neurons expressed classical neuronal markers early on and formed complex neuritic networks within 1 week after replating, indicating an increasing maturity of neuronal cultures. In summary, a detailed step-by-step protocol for the fast generation of hiPSC-derived neurons in a 3D environment is provided that holds great potential as a starting point for disease modeling, phenotypic high-throughput drug screenings, and large-scale toxicity testing.

This article describes a protocol for the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons in a benchtop 3D suspension bioreactor.

在三维悬浮生物反应器中产生人神经原蛋白2诱导神经元

The derivation of neuronal lineage cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) marked a milestone in brain research. Since their first ...

体内研究 斑马鱼幼虫的全脑成像

In Vivo Whole-Brain Imaging of Zebrafish Larvae Using Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Microscopy

As a vertebrate model animal, larval zebrafish are widely used in neuroscience and provide a unique opportunity to monitor whole-brain activity at the cellular resolution. Here, we provide an optimized protocol for performing whole-brain imaging of larval zebrafish using three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy, including sample preparation and immobilization, sample embedding, image acquisition, and visualization after imaging. The current protocol enables in vivo imaging of the structure and neuronal activity of a larval zebrafish brain at a cellular resolution for over 1 h using confocal microscopy and custom-designed fluorescence microscopy. The critical steps in the protocol are also discussed, including sample mounting and positioning, preventing bubble formation and dust in the agarose gel, and avoiding motion in images caused by incomplete solidification of the agarose gel and paralyzation of the fish. The protocol has been validated and confirmed in multiple settings. This protocol can be easily adapted for imaging other organs of a larval zebrafish.

作者聚焦：使用三维荧光显微镜对斑马鱼幼虫进行体内全脑成像  

Presented here is a protocol for in vivo whole-brain imaging of larval zebrafish using three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy. The experimental procedure includes sample preparation, image acquisition, and visualization.

体内 使用三维荧光显微镜对斑马鱼幼虫进行全脑成像

As a vertebrate model animal, larval zebrafish are widely used in neuroscience and provide a unique opportunity to monitor whole-brain activity at the ...