我们承认Thorlabs公司赞助本出版物和资金从自然科学和工程研究理事会（NSERC），加拿大发现格兰特。我们感谢布莱斯的圣西尔及道格拉斯Rennehan生产协助制作此视频文章。

SIBA捕集技术的原理的图1中示出， 图2是一个示意性的实验装置。 1。光学捕获设置在本节中的程序，请参阅的光学捕获试剂盒，手动或光测力模块手册10上设置该工具包的详细信息。请注意，雪崩光电二极管（APD）的一个象限中的位置检测器是用来代替。对于不包括在光学捕获试剂盒的螺丝，使用的帽螺钉和硬件套件（Thorlabs公司，HW-KIT2）。在任何时候，当激光，应佩戴保护眼睛。确保光束都包含在一个安全区，并反射附件，如珠宝，应尽量避免。此外，静电放电保护时，建议处理激光二极管。 <ol><li>光镊试剂盒（Thorlabs的，OTKB / M）和力测量urement的模块（Thorlabs公司，OTKBFM）为各自的手册。代替甲硅系的雪崩光电二极管（APD）的（Thorlabs公司，APD110A）的力的测量模块（Thorlabs公司，OTKBFM）的象限位置检测器。 </li><li> APD的连接到示波器（Tektronics，T​​DS1012）通过同轴电缆。 </li><li>添加一个半波板（Thorlabs公司，AHWP05M-980）的扩束器的内部。在半波板被紧固两个透镜之间的管（Thorlabs公司，SM1L03）。 </li></ol> 2。纳米加工技术<ol><li>金涂层的测试幻灯片（EMF公司的Cr / Au）切分成四个相同的部分。作为一种替代方法，以市售的幻灯片，我们也与2 nm的钛粘附层沉积到一个1平方英寸的载玻片上，通过电子束沉积在升高衬底温度为200℃，在使用100nm厚的Au膜至少1小时。这将产生一个平滑的多晶膜。 </li><li>作为输入到创建的位图图像的双纳米孔结构聚焦离子束（FIB）系统是一个位图。该图像由两个实心圆直径的中心到中心的距离为190nm，160nm的。此模板创建一个约15纳米的尖端分离。圆之间的，一个可选的细线可以被放置以除去任何残余物中金属之间的提示， 图3a示出一个例子的位图图像。 </li><li>使用FIB（日立，FB-2100）制粉系统，制作出的双纳米孔结构。步骤2.2中的位图转换成一个FIB铣削模式（位图中的黑色区域被研磨的FIB）。使用的离子的加速电压为40千伏，60 K倍的放大倍率下的光束直径为15μm的限制孔。轧机80通过的每个双-纳米孔道的5微秒的剂量时，在每次通过图3b示出了一个典型的所得结构。根据需要重复。多个纳米孔洞应以允许错误。 </li><li>添加登记标记，使用FIB和/或由h和来表示的双纳米孔（）的大致位置。 </li><li>任选地，以孔的SEM图像，准确地评价结构品质和小费分离。 </li></ol> 3。微流控商会用于制造微流体腔室的方法，流程图如图4所示。 <ol><li>成一次性杯，倒入10克聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）的基部（道康宁加拿大，Sylgard的184有机硅弹性体中相应的）和一个额外的1克固化剂（道康宁加拿大，Sylgard的184有机硅弹性体的固化剂）。混合几分钟。 </li><li>疏散混合物在真空室中，直到所有的泡沫都没有了。 </li><li> 1.5克PDMS倒入一个直径9厘米的培养皿。旋涂PDMS上的陪替氏培养皿的底部，在950 rpm离心65秒， 图4b显示了结果。的厚度不是关键的，只要它是在80微米的金薄膜内的底部显微镜客观性e的工作距离。 </li><li>轻轻地点3-5＃1.5盖玻片（Fisher科学，12-541-B）上的PDMS等，他们不重叠和疏散30分钟， 如图4c所示。 </li><li>如果盖玻片移动，堆叠在彼此顶部疏散，轻轻地移动它们交相辉映。一定要小心，以保持PDMS细而均匀的盖玻片下。 </li><li>如果需要操纵盖玻片，再次撤离培养皿30分钟。 </li><li>从真空室取出培养皿和煮热板上20分钟，于85℃下</li><li>用刀片，切出一个盖单，然后轻轻地撬起来，用细尖镊子的幻灯片。一薄层的PDMS将留在盖玻片作为PDMS更粘合剂比PMMA陪替氏培养皿在图4e的玻璃盖玻片。 </li><li>如在图4f用剃刀刀片切出的3×3毫米窗口在PDMS。这个窗口将形成室，其中Nanoparticle解决方案将被保留。 </li></ol> 4。样品制备<ol><li>制作的显微镜滑动¾"直径的孔的中心处使用丙烯酸。这可以通过用激光切割器，也可以使用其他材料。将被置于内孔的金样品。 </li><li>带的外周的孔与双面胶带。用刀片削减多余的磁带。 </li><li>广场的显微镜载玻片，盖玻片，PDMS朝上。 </li><li>稀释的聚苯乙烯纳米球的溶液（赛默飞世尔科技，3020A）的1％w / v的0.05％w / v的使用去离子水。甲微量吸移管可以使用。 </li><li>的PDMS窗口中的溶液中加入几滴。加入一滴到黄金的纳米孔位于样本。 </li><li>发布金样品的顶部，使得纳米孔洞内的PDMS窗口的盖玻片。确保气泡室内部是不存在的。按金样品，对盖玻片和DAB任何多余的解决方案。 </li><li>如果使用的油浸物镜（如这里的情况，但不是必需的），加一滴浸油的盖玻片的相对侧上，下方的PDMS窗口。请注意的纳米孔洞的位置。 </li><li>显微镜幻灯片插入到幻灯片固定器，油朝下，然后降低幻灯片固定器，，，直到浸油接触的显微镜的物镜。 </li><li>粗略地对准滑动阶段等指标标记下的目标。 </li><li>按照指标线的纳米孔。指示标志和其他开放地区被清除从屏幕中心的位置滑动。过度的光传输可能会损坏APD。 </li><li>打开激光。由于分色镜是不完美的，从激光束的屏幕中心附近的一个点应出现。 </li><li>使用压电阶段控制软件，进一步细化在所有三个轴的对齐方式。 </li></ol> 5。数据采集<ol><li>随着HELp的指示标记点的位置，接近到一个已知的纳米孔的位置。纳米孔太小，要解决，应该只出现斑点。 </li><li>在示波器上的信号电平表示的通过样品的光传输。进一步将样品以最大限度地延长光传输。小心指标痕迹，可见和不可见的划痕，因为在这些领域，将高透光。纳米孔将显示光传输的突然跳跃，，而划痕表现出逐步改变。 </li><li>使用波片，调整为最高的光传输的光的偏振作为双纳米孔道结构是极化的。 </li><li>为了降低噪声，建立一个RC过滤器，线路板，200kΩ电阻和100 pF的电容，并将其连接后，APD通过同轴电缆。这些值可以调整为最佳性能，考虑到带宽的数据采集需要。 </li><li>连接示波器和数据申根银行足球比赛的RC过滤器，同轴电缆和T适配器模块（欧米茄，USB-4711A）。 </li><li>品尝APD的电压数据采集模块所需的时间。采集时间通常是在几百秒。在这种情况下，使用一个自定义的软件包进行数据采集。该电压被采样在2,000次每秒。 </li><li>利用Matlab，使用Savitzky-Golay滤波过滤器采集的数据，并绘制随时间变化的图。 </li></ol>

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目前设置有有效的捕获能力，由于纳米孔结构的。这种纳米孔的陷阱〜10纳米级的介电粒子在低光强。其他新型光陷阱包括光偶极天线11，回音壁模式光学谐振器12,13和波导14，但是，他们通常工作在微扰的制度，这是有限的逆所需的光功率与粒子的的四阶缩放的大小不同的SIBA和双纳米孔的陷阱。替代孔径形状也被用于捕集，诸如矩形的电浆纳米孔15。由双纳米孔道陷阱所示的其他有利的素质包括粒径选择性行为7，一个单一的捕集位置（限制多粒子捕集），并易于制造16。作为一种替代使用FIB，双纳米孔可以使用的胶体石版画制作Y 6。 包括生物材料的大的极化率和大小已俘获细菌3，活细胞，烟草花叶病毒3 17,2,18和操纵和拉伸拴在具有大的介电粒子19的端部的DNA链;然而，直接捕获较小没有圈养的生物样品仍然充满挑战。捕获配置能够捕获小的介电粒子在较低的光照强度比传统光镊和圆形的纳米孔，允许小的生物颗粒很长一段时间而不损坏或圈养举行。此外，诱捕事件表现出高信号的信噪比，使安装工作作为一个敏感的传感器检测到的最小的生物粒子，如病毒和蛋白质。事实上，20 nm的聚苯乙烯微球的折射率为1.59，这是最小的生物粒子媲美如病毒。这种方法有可能成为一个可靠的和成熟的技术，包括固定和操纵纳米粒子的生物粒子。 这项技术的应用，包括集成到一个微环境。而不是一个单一的微流体室中，一个信道将被用于动态地控制环境，理想的折射率传感。这样的设置将被设置在一个单一的微流体芯片，导致一个更稳定和可靠的安装和更快的分析溶质。另一种选择是表征单一的荧光标记的病毒，半导体量子点和绿色荧光蛋白的荧光的检测方案的发展。这种设置也有潜在的修改成一个单一的病毒或蛋白质的生物传感器，允许非常小的样本进行分析。药物发现和疾病，感染检测22将受益于一个单一的蛋白质检测。拉曼SPEctroscopy可以成立为法团的颗粒和单绑定事件的拉曼信号检测。的双纳米孔结构允许强大的本地增强的提示，适当的针尖增强拉曼光谱23。高度特定的无标记材料的表征的方法，也有可能使用拉曼光谱24。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 名称 </td><td> 生产厂家 </td><td> 编号 </td><td> 评论 </td></tr><tr><td>浸油</td><td> 0.0004实验室</td><td> 16484 </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td> Sylgard的184有机硅弹性体套件</td><td> Dow康宁加拿大的</td><td></td><td>数量:1 同时包含聚二甲基硅氧烷基料和固化剂</td></tr><tr><td>镀金测试幻灯片</td><td> EMF公司</td><td>铬/金</td><td>数量:1 的Ti的粘附层，以及可以用作</td></tr><tr><td>否1.5盖玻片</td><td> Fisher Scientific则</td><td> 12-541-B的</td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td>聚焦离子束系统</td><td>日立</td><td> FB-2100 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>便携式数据采集模块</td><td> Omega工程</td><td> USB-4711A </td><td> Quantity:1 </td></tr><tr><td>线性阶段</td><td>帕克</td><td> 4034M </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td>激光二极管激光头和控制器</td><td>扎赫尔激光技术集团</td><td> TEC 120 </td><td>数量:1 手动可调利特罗激光系统</td></tr><tr><td>数字示波器</td><td> Tektronics </td><td> TDS1012 </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td> 20 nm的纳米微粒尺度标准</td><td> Thermo Scientific的</td><td> 3020A </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td> 1"镜头卡口</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> LMR1 </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.3"透镜套管</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> <a href="http://www.thorlabs.com/thorProduct.cfm?partNumber=SM1L03" target="_blank">SM1L03</a> </td><td>数量:2 </td></tr><tr><td>吸收ND 4.0过滤器</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> NE40A </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td>铝Breadboa路</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> MB1824 </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td>雪崩光电二极管</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> APD110A </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td>数字光功率计</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> PM100 </td><td>数量:1 已过时，别人也会做</td></tr><tr><td>力测量模块</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> OTKBFM </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td>运动镜山</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> KM200-E03 </td><td>数量:1 随着近红外激光质量镜</td></tr><tr><td>激光二极管恒流驱动器</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> LD1255R </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td> LD1255光学平台安装板</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> LD1255P </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td>安装的消色差半波片</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> AHWP05M-980 </td><td>数量:1 690 - 1200 nm的</td></tr><tr><td>光学镊子套件</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> OTKB / M </td><td>数量:1 公制或英制</td></tr><tr><td>发表持有人基地</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> BA2 </td><td>数量:2 </td></tr><tr><td>电源供应器</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> PS-12DC- </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td>电源电缆</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> LD1255-CAB </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td>直角板</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> AP90 </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td>直角管夹</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> RA90 </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td>不锈钢光后</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> TR3 </td><td>数量:1 </td></tr><tr><td>表钳</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> CL1 </td><td>数量:2 已过时，别人也会做</td></tr><tr><td>热传感器</td><td> Thorlabs公司</td><td> PM210 </td><td>数量:1 对于数字光功率计</td></tr><tr><td> 100 pF的电容</td><td></td><td></td><td>数量:1 任何品牌，而不是关键</td></tr><tr><td> 200欧姆电阻</td><td></td><td></td><td>数量:1 任何品牌，而不是关键</td></tr><tr><td>压克力板</td><td></td><td></td><td>数量:3"×1" 任何品牌，而不是关键</td></tr><tr><td>各种各样的同轴电缆，导线连接器和连接器</td><td></td><td></td><td>根据需要</td></tr><tr><td>面包板</td><td></td><td></td><td>数量:1 任何品牌，而不是关键</td></tr><tr><td>凹透镜</td><td></td><td></td><td>数量:1 任何品牌，而不是关键</td></tr><tr><td>金刚石刀具</td><td></td><td></td><td>数量:1 任何品牌，而不是关键</td></tr><tr><td>双面胶带</td><td></td><td></td><td>任何品牌，而不是关键</td></tr><tr><td>刀片</td><td></td><td></td><td>数量:1 任何品牌，而不是关键</td></tr><tr><td>镊子</td><td></td><td></td><td>数量:1 任何品牌，细笔尖</td></tr></tbody></table>

optical trapping of nanoparticles

光学诱捕法是一种技术，固定和操纵一个温和的方式利用光的小物件，它已被广泛地应用在小生物粒子的捕获和操纵。 ashkin和同事首次证明光镊，使用一个单一的聚焦束1。单光束陷阱可以准确地描述微扰制定梯度力的情况下，小瑞利制度粒子1。以微扰制度，所需的光功率，用于捕集作为逆第四电源的粒径的颗粒尺度。高光功率可能会损坏电介质颗粒，并产生热量。例如，被困乳胶球的直径为109纳米摧毁了一个15兆瓦的光束在25秒1，严重影响生物物质2,3。 自诱导后行动（SIBA）光学诱捕陷阱，提出了在50纳米的聚苯乙烯小球非微扰政权。在一个非微扰制度，即使小颗粒与小介电常数对比的背景可以影响显着的环境电磁场，产生很大的光力。作为一个粒子进入发光的光圈，透光度显着增加，因为介质加载。如果粒子试图离开的光圈，减少传输从孔导致的变化势头向外，由牛顿第三定律的颗粒向内的力，结果进了洞，捕获的粒子。可以监视的光传输，因此，可以成为陷阱的传感器。 SIBA俘获技术，可以进一步提高使用双纳米孔道结构。 的双纳米孔结构已被证明，给予了有力的局域场增强5,6。两者之间的尖的双纳米孔道，一个小的颗粒可能会导致在光传输中的一个大的变化N，从而引发了大光力。其结果是，更小的纳米粒子可以被捕获，如12纳米硅酸盐球7和3.4纳米流体力学半径牛血清白蛋白的蛋白质8。在这项工作中，用于纳米粒子捕集的实验配置概述。首先，它是基于一个Thorlabs的光学镊子工具包的捕获设置详细的组件。接下来，我们将解释的双纳米孔的金属膜，所述制造的微流体室和样品制备的纳米加工过程。最后，我们详细的数据采集程序，并提供20 nm的聚苯乙烯纳米球捕获的典型结果。

<html> 图5a中所示的一个典型的收购跟踪。一个诱捕事件是典型的突发性，用锋利的边缘，呈现出明显的两个传输功率电平之间切换。由于粒子的布朗运动，诱捕事件是随机发生的。对于20纳米的颗粒，从捕获的透光度的变化通常约为5-10％，诱捕倍，约10-300秒。实现上文所述的电源和浓度捕集事件的典型时间是一分钟的时间上的顺序。由于空间位阻的情况是很罕见的同时看到多个微粒收集，虽然一度被释放的粒子，它通常随后由后续的捕获事件。根据质量的结果，也有可能是一些被困的状态信号中的噪声增加。这种噪声的增加来自捕获粒子的布朗运动。如果没有捕获粒子，这种噪声源是不存在的。 <html> _content"有些项目可能出现的结果是不捕获事件表示漂流，缓慢变化的传输分钟过了一段如图5b所示的结果，应该被丢弃。其他文物可能还存在不一致的透光度的变化，过度的噪音或没有捕获。例如，泡沫可能会导致不连续的强度跳跃，如果不小心，以确保，室无气泡，这些气泡会做出不同的响应动态的捕获事件行为和强度的变化，所以他们很容易被识别。这种症状可能是由一个贫穷的的双纳米孔结构，污染物或机械振动。一个安静，低活性的设定，强烈建议把这个设置。此外，允许激光和解决几分钟后，调整的阶段，也能有所帮助。 s/ftp_upload/4424/4424fig1.jpg"/&gt; 图1。亚波长孔光传输:a）无颗粒; b）增加由于传输介质颗粒，C）如果颗粒企图离开，将导致力（F）的粒子，以减少光的动量（ΔT）拉回来入孔;四）红色移由粒子引起的透射率曲线，导致在传输ΔT的变化。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/4424/4424fig2.jpg" /> 图2 a）总体示意图捕集设置，扩大红色圆圈所示在b）中，b）扩大示出的双纳米孔，和内部的纳米微球的PDMS室;三）的双纳米孔结构的SEM图像。使用的缩略语:LD =激光二极管，ODF =光密度过滤器; HWP =半波片; BE =扩束; MR =镜MO =显微镜的物镜，OI MO =油浸没锡安显微镜的物镜DH =双纳米孔; APD雪崩光电探测器。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/4424/4424fig3.jpg" /> 图3）用于在FIB中制造的实施例的位图图; b）在SEM图像的双纳米孔。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/4424/4424fig4.jpg" /> 图4制造的微流体腔室的工艺图。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/4424/4424fig5.jpg" /> 图5（a）典型的捕获事件与20纳米的聚苯乙烯小球的收购。 （二）一个贫穷的收购显示急性漂流。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles at JoVE.com

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

下面的设置方法的详细信息低功耗光阱电介质纳米颗粒使用双金属膜纳米孔中。

纳米粒子的光学捕获

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

22.3K 次观看.  University of Victoria. 下面的设置方法的详细信息低功耗光阱电介质纳米颗粒使用双金属膜纳米孔中。

视频: Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To compensate for lower light absorption such physically thin devices have to incorporate light-trapping which increases their optical thickness. Light scattering by textured surfaces is a common technique but it cannot be universally applied to all solar cell technologies. Some cells, for example those made of evaporated silicon, are planar as produced and they require an alternative light-trapping means suitable for planar devices. Metal nanoparticles formed on planar silicon cell surface and capable of light scattering due to surface plasmon resonance is an effective approach.
The paper presents a fabrication procedure of evaporated polycrystalline silicon solar cells with plasmonic light-trapping and demonstrates how the cell quantum efficiency improves due to presence of metal nanoparticles.
To fabricate the cells a film consisting of alternative boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers is deposited on glass substrate by electron beam evaporation. An Initially amorphous film is crystallised and electronic defects are mitigated by annealing and hydrogen passivation. Metal grid contacts are applied to the layers of opposite polarity to extract electricity generated by the cell. Typically, such a ~2 &mu;m thick cell has a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 14-16 mA/cm2, which can be increased up to 17-18 mA/cm2 (~25% higher) after application of a simple diffuse back reflector made of a white paint.
To implement plasmonic light-trapping a silver nanoparticle array is formed on the metallised cell silicon surface. A precursor silver film is deposited on the cell by thermal evaporation and annealed at 23&deg;C to form silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticle size and coverage, which affect plasmonic light-scattering, can be tuned for enhanced cell performance by varying the precursor film thickness and its annealing conditions. An optimised nanoparticle array alone results in cell Jsc enhancement of about 28%, similar to the effect of the diffuse reflector. The photocurrent can be further increased by coating the nanoparticles by a low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2, and applying the diffused reflector. The complete plasmonic cell structure comprises the polycrystalline silicon film, a silver nanoparticle array, a layer of MgF2, and a diffuse reflector. The Jsc for such cell is 21-23 mA/cm2, up to 45% higher than Jsc of the original cell without light-trapping or ~25% higher than Jsc for the cell with the diffuse reflector only.
Introduction
Light-trapping in silicon solar cells is commonly achieved via light scattering at textured interfaces. Scattered light travels through a cell at oblique angles for a longer distance and when such angles exceed the critical angle at the cell interfaces the light is permanently trapped in the cell by total internal reflection (Animation 1: Light-trapping). Although this scheme works well for most solar cells, there are developing technologies where ultra-thin Si layers are produced planar (e.g. layer-transfer technologies and epitaxial c-Si layers) 1 and or when such layers are not compatible with textures substrates (e.g. evaporated silicon) 2. For such originally planar Si layer alternative light trapping approaches, such as diffuse white paint reflector 3, silicon plasma texturing 4 or high refractive index nanoparticle reflector 5 have been suggested.
Metal nanoparticles can effectively scatter incident light into a higher refractive index material, like silicon, due to the surface plasmon resonance effect 6. They also can be easily formed on the planar silicon cell surface thus offering a light-trapping approach alternative to texturing. For a nanoparticle located at the air-silicon interface the scattered light fraction coupled into silicon exceeds 95% and a large faction of that light is scattered at angles above critical providing nearly ideal light-trapping condition (Animation 2: Plasmons on NP). The resonance can be tuned to the wavelength region, which is most important for a particular cell material and design, by varying the nanoparticle average size, surface coverage and local dielectric environment 6,7. Theoretical design principles of plasmonic nanoparticle solar cells have been suggested 8. In practice, Ag nanoparticle array is an ideal light-trapping partner for poly-Si thin-film solar cells because most of these design principle are naturally met. The simplest way of forming nanoparticles by thermal annealing of a thin precursor Ag film results in a random array with a relatively wide size and shape distribution, which is particularly suitable for light-trapping because such an array has a wide resonance peak, covering the wavelength range of 700-900 nm, important for poly-Si solar cell performance. The nanoparticle array can only be located on the rear poly-Si cell surface thus avoiding destructive interference between incident and scattered light which occurs for front-located nanoparticles 9. Moreover, poly-Si thin-film cells do not requires a passivating layer and the flat base-shaped nanoparticles (that naturally result from thermal annealing of a metal film) can be directly placed on silicon further increases plasmonic scattering efficiency due to surface plasmon-polariton resonance 10.
The cell with the plasmonic nanoparticle array as described above can have a photocurrent about 28% higher than the original cell. However, the array still transmits a significant amount of light which escapes through the rear of the cell and does not contribute into the current. This loss can be mitigated by adding a rear reflector to allow catching transmitted light and re-directing it back to the cell. Providing sufficient distance between the reflector and the nanoparticles (a few hundred nanometers) the reflected light will then experience one more plasmonic scattering event while passing through the nanoparticle array on re-entering the cell and the reflector itself can be made diffuse - both effects further facilitating light scattering and hence light-trapping. Importantly, the Ag nanoparticles have to be encapsulated with an inert and low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2 or SiO2, from the rear reflector to avoid mechanical and chemical damage 7. Low refractive index for this cladding layer is required to maintain a high coupling fraction into silicon and larger scattering angles, which are ensured by the high optical contrast between the media on both sides of the nanoparticle, silicon and dielectric 6. The photocurrent of the plasmonic cell with the diffuse rear reflector can be up to 45% higher than the current of the original cell or up to 25% higher than the current of an equivalent cell with the diffuse reflector only.

Polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass are fabricated by deposition of boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers followed by crystallisation, defect passivation and metallisation. Plasmonic light-trapping is introduced by forming Ag nanoparticles on the silicon cell surface capped with a diffused reflector resulting in ~45% photocurrent enhancement.

多晶硅薄膜太阳能电池电浆增强光捕获

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To ...

科研

工程学

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

钮扣电池锂离子电池的建设和测试

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

制造超材料使用光纤拉丝法

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Construction of a High Resolution Microscope with Conventional and Holographic Optical Trapping Capabilities

High resolution microscope systems with optical traps allow for precise manipulation of various refractive objects, such as dielectric beads 1 or cellular organelles 2,3, as well as for high spatial and temporal resolution readout of their position relative to the center of the trap. The system described herein has one such "traditional" trap operating at 980 nm. It additionally provides a second optical trapping system that uses a commercially available holographic package to simultaneously create and manipulate complex trapping patterns in the field of view of the microscope 4,5 at a wavelength of 1,064 nm. The combination of the two systems allows for the manipulation of multiple refractive objects at the same time while simultaneously conducting high speed and high resolution measurements of motion and force production at nanometer and piconewton scale.

The system described herein employs a traditional optical trap as well as an independent holographic optical trapping line, capable of creating and manipulating multiple traps. This allows for the creation of complex geometric arrangements of refractive particles while also permitting simultaneous high-speed, high-resolution measurements of the activity of biological enzymes.

高分辨率显微镜与常规和全息光学捕获能力建设

High resolution microscope systems with optical traps allow for precise manipulation of various refractive objects, such as dielectric beads 1 or cellular ...

Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles

We demonstrate how optical tweezers may provide a sensitive tool to analyze the fluidic vibrations generated by the movement of small aquatic organisms. A single gold nanoparticle held by an optical tweezer is used as a sensor to quantify the rhythmic motion of a Nauplius larva (Artemia salina) in a water sample. This is achieved by monitoring the time dependent displacement of the trapped nanoparticle as a consequence of the Nauplius activity. A Fourier analysis of the nanoparticle&#39;s position then yields a frequency spectrum that is characteristic to the motion of the observed species. This experiment demonstrates the capability of this method to measure and characterize the activity of small aquatic larvae without the requirement to observe them directly and to gain information about the position of the larvae with respect to the trapped particle. Overall, this approach could give an insight on the vitality of certain species found in an aquatic ecosystem and could expand the range of conventional methods for analyzing water samples.

Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles

We use optical tracking of plasmonic nanoparticles to probe and characterize the frequency movements of aquatic organisms.

分析无节幼体的运动"<em&gt;卤虫</em&gt;&#39;由电浆纳米粒子的光学跟踪

We demonstrate how optical tweezers may provide a sensitive tool to analyze the fluidic vibrations generated by the movement of small aquatic organisms. A ...

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological and physical sciences over the past few decades. The progress made in this field invites further study of even smaller systems and at a larger scale, with tools that could be distributed more easily and made more widely available. Unfortunately, the fundamental laws of diffraction limit the minimum size of the focal spot of a laser beam, which makes particles smaller than a half-wavelength in diameter hard to trap and generally prevents an operator from discriminating between particles which are closer together than one half-wavelength. This precludes the optical manipulation of many closely-spaced nanoparticles and&#160;limits the&#160;resolution of optical-mechanical systems. Furthermore, manipulation using focused beams requires beam-forming or steering optics, which can be very bulky and expensive. To address these limitations in the system scalability of conventional optical trapping our lab has devised an alternative technique which utilizes near-field optics to move particles across a chip. Instead of focusing laser beams in the far-field, the optical near field of plasmonic resonators produces the necessary local optical intensity enhancement to overcome the restrictions of diffraction and manipulate particles at higher resolution. Closely-spaced resonators produce strong optical traps which can be addressed to mediate the hand-off of particles from one to the next in a conveyor-belt-like fashion. Here, we describe how to design and produce a conveyor belt using a gold surface patterned with plasmonic C-shaped resonators and how to operate it with polarized laser light to achieve super-resolution nanoparticle manipulation and transport. The nano-optical conveyor belt chip can be produced using lithography techniques and easily packaged and distributed.

The scalability and resolution of conventional optical manipulation techniques are limited by diffraction. We circumvent the diffraction limit and describe a method of optically transporting nanoparticles across a chip using a gold surface patterned with a path of closely spaced C-shaped plasmonic resonators.

一个纳米光输送带的制作和操作

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

灯光诱杀银纳米结构通过转移印花在氢化微晶硅太阳能电池集成

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Writing Bragg Gratings in Multicore Fibers

Fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fibers can be used as compact and robust filters in astronomical and other research and commercial applications. Strong suppression at a single wavelength requires that all cores have matching transmission profiles. These gratings cannot be inscribed using the same method as for single-core fibers because the curved surface of the cladding acts as a lens, focusing the incoming UV laser beam and causing variations in exposure between cores. Therefore we use an additional optical element to ensure that the beam shape does not change while passing through the cross-section of the multicore fiber. This consists of a glass capillary tube which has been polished flat on one side, which is then placed over the section of the fiber to be inscribed. The laser beam enters the fiber through the flat surface of the capillary tube and hence maintains its original dimensions. This paper demonstrates the improvements in core-to-core uniformity for a 7-core fiber using this method. The technique can be generalized to larger multicore fibers.

We describe a technique for inscribing identical fiber Bragg gratings into each core of a multicore fiber. This is achieved by introducing an additional surface into the optical path to mitigate lensing by the curved surface of the fiber cladding.

写布拉格光栅在多核纤维

Fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fibers can be used as compact and robust filters in astronomical and other research and commercial applications. Strong ...

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and automotive. However, effective inspection and characterization metrology systems are needed to ensure the functional reliability of MEMS. This study presents a system based on digital holography as a tool for MEMS metrology. Digital holography has gained increasing attention in the past 20 years. With the fast development and decreasing cost of sensor arrays, resolution of such systems has increased broadening potential applications. Thus, it has attracted attention from both research and industry sides as a potential reliable tool for industrial metrology. Indeed, by recording the interference pattern between an object beam (which contains sample height information) and a reference beam on a CCD camera, one can retrieve the quantitative phase information of an object. However, most of digital holographic systems are bulky and thus not easy to implement on industry production lines. The novelty of the system presented is that it is lens-less and thus very compact. In this study, it is shown that the Compact Digital Holographic Microscope (CDHM) can be used to evaluate several characteristics typically consider as criteria in MEMS inspections. The surface profiles of MEMS in both static and dynamic conditions are presented. Comparison with AFM is investigated to validate the accuracy of the CDHM.

We present a compact reflection digital holographic system (CDHM) for inspection and characterization of MEMS devices. A lens-less design using a diverging input wave providing natural geometrical magnification is demonstrated. Both static and dynamic studies are presented.

紧凑的镜头少数字全息显微镜的MEMS检测与表征

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and ...

Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step process that finishes with Negishi coupling. Negishi coupling is a cross-coupling process in which a chemical precursor is first lithiated, followed by transmetallation with ZnCl2. The resultant organozinc compound can be coupled to a dibrominated aromatic precursor to give the conjugated monomer. Polymer films can be prepared via electropolymerization of the monomer and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy. Nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared via emulsion polymerization of the monomer using a two-surfactant system to yield an aqueous dispersion of the polymer NPs. The NPs are characterized using dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, and UV-Vis-NIR-spectroscopy. Cytocompatibility of NPs is investigated using the cell viability assay. Finally, the NP suspensions are irradiated with a NIR laser to determine their effectiveness as potential materials for photothermal therapy (PTT).

A protocol is presented for the synthesis and preparation of nanoparticles consisting of electroactive polymers.

电活性聚合物纳米粒子参展光热特性

A method for the synthesis of electroactive polymers is demonstrated, starting with the synthesis of extended conjugation monomers using a three-step ...