这项工作是由美国国家科学基金会（BES-0447713）生涯奖和从依视路，国际赠款部分支持。

进行一次动眼神经实验所需要的关键要素的概述示于图1的流程图中的每个块将在下面详细讨论。 1.仪器设置： <ol><li>任何类型的眼球运动的显示器，可用于本系统。我们将展示一个红外角膜缘跟踪和视频监视系统。 </li><li>为串联的跟踪运动，如扫视或光滑的追求，可用于视觉显示一台计算机。研究对方的眼睛运动，如辐辏辐辏或与串联版本的动作（即vergent与扫视刺激）一haploscope需要有两个电脑显示器的可视化显示的互动，见图2。 </li></ol> 2.校准： <ol><li>校准是必要的，以转换一组度量到另一个。眼球运动通常表示在旋转度（°），如图3。然而，计算机米所示onitors使用像素值相比，视觉研究人员谁经常在表示度的视觉刺激。因此，需要转换到的像素值转换为度。人们可以使用三角法来计算出在哪里放置的物理目标来校准视觉显示器。例如，如果在计算机屏幕上的刺激对准一个2°物理目标（参见图2），那么该象素值对应于2°刺激。 </li><li>为了校准系统，运营商需要向VisualEyes目录内打开Pixel2Deg.vei。首先，定义显示器采用拉伸模场校准。输入号1用于左眼显示器和2号用于右眼显示器。然后，运行该程序，并移动绿线刺激，直到绿线叠加在物理目标之上。度输入物理目标的已知位置，然后按保存键。然后，点击绿线。程度和像素值将在叔在显示器上显示他左下角。操作者应收集至少三个校准点。 </li><li>保存所有校准点后，在VisualEyes目录打开D2P输出文件，以获得校准点。绘制校准点达到一元线性回归方程。使用公式来计算视觉刺激操作者需要在像素值进行编程的初始和最终位置。使用五个校准点的辐辏刺激获得的左眼和右眼的校准曲线的例子显示于图4。 </li><li>重复步骤2.2和2.3的其他监视器，如果刺激需要一个额外的显示器。 </li></ol> 3. VISUALEYES软件： <ol><li> 定义一个刺激：操作员需要定义的在实验前左右眼的刺激的初始和最终位置。首先，打开一个新的文本文件的第一行，定义初始时间和位置值Øf显示刺激。四个参数需要定义1）时间（秒），2）的水平位置（象素），3）的垂直位置（象素）和4）的旋转（°）由制表符分隔。同样，定义的四个参数的最终时间和刺激的位置。保存的刺激，在VisualEyes目录作为stimulus_name.vei（VEI = VisualEyes输入）文件，重复另一只眼睛的刺激这一步。 <ol><li>刺激的运动可以被概括为两种类型的运动：突然步骤或一个连续的斜坡。在步允许刺激突然移动或从初始位置到最终位置跳跃。操作人员应注意的是，时间的变化为0.001秒一步的刺激。在接下来的行中，定义要多久刺激驻留在初始位置，以及最终的位置上。刺激正在使用一个行内的四个字段定义。一扫视一步，顺利追求坡道，vergent一步，vergent坡道的一个例子显示在表1中。 </li><li>为刺激，则可以有一个单一的刺激，如步骤或视觉任务顺序诸如多个步骤。 </li></ol></li><li> 保存到刺激刺激图书馆：有VisualEyes目录内的dc1.txt几个默认设置（左眼刺激/监视器）和dc2.txt（右眼刺激/监视器）的文件。第一行是画面内水平方向上的百分比。第二行是画面内的上下方向的百分比。第三个是背景图像和第四是前景或目标图像。第五行表示计算机的独立模式下工作。 6 日表示其监视器（1右眼2左眼）。在第 7行是监视器的宽高比。行的其余部分是不同类型的刺激操作者可以一个实验会话中使用的。 <ol><li>打开dc1.txt从VisualEyes直销dc2.txt保守党。这两个文件分别包含图书馆刺激的左眼和右眼。上的最后一行，写入已经从步骤3.1中产生的刺激的文件名。所述简档数是指第 m行对应于激励文件名 ​​。例如，在图1中，刺激的轮廓数为8。 </li></ol></li><li>一个可以重复步骤3.1至3.2，以创建所需的实验尽可能多的刺激。 </li><li> 写剧本的实验协议：打开一个文本文件，键入实验协议的命令。此文件被称为这表示该VisualEyes系统将读取并从该文件中的脚本执行的每个命令的脚本文件。以创建一个实验方案的脚本文件的能力允许用户进行重复使用相同的协议的实验会话。此外，大量的脚本可以被写入以改变实验的命令的类型和顺序。此文件可以保存到VisualEyes目录作为一个script_name.ves文件。 （VES = VisualEyes脚本） <ol><li>在VisualEyes功能输入和输出参数。表2示出在VisualEyes软件的全部功能。 <ol><li> ExpTrial：此功能用于调用已保存在刺激库从3.2步的刺激。数据的长度是时间它将使函数来执行的刺激。所述tempfile.lwf允许VisualEyes软件到传入数据和输出它临时存储到输出缓冲器。当tempfile.lwf没有被定义，该函数的执行过程中，也不会存储用于数字化的任何输入数据。 </li><li>日志文件：该函数输出的字符串或由ExpTrial定义成在VisualEyes目录中的文件out.txt输入缓冲器。当实验结束时，操作者必须改变out.txt文件到另一个名称的名称。否则，该数据将下一experim期间被覆盖耳鼻喉科。 </li><li> TriggerWait：该函数等待受推触发按钮来启动ExpTrial和数字化的数据。这是一个信道的数字采集卡上正在等待的信号，以从数字高（5V）改变为低（0V）。 </li><li> RandomDelay：该函数产生一个随机的延迟，以防止预测或预期的下一个刺激。 </li><li> WaveMSD：此函数计算的平均值和数据的标准偏差。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 4.将眼球运动监测及运行实验： <ol><li>不同的眼球运动的显示器，如角膜反射视频成像系统，角膜缘跟踪系统或巩膜搜索线圈可用于收集和记录眼球运动。 </li><li>前一个主题可以参加，实验需要说明的主体必须阅读并签署批准的机构审查委员会的知情同意书。 </li><li>操作万亩ST调节眼球运动监视器上的主题。首先，受试者被要求注视的目标。操作者调节眼球运动监视器捕捉眼睛的解剖学属性，如或瞳孔和角膜反射取决于所使用的眼球运动监视器上（虹膜和巩膜之间的边界）的缘。 </li><li>一旦眼球运动的显示器已正确调整，关于这个问题，经营者应验证该眼球运动监视器问这个问题，使vergent或扫视运动捕捉眼球运动。 </li><li>在VisualEyes目录中打开该程序ReadScript.vei。在右上角，在从步骤3.4中创建的实验方案的脚本文件的文件名的类型。然后，运行ReadScript.vei程序通过按左上角的红色箭头。 </li><li>给予受试者的触发按钮，并解释说，当被摄体按下按钮时，数据收集将开始。另一个Acquire.vei文件将自动<html> LY出现这将绘制输入的数据在屏幕上。数据采样率为500Hz的。 </li><li>当在实验完成后，ReadScript.vei将自动停止。此时，进入VisualEyes目录并找到Out1.txt文件。重命名否则操作运行实验接下来的时间，该数据文件将被覆盖的文件。 </li></ol> 5.离线数据分析： <ol><li>操作者可以通过使用不同的软件程序包（即MATLAB或Excel）中分析数据。延迟，峰值速度，或幅度可能会感兴趣根据研究。 <ol><li>一个Matlab的分析代码示例提供在VisualEyes目录中，以积扫视，辐辏步骤和辐辏坡道。与相应的速度响应的合奏扫视，辐辏步骤和辐辏坡道位置轨迹的示例示于图5。 </li></ol></li></ol>代表性的成果： 吨“&gt;使用VisualEyes系统记录眼球运动的合奏的例子示于图5的典型10°扫视运动示于曲线图4A。Antisaccades是扫视响应当对象被告知要作出一个扫视在相反的方向。视觉刺激和示于曲线图4B这是一种更苛刻的认知任务;因此人们可以观察到，延迟或以开始运动的时间被延长为antisaccades（曲线4B）相比扫视朝向视觉刺激也称为prosaccades （曲线图4A）。辐辏反应到4°步骤示于曲线图4C和辐辏反应至5℃/ s的斜坡刺激示于曲线图4D，每个轨迹是一个单独的眼球运动，其中在上排是位置表示以度为一功能时，眼球运动的校准度，电表的角度，或棱镜屈光度的单位。我们的研究使用了旋转程度，下面一行是绘制在°/秒为时间的函数的速度d是移动速度。规模为每个集合数据的不同而不同的运动。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2530/2530fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1.流程图关键要素来进行动眼神经的实验。示的需要产生使用VisualEyes软件的刺激和进行实验用于离线数据的分析步骤的例子。 A部分显示了Pixel2Deg.vei窗口。 B部分演示了定义一个刺激所需要的四个参数。 C部分是刺激图书馆，刺激库中的黑色文本行是例如刺激的文件和红色的文字定义每行。 D部分是实验脚本协议的一个例子。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2530/2530fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /> 图2. VisualEyes系统Haploscope实验装置。三个CRT显示器的使用：1）控制面板是需要查看的刺激ð反应2）CRT显示器用于右眼（RE）的视觉刺激和3）的CRT监视左眼（LE）的视觉刺激。一个半镀银的镜子被放置应远离30公分两个视觉刺激CRT显示器。这是为了确保在CRT监视器的刺激被投射到半镀银反射镜（50％透射和50％的反射镜）。镜使受到来自叠加到位于距所需要标定受试者测量的距离的目标的计算机屏幕视图的刺激。用haploscope，容纳需求双眼保持恒定。被检者的眼睛和所述反射镜之间的距离为10厘米。该系统可以调整，以适应不同的瞳孔间距离（IPD），但对于这个示范我们将假设所述IPD为6厘米<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2530/2530fig3.jpg" alt="图3" /> 图3眼跳的计算（左）和Vergent（右）莫显示从目标A到B vement。瞳距是瞳孔间距。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2530/2530fig4.jpg" alt="图4" /> 左眼（上图）和右眼（下图）的刺激图4.校准曲线。类似的程序会为扫视或顺利追求刺激进行。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2530/2530fig5.jpg" alt="图5" /> 图扫视5.实施例（A）的antisaccades（B）中，辐辏步骤（C）和使用该系统VisualEyes聚散度斜坡（D）和使用定制MATLAB程序进行分析。合奏位置的痕迹（°作为时间在秒的函数）被绘制，其中每个颜色的线代表一个不同的眼球运动在上排。相应的速度轨迹（度/秒作为时间在秒的功能）。 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 刺激类型 </td><td colspan="4"> 刺激物_Name_Left Eye.vei </td><td colspan="4"> Stimulus_Name_Right_Eye.vei </td></tr><tr><td></td><td>时间（s） </td><td> x位置（像素）的</td><td> y位置（像素） </td><td>旋转（°） </td><td>时间（s） </td><td> x位置（像素）的</td><td> y位置（像素） </td><td>旋转（°） </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> 光滑的斜坡追求 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr><td> 10 </td><td> 200 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 10 </td><td> 200 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr><td width="53" rowspan="4"> 扫视步骤 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr&gt; <td> 0.5 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0.5 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.501 </td><td> 200 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0.501 </td><td> 200 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr><td> 3 </td><td> 200 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 3 </td><td> 200 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> 辐辏斜坡 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 452 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 973 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr><td> 10 </td><td> 370 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 10 </td><td> 1044 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"> 辐辏步骤 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 452 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 973 </td><td> 0 </td><td&gt; 0 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.5 </td><td> 452 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0.5 </td><td> 973 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.501 </td><td> 416 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0.501 </td><td> 1002 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td></tr><tr><td> 3 </td><td> 416 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 3 </td><td> 1002 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 0 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表光滑追求斜坡，眼跳步，辐辏斜坡和辐辏步骤刺激1.一个例子<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 功能 </td><td> 句法 </td></tr><tr><td> ExpTrial </td><td>输出缓冲器＃= ExpTrial（“数据长度：LE简介：RE配置文件”）; 例如：2 = ExpTrial（“13：3：3”）; </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Outpu吨缓冲区＃=外切审判（“数据长度：LE简介：RE简介：临时文件LWF”）; 例如：2 = ExpTrial（“13：3：3：templfile.lwf”）; </td></tr><tr><td> 日志文件 </td><td>输出缓冲器＃=日志文件（“TEXT”）; 例如：0 =日志文件（“实验1”）; </td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 0 =日志文件（输入缓冲器＃）; 例如：0 =日志文件（2）; </td></tr><tr><td> TriggerWait </td><td> 0 = TriggerWait（缓冲数）; 例如：0 = TriggerWait（0）; </td></tr><tr><td> RandomDelay </td><td> 0 = RandomDelay（“T2：T1”）; 例如：0 = RandomDelay（“2000：500”）; </td></tr><tr><td> WaveMSD </td><td>输出缓冲器＃= WaveMSD（输入缓冲器＃）; </td></tr></tbody></table> 表2.函数用来写实验协议在VisualEyes计划

<ol>
	<li>Leigh, R. J., Zee, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Neurology of Eye Movements. , (2006).</li><li>Pruehsner, W. R., Enderle, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+operating+version+of+the+Eye+Tracker,+a+system+to+measure+saccadic+eye+movements.">The operating version of the Eye Tracker, a system to measure saccadic eye movements.</a> Biomed Sci Instrum. 38, 113-118 (2002).</li><li>Pruehsner, W. R., Liebler, C. M., Rodriguez-Campos, F., Enderle, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Eye+Tracker+System--a+system+to+measure+and+record+saccadic+eye+movements.">The Eye Tracker System--a system to measure and record saccadic eye movements.</a> Biomed Sci Instrum. 39, 208-213 (2003).</li><li>Rufa, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Video-based+eye+tracking:+our+experience+with+Advanced+Stimuli+Design+for+Eye+Tracking+software.">Video-based eye tracking: our experience with Advanced Stimuli Design for Eye Tracking software.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1039, 575-579 (2005).</li><li>Cornelissen, F. W., Peters, E. M., Palmer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Eyelink+Toolbox:+eye+tracking+with+MATLAB+and+the+Psychophysics+Toolbox.">The Eyelink Toolbox: eye tracking with MATLAB and the Psychophysics Toolbox.</a> Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput. 34, 613-617 (2002).</li><li>Han, S. J., Guo, Y., Granger-Donetti, B., Vicci, V. R., Alvarez, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+heterophoria+and+phoria+adaptation+using+an+automated+objective+system+compared+to+clinical+methods.">Quantification of heterophoria and phoria adaptation using an automated objective system compared to clinical methods.</a> Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 30, 95-107 (2010).</li><li>Kim, E. H., Granger-Donetti, B., Vicci, V. R., Alvarez, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Relationship+between+Phoria+and+the+Ratio+of+Convergence+Peak+Velocity+to+Divergence+Peak+Velocity.">The Relationship between Phoria and the Ratio of Convergence Peak Velocity to Divergence Peak Velocity.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. , (2010).</li><li>Lee, Y. Y., Granger-Donetti, B., Chang, C., Alvarez, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+convergence+induced+changes+in+phoria+and+divergence+dynamics.">Sustained convergence induced changes in phoria and divergence dynamics.</a> Vision Res. 49, 2960-2972 (2009).</li><li>Maruta, J., Suh, M., Niogi, S. N., Mukherjee, P., Ghajar, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+tracking+synchronization+as+a+metric+for+concussion+screening.">Visual tracking synchronization as a metric for concussion screening.</a> J Head Trauma Rehabil. 25, 293-305 (2010).</li><li>Osanai, R., Kinoshita, M., Hirose, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+movement+disorders+in+myotonic+dystrophy+type+1.">Eye movement disorders in myotonic dystrophy type 1.</a> Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. , 78-84 (2007).</li><li>Kaufman, L. D., Pratt, J., Levine, B., Black, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antisaccades:+a+probe+into+the+dorsolateral+prefrontal+cortex+in+Alzheimer's+disease.+A+critical+review.">Antisaccades: a probe into the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in Alzheimer's disease. A critical review.</a> J Alzheimers Dis. 19, 781-793 (2010).</li><li>Hannula, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+Eye+Movement+Monitoring+to+Examine+Item+and+Relational+Memory+in+Schizophrenia.">Use of Eye Movement Monitoring to Examine Item and Relational Memory in Schizophrenia.</a> Biol Psychiatry. , (2010).</li><li>Schubert, M. C., Zee, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saccade+and+vestibular+ocular+motor+adaptation.">Saccade and vestibular ocular motor adaptation.</a> Restor Neurol Neurosci. 28, 9-18 (2010).</li><li>Noudoost, B., Chang, M. H., Steinmetz, N. A., Moore, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Top-down+control+of+visual+attention.">Top-down control of visual attention.</a> Curr Opin Neurobiol. 20, 183-190 (2010).</li><li>Herwig, A., Beisert, M., Schneider, W. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+spatial+interaction+of+visual+working+memory+and+attention:+evidence+for+a+global+effect+from+memory-guided+saccades.">On the spatial interaction of visual working memory and attention: evidence for a global effect from memory-guided saccades.</a> J Vis. 10, (2010).</li><li>McDowell, J. E., Dyckman, K. A., Austin, B. P., Clementz, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurophysiology+and+neuroanatomy+of+reflexive+and+volitional+saccades:+evidence+from+studies+of+humans.">Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of reflexive and volitional saccades: evidence from studies of humans.</a> Brain Cogn. 68, 255-270 (2008).</li></ol>

没有利益冲突的声明。

关键步骤： 眼球运动监视器必须在主题进行适当调整。例如，眼球运动记录监视器的范围内工作，并且必须调整到受试者。如果被检者的眼球运动超出的范围内，则系统变为饱和。经饱和，眼球运动信号是无效的。校准也是在眼球运动记录的关键。所有眼球运动监视器测量的模拟信号被数字化，并需要被转换为单位常用于眼动研究，例如旋转的程度。通过三个或更多个校准点?...

A correction was made to <a href="http://www.jove.com/details.php?id=2530">VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation</a>. There was an error in the authors, Eun H. Kim and Tara L. Alvarez, names. The author's names have been corrected to: Eun H. Kim and Tara L. Alvarez instead of: Eun Kim and Tara Alvarez

Erratum: VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

visualeyes: a modular software system for oculomotor experimentation

眼球运动的研究已经提供了坚实的基础形成的大脑如何获得在正常和不正常的脑的视觉信息的理解。1然而，平台的开发，以刺激和存储眼球运动可需要大量的编程，时间和成本。许多系统不提供编程许多刺激针对各种实验需要的灵活性。然而，VisualEyes系统具有灵活的结构，允许操作者选择任何背景和前景的刺激，节目的一个或两个屏幕为串联或相对眼睛的运动而独立地刺激的左眼和右眼。该系统能够显著减少到进行动眼神经研究所需的编程开发时间。 1）动眼神经记录装置获得眼球运动的反应，2）写在LabVIEW中VisualEyes软件，产生刺激的数组：VisualEyes系统将分三​​个部分进行讨论和存储的响应文本文件和3）离线数据分析。角膜缘跟踪系统，巩膜搜索线圈，或一个视频图像系统：眼球运动可以通过多种类型的仪器，如进行记录。将示出典型的眼球运动刺激如扫视步骤，vergent坡道和与相应的响​​应vergent步骤。在这个视频报告中，我们展示了系统的灵活性，以创造众多的视觉刺激，并可以通过基本的科学家和临床医生可以利用学习健康和临床人群的记录眼球运动。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation at JoVE.com

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

神经控制和认知过程可以通过眼球运动来研究。在VisualEyes软件允许操作员程序独立使用一个简单的，自定义的脚本语言上的两个电脑屏幕的刺激。该系统可以刺激串联眼球运动（扫视和平滑追踪）或相对的眼球运动（辐辏）或任何组合。

VisualEyes：一个模块化的软件系统动眼神经实验

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and ...

visualeyes-a-modular-software-system-for-oculomotor-experimentation

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.6K 次观看.  New Jersey Institute of Technology. 神经控制和认知过程可以通过眼球运动来研究。在VisualEyes软件允许操作员程序独立使用一个简单的，自定义的脚本语言上的两个电脑屏幕的刺激。该系统可以刺激串联眼球运动（扫视和平滑追踪）或相对的眼球运动（辐辏）或任何组合。 

视频: VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Physiological Experimentation with the Crayfish Hindgut: A Student Laboratory Exercise

The purpose of the report is to describe dissection techniques for preparing the crayfish hindgut and to demonstrate how to make physiological recordings with a force transducer to monitor the strength of contraction. In addition, we demonstrate how to visually monitor peristaltic activity, which can be used as a bioassay for various peptides, biogenic amines and neurotransmitters. This preparation is amenable to student laboratories in physiology and for demonstrating pharmacological concepts to students. This preparation has been in use for over 100 years, and it still offers much as a model for investigating the generation and regulation of peristaltic rhythms and for describing the mechanisms underlying their modulation. The pharmacological assays and receptor sub-typing that were started over 50 years ago on the hindgut still contribute to research today. This robust preparation is well suited to training students in physiology and pharmacology.

In this report we demonstrate techniques that can be used to investigate the biology of the crayfish hindgut. We show how to dissect a crayfish abdomen and study the associated anatomy, physiology and modulation of activity. The peristaltic activity and strength of contractions are measured using a force transducer.

生理实验与小龙虾肠：学生实验室的工作

The purpose of the report is to describe dissection techniques for preparing the crayfish hindgut and to demonstrate how to make physiological recordings ...

科研

神经科学

VisioTracker, an Innovative Automated Approach to Oculomotor Analysis

Investigations into the visual system development and function necessitate quantifiable behavioral models of visual performance that are easy to elicit, robust, and simple to manipulate. A suitable model has been found in the optokinetic response (OKR), a reflexive behavior present in all vertebrates due to its high selection value. The OKR involves slow stimulus-following movements of eyes alternated with rapid resetting saccades. The measurement of this behavior is easily carried out in zebrafish larvae, due to its early and stable onset (fully developed after 96 hours post fertilization (hpf)), and benefitting from the thorough knowledge about zebrafish genetics, for decades one of the favored model organisms in this field. Meanwhile the analysis of similar mechanisms in adult fish has gained importance, particularly for pharmacological and toxicological applications.
Here we describe VisioTracker, a fully automated, high-throughput system for quantitative analysis of visual performance. The system is based on research carried out in the group of Prof. Stephan Neuhauss and was re-designed by TSE Systems. It consists of an immobilizing device for small fish monitored by a high-quality video camera equipped with a high-resolution zoom lens. The fish container is surrounded by a drum screen, upon which computer-generated stimulus patterns can be projected. Eye movements are recorded and automatically analyzed by the VisioTracker software package in real time.
Data analysis enables immediate recognition of parameters such as slow and fast phase duration, movement cycle frequency, slow-phase gain, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity.
Typical results allow for example the rapid identification of visual system mutants that show no apparent alteration in wild type morphology, or the determination of quantitative effects of pharmacological or toxic and mutagenic agents on visual system performance.

The VisioTracker is an automated system for the quantitative analysis of visual performance of larval and small adult fish based on the recording of eye movements. It features full control over visual stimulus properties and real-time analysis, enabling high-throughput research in fields such as visual system development and function, pharmacology, neural circuit studies and sensorimotor integration.

VisioTracker，创新的自动化到动眼神经分析方法

Investigations into the visual system development and function necessitate quantifiable behavioral models of visual performance that are easy to elicit, ...

A Lightweight, Headphones-based System for Manipulating Auditory Feedback in Songbirds

Experimental manipulations of sensory feedback during complex behavior have provided valuable insights into the computations underlying motor control and sensorimotor plasticity1. Consistent sensory perturbations result in compensatory changes in motor output, reflecting changes in feedforward motor control that reduce the experienced feedback error. By quantifying how different sensory feedback errors affect human behavior, prior studies have explored how visual signals are used to recalibrate arm movements2,3 and auditory feedback is used to modify speech production4-7. The strength of this approach rests on the ability to mimic naturalistic errors in behavior, allowing the experimenter to observe how experienced errors in production are used to recalibrate motor output.
Songbirds provide an excellent animal model for investigating the neural basis of sensorimotor control and plasticity8,9. The songbird brain provides a well-defined circuit in which the areas necessary for song learning are spatially separated from those required for song production, and neural recording and lesion studies have made significant advances in understanding how different brain areas contribute to vocal behavior9-12. However, the lack of a naturalistic error-correction paradigm - in which a known acoustic parameter is perturbed by the experimenter and then corrected by the songbird - has made it difficult to understand the computations underlying vocal learning or how different elements of the neural circuit contribute to the correction of vocal errors13.
The technique described here gives the experimenter precise control over auditory feedback errors in singing birds, allowing the introduction of arbitrary sensory errors that can be used to drive vocal learning. Online sound-processing equipment is used to introduce a known perturbation to the acoustics of song, and a miniaturized headphones apparatus is used to replace a songbird's natural auditory feedback with the perturbed signal in real time. We have used this paradigm to perturb the fundamental frequency (pitch) of auditory feedback in adult songbirds, providing the first demonstration that adult birds maintain vocal performance using error correction14. The present protocol can be used to implement a wide range of sensory feedback perturbations (including but not limited to pitch shifts) to investigate the computational and neurophysiological basis of vocal learning.

We describe the design and assembly of miniaturized headphones suitable for replacing a songbird&#x2019;s natural auditory feedback with a manipulated acoustic signal. Online sound processing hardware is used to manipulate song output, introduce real-time errors in auditory feedback via the headphones, and drive vocal motor learning.

一个轻量级的，耳机为基础的系统操作鸣禽听觉反馈

Experimental manipulations of sensory feedback during complex behavior have provided valuable insights into the computations underlying motor control and ...

A High Content Imaging Assay for Identification of Botulinum Neurotoxin Inhibitors

Synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25) is a component of the soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex that is essential for synaptic neurotransmitter release. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) is a zinc metalloprotease that blocks exocytosis of neurotransmitter by cleaving the SNAP-25 component of the SNARE complex. Currently there are no licensed medicines to treat BoNT/A poisoning after internalization of the toxin by motor neurons. The development of effective therapeutic measures to counter BoNT/A intoxication has been limited, due in part to the lack of robust high-throughput assays for screening small molecule libraries. Here we describe a high content imaging (HCI) assay with utility for identification of BoNT/A inhibitors. Initial optimization efforts focused on improving the reproducibility of inter-plate results across multiple, independent experiments. Automation of immunostaining, image acquisition, and image analysis were found to increase assay consistency and minimize variability while enabling the multiparameter evaluation of experimental compounds in a murine motor neuron system.

Botulinum neurotoxin is one of the most potent toxins among Category-A biothreat agents, yet a post-exposure therapeutic is not available. The high content imaging approach is a powerful methodology for identifying novel inhibitors as it enables multiparameter screening using biologically relevant motor neurons, the primary target of this toxin.

高含量的成像检测方法的肉毒毒素抑制剂的鉴定

Synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25) is a component of the soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex that is essential for synaptic ...

Design, Surface Treatment, Cellular Plating, and Culturing of Modular Neuronal Networks Composed of Functionally Inter-connected Circuits

The brain operates through the coordinated activation and the dynamic communication of neuronal assemblies. A major open question is how a vast repertoire of dynamical motifs, which underlie most diverse brain functions, can emerge out of a fixed topological and modular organization of brain circuits. Compared to in vivo studies of neuronal circuits which present intrinsic experimental difficulties, in vitro preparations offer a much larger possibility to manipulate and probe the structural, dynamical and chemical properties of experimental neuronal systems. This work describes an in vitro experimental methodology which allows growing of modular networks composed by spatially distinct, functionally interconnected neuronal assemblies. The protocol allows controlling the two-dimensional (2D) architecture of the neuronal network at different levels of topological complexity.
A desired network patterning can be achieved both on regular cover slips and substrate embedded micro electrode arrays. Micromachined structures are embossed on a silicon wafer and used to create biocompatible polymeric stencils, which incorporate the negative features of the desired network architecture. The stencils are placed on the culturing substrates during the surface coating procedure with a molecular layer for promoting cellular adhesion. After removal of the stencils, neurons are plated and they spontaneously redirected to the coated areas. By decreasing the inter-compartment distance, it is possible to obtain either isolated or interconnected neuronal circuits. To promote cell survival, cells are co-cultured with a supporting neuronal network which is located at the periphery of the culture dish. Electrophysiological and optical recordings of the activity of modular networks obtained respectively by using substrate embedded micro electrode arrays and calcium imaging are presented. While each module shows spontaneous global synchronizations, the occurrence of inter-module synchronization is regulated by the density of connection among the circuits.

This manuscript describes a protocol to grow in vitro modular networks consisting of spatially confined, functionally inter-connected neuronal circuits. A polymeric mask is used to pattern a protein layer to promote cellular adhesion over the culturing substrate. Plated neurons grow on coated areas establishing spontaneous connections and exhibiting electrophysiological activity.

设计，表面处理，电镀细胞和神经元的模块化网络功能组成跨接电路的培养

The brain operates through the coordinated activation and the dynamic communication of neuronal assemblies. A major open question is how a vast repertoire ...

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive neuroscience. Intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) can directly record electrical neural activity and has the unique potential to accomplish this goal. Traditionally, averaging analysis has been applied to analyze intracranial EEG data; however, several new techniques are available for depicting neural activity and intra- and inter-regional connectivity. Here, we introduce two analytical protocols we recently applied to analyze intracranial EEG data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency SPM analysis for neural activity and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity. We report our analysis of intracranial EEG data during the observation of faces as representative results. The results revealed that the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) showed gamma-band activity at very early stages (110 ms) in response to faces, and both the IOG and amygdala showed rapid intra- and inter-regional connectivity using various types of oscillations. These analytical protocols have the potential to identify the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive functions with high spatial and temporal profiles.

We present two analytical protocols that can be used to analyze intracranial electroencephalography data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency statistical parametric mapping analysis for neural activity, and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity.

利用 SPM 软件分析颅内脑电图数据的神经活动和连接性

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive ...

Ex Vivo Oculomotor Slice Culture from Embryonic GFP-Expressing Mice for Time-Lapse Imaging of Oculomotor Nerve Outgrowth

Accurate eye movements are crucial for vision, but the development of the ocular motor system, especially the molecular pathways controlling axon guidance, has not been fully elucidated. This is partly due to technical limitations of traditional axon guidance assays. To identify additional axon guidance cues influencing the oculomotor nerve, an ex vivo slice assay to image the oculomotor nerve in real-time as it grows towards the eye was developed. E10.5 IslMN-GFP embryos are used to generate ex vivo slices by embedding them in agarose, slicing on a vibratome, then growing them in a microscope stage-top incubator with time-lapse photomicroscopy for 24-72 h. Control slices recapitulate the in vivo timing of outgrowth of axons from the nucleus to the orbit. Small molecule inhibitors or recombinant proteins can be added to the culture media to assess the role of different axon guidance pathways. This method has the advantages of maintaining more of the local microenvironment through which axons traverse, not axotomizing the growing axons, and assessing the axons at multiple points along their trajectory. It can also identify effects on specific subsets of axons. For example, inhibition of CXCR4 causes axons still within the midbrain to grow dorsally rather than ventrally, but axons that have already exited ventrally are not affected.

An ex vivo slice assay allows oculomotor nerve outgrowth to be imaged in real time. Slices are generated by embedding E10.5 IslMN:GFP embryos in agarose, slicing on a vibratome, and growing in a stage-top incubator. The role of axon guidance pathways is assessed by adding inhibitors to the culture media.

来自胚胎GFP-表达小鼠的Ex Vivo Oculo运动切片培养,用于对Oculo运动神经外生长进行时移成像

Accurate eye movements are crucial for vision, but the development of the ocular motor system, especially the molecular pathways controlling axon ...

Isolation and Culture of Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Spinal Motor Neurons from Prenatal Islmn:GFP Transgenic Mice

Oculomotor neurons (CN3s) and trochlear neurons (CN4s) exhibit remarkable resistance to degenerative motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) when compared to spinal motor neurons (SMNs). The ability to isolate and culture primary mouse CN3s, CN4s, and SMNs would provide an approach to study mechanisms underlying this selective vulnerability. To date, most protocols use heterogeneous cell cultures, which can confound the interpretation of experimental outcomes. To minimize the problems associated with mixed-cell populations, pure cultures are indispensable. Here, the first protocol describes in detail how to efficiently purify and cultivate CN3s/CN4s alongside SMNs counterparts from the same embryos using embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) IslMN:GFP transgenic mouse embryos. The protocol provides details on the tissue dissection and dissociation, FACS-based cell isolation, and in vitro cultivation of cells from CN3/CN4 and SMN nuclei. This protocol adds a novel in vitro CN3/CN4 culture system to existing protocols and simultaneously provides a pure species- and age-matched SMN culture for comparison. Analyses focusing on the morphological, cellular, molecular, and electrophysiological characteristics of motor neurons are feasible in this culture system. This protocol will enable research into the mechanisms that define motor neuron development, selective vulnerability, and disease.

Isolation and Culture of Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Spinal Motor Neurons from Prenatal Islmn:GFP Transgenic Mice

This work presents a protocol to yield homogeneous cell cultures of primary oculomotor, trochlear, and spinal motor neurons. These cultures can be used for comparative analyses of the morphological, cellular, molecular, and electrophysiological characteristics of ocular and spinal motor neurons.

从产前Islmn：GFP转基因小鼠的奥库罗运动、特罗赫利尔和脊柱运动神经元的分离与培养

Oculomotor neurons (CN3s) and trochlear neurons (CN4s) exhibit remarkable resistance to degenerative motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral ...

Extracellular Electrophysiology in Modular Neuronal Cell Culture

模块化神经元细胞培养中的细胞外电生理学

用于小鼠电生理学的经济高效、多功能探针植入系统

The DREAM Implant: A Lightweight, Modular, and Cost-Effective Implant System for Chronic Electrophysiology in Head-Fixed and Freely Behaving Mice

Chronic electrophysiological recordings in rodents have significantly improved our understanding of neuronal dynamics and their behavioral relevance. However, current methods for chronically implanting probes present steep trade-offs between cost, ease of use, size, adaptability, and long-term stability.
This protocol introduces a novel chronic probe implant system for mice called the DREAM (Dynamic, Recoverable, Economical, Adaptable, and Modular), designed to overcome the trade-offs associated with currently available options. The system provides a lightweight, modular and cost-effective solution with standardized hardware elements that can be combined and implanted in straightforward steps and explanted safely for recovery and multiple reuse of probes, significantly reducing experimental costs.
The DREAM implant system integrates three hardware modules: (1) a microdrive that can carry all standard silicon probes, allowing experimenters to adjust recording depth across a travel distance of up to 7 mm; (2) a three-dimensional (3D)-printable, open-source design for a wearable Faraday cage covered in copper mesh for electrical shielding, impact protection, and connector placement, and (3) a miniaturized head-fixation system for improved animal welfare and ease of use. The corresponding surgery protocol was optimized for speed (total duration: 2 h), probe safety, and animal welfare.
The implants had minimal impact on animals&#39; behavioral repertoire, were easily applicable in freely moving and head-fixed contexts, and delivered clearly identifiable spike waveforms and healthy neuronal responses for weeks of post-implant data collection. Infections and other surgery complications were extremely rare.
As such, the DREAM implant system is a versatile, cost-effective solution for chronic electrophysiology in mice, enhancing animal well-being, and enabling more ethologically sound experiments. Its design simplifies experimental procedures across various research needs, increasing accessibility of chronic electrophysiology in rodents to a wide range of research labs.

作者聚焦：通过虚拟现实和动物电生理学了解自然神经元计算

Here, we introduce a lightweight, cost-effective probe implant system for chronic electrophysiology in rodents optimized for ease of use, probe recovery, experimental versatility, and compatibility with behavior.

DREAM 植入物：一种轻便、模块化且经济高效的植入系统，用于头部固定和行为自由的小鼠的慢性电生理学

Chronic electrophysiological recordings in rodents have significantly improved our understanding of neuronal dynamics and their behavioral relevance. ...