作者要感谢周杰伦瓦克为简化模型和潜在的陷阱显著讨论。非常感谢也最大Baak和直到Eifert为建设性的批评和鼓励，每当它是必要的。多亏了欧洲核子研究中心暑期学生计划使这次合作成为可能。

1。模型解构<ol><li>生成覆盖面在故宫的参数空间质子 - 质子碰撞事件。可以使用任何事件发生器配置，其中包括一个部分子淋浴和强子模型。在MSUGRA的情况下，例如，使用Isasugra 33所产生的质谱图，支化组分和衰变宽度使用MSSMCalc 34计算。为事件生成本身，MadGraph 5 1.3.9 34与CTEQ 6L1部分子密度函数35是用来产生矩阵元素的事件，因为它包括在基体中的元素附加辐射，它可以是对于小批量分割场景很重要。为了模仿LHC实验的选择的领导阶发电机MSUGRA，在MadGraph矩阵元素的附加辐射产生MSUGRA事件时禁用。皮提亚6.425 36然后用于超对称粒子（sparticle）衰变，部分子洗澡，和强子。大量的文档对于任何这些程序很容易在网络上。 </li><li>为了模仿LHC探测器，通过PGS具有LHC-检测器参数卡传递事件。在ATLAS和CMS探测器卡包含MadGraph 5 34执行不够好搜索范围分析。如果有的话，鉴定和性能试验"参数化公开了一些分析都可以使用。理想情况下，实验将提供接受和效率的全地图为一些简化模型的网格，在此情况下，这些可以直接使用这个步骤是不必要的。 </li><li>为了快速分析的结果，中间重量轻的数据格式是可取的。提取喉，稳定的轻子，缺少横向的能量，并从PGS的输出（ 例如，使用ExRootAnalysis 34）在一个方便的格式的任何其它必要的末态的对象建议。 </li><li>在为了吨O的结果进行分类，关联PGS的事件的结果所必需的发电机事件记录的部分到sparticle生产和衰减模式对每个事件进行分类。跟踪所有粒子质量，生产机制和衰变链，以及它们各自的计数，以便能计算出其对应的分支部分。 </li><li>计算出最佳的生产截面计算感兴趣的模型。在MSUGRA的情况下，下一个到领头阶横截面的每个点可以使用CTEQ 6.6 NLO PDF文件使用Prospino 2.1 37与NLL -快38来计算。 </li></ol> 2。模型重建<ol><li>基于模型解构击穿，选择简化模型的字典，以涵盖故宫的开放产生和衰变模式中的至少50％。因为大多数的BSM模型与质量，两个在验收典型的因子的急剧下降横截面的新增Cally仅代表20-50电子伏特的限制，使得这充分接近是实验和理论误差范围内。最直接的衰减和单步衰减模型，包括off-shell/three-body衰变，已经考虑了LHC实验。 CMS已经收集了一些简化模型排除结果在一个单一的文件21。这两个ATLAS和CMS还考虑了一些重口味的简化模型。尚未公开提供在一个地方的模型的完整列表。然而，结果是可以从两个实验中的公开的网页39，40。这些都是应该被选定为重建故宫的简化模型。 </li><li>为了测试的简化模型覆盖质量，与那些从用于复制该点的简化模型得到的比较几个有代表性的非牟利点的运动。对于给定的故宫点，构建相关的简化模型与适当的群众。 </li><li>分配一个权重，其中包括通过对由该模型所表示的衰减的简化模型倍的分支部分占生产比例每个模型类型。 </li><li>对于相关的生产，如果只是对生产简化模型认为，分两个相关的简化模型之间的权重。 </li><li>建议将应用一组物理动机简化为故宫事件的拓扑结构，从而将类似的生产和衰变模式。 </li><li>归一化权重之和为所有的简化模型来统一。 </li><li>计算使用在前面的协议中描述的事件生成过程代表故宫点的运动分布。 </li><li>如果典型的信号选择后故宫点的运动学相差大于σ以上（30％），从这些组合的简化模型，包括额外的简化模型，以提高生产和衰变相空间的覆盖。在15％的水平有差异，因为迅速下降的横截面在大多数新物理模型对最终排除结果的影响微乎其微。 </li></ol> 3。限制建设<ol><li>获得可用的和相关Aε和对新的物理事件正在考虑中，可以应用各实验信号区域中的简化模型的数量95％置信水平的上限。 </li><li>套用公式1和3-5的利息故宫在每个参数空间中的点来确定下（如果有的话）假设该点被排除在外。 </li><li>用最好的表现预期使用限制的信号区域设置，除非是信号区域"背景不确定性之间的相互关系可用，因此，这些区域可适当合并‡。 </li><li>与先前的协议和排斥轮廓的传播进行运动学的比较，确定岭NGE在该实验排除应该说谎。 </li></ol> ‡目前，还没有这样的相关性是可用的。

<ol>
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C. 31, 421-479 (2003).</li><li>Collaboration, L. 3. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Search+for+Scalar+Leptons+and+Scalar+Quarks+at+LEP.">Search for Scalar Leptons and Scalar Quarks at LEP.</a> Phys. Lett. B. 580, 37-49 (2004).</li><li>Collaboration, A. T. L. A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Search+for+squarks+and+gluinos+using+final+states+with+jets+and+missing+transverse+momentum+with+the+ATLAS+detector+in+&#8730;s=7TeV+proton-proton+collisions.">Search for squarks and gluinos using final states with jets and missing transverse momentum with the ATLAS detector in &#8730;s=7TeV proton-proton collisions.</a> Phys. Lett. B. 701, 186-203 (2011).</li></ol>

作者既是对ATLAS协作的成员。然而，没有ATLAS内部资源，金钱或其他方式，分别在完成这项工作使用。

的简化模型限制了应用的一个完整的新的物理模型，以产生排斥的轮廓已被证明。尽管MSUGRA参数空间中的点的视在的复杂性，运动学可以很好地再现由只有少数的简化模型的组合。一个特定的信号区域内进行观察时的运动协议进一步改善，因为迄今为止在LHC进行的检索数据倾向于简化模型类似事件的拓扑结构具有（相对）小的多的高P T的对象。 从简化模型得出的排除轮廓媲美那些已经出版了专门的搜索。有了这个程序，就可以排除平凡的成绩改写成更奇特的超对称理论，甚至到nonSUSY理论所涵盖的简化模型签名。这种方法还允许保存的数据的一个简单的途径ND应用目前搜索的未来理论。 实际上，这种方法意味着一个显著的资源节约对LHC的实验和一个很大的好处LHC的理论家和现象学家。通过重铸使用可从矩阵元素和衰变概率信息理论，没有计算密集型的仿真模型必须做到的。相反，实验可以自由地直截了当地提供排除导致大量的各种理论模型，其中包括 - 但可能无法完全覆盖 - 简单的最终状态签名。同样，理论家不必等待LHC实验在他们青睐的模型产生限制。虽然简化模型可能不包括一个模型的所有生产和衰减模式，具有相对小的数目的简化模型，可以覆盖一个相当宽的范围的可能性。以这种方式获得的排除不正是重叠的完整的实验结果精神搜寻。在目前的LHC的搜索时代，但是，他们给多少理论空间已经被排除在已经进行的搜索的一个关键和令人惊讶的准确的估计，有多少可能仍然是开放的探索。

一个标准模型，超对称（SUSY）1-14的最有前途的扩展，是许多搜索通过在CERN的LHC实验的中心焦点。收集2011年的数据已经足以推新物理学的超越以往任何撞机15-22的范围。随着新数据到达和排除仍然推得更远，这将是越来越重要，清楚地传达给物理学界哪些地区的广泛的超对称参数空间都被排除在外。电流限制通常设置在受限的二维平面，这往往并不代表多样化的可用超对称参数空间，而且很难理解的物理群众限制或分支比。大组简化模型23，24已经被提出用于帮助这些限制的理解，既ATLAS和CMS提供了排除结果这几个型号的15-20。 本文演示了这些简化模型排除的应用程序使用的最小超引力（MSUGRA，又称CMSSM）25-30的例子一个完整的新的物理模型。该模型被选择，以比较使用简化的模型以那些由实验独立地发布设置的限制。该程序是足够一般要扩展到任何新的物理模型（NPM）。由于这是首次尝试"关闭循环"，并设置使用简化的模型对超对称的限制，一些关于特定的简化模型限制的适用性假设进行了探讨，从而食谱上有理论设定保守和激进的限制尚未审查了LHC实验。 对于在故宫设定的限制，需要三个单独的操作。首先，故宫必须被解构为它的组成片段，分离的各种机生产线CTION模式和衰减模式为模型中的所有新粒子。第二，一组简化的模型必须选择，重新在NPM运动学和有关事件的拓扑结构。三，关于这些简化的模型可用限制必须以产生对故宫限制相结合。这三个程序都在协议中所述。还提供了一些额外的近似值，可能会扩大已经可用简化模型的适用性更广泛的活动拓扑。 一个完整的故宫通常涉及许多生产方式和许多可能的后续衰变。新的物理模型的解构到他们的组件和简化模型的限制应用​​程序对这些组件可以排除的建设直接限制。对于任何信号区域，最保守的限制可使用的生产百分率 P设置（A，B）（其中a，b表示的简化模型水疗中心事件相同的一个简化模型的rticle生产模式）i和由简化模型†描述的生产sparticles腐烂在地的分支比，BR A→I X BR 有b→我 。从这些简单的拓扑结构在一个给定的信号区域的事件的预期数量可以被写为<img alt="式（1）" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq1.jpg" /> 其中求和是简化模型，σTOT是总截面为故宫点，L int是在搜索中使用的积分亮度，和AE A，B→i是验收时间效率的简化模型事件正在考虑信号的区域。这个数字可以比对的新物理事件吨数预期的95％的置信水平上限o选择最佳的搜索区域。该模型可以被排除在外，如果N是比排除在95％置信水平的新物理事件所观察到的数量较大。如果提供了有关其不确定性的相关信息，在不重叠的区域排除可以合并。如果该信息不可用，最好信号区或分析，它提供了最好的预期限制可以用来企图排除模型。 为了构造具体限制用这种方法，Aε各种简化模型必须由LHC实验予以提供。这两个CMS和ATLAS出版与Aε数字几款机型，和几个数字都可以在HepData数据库31。为了证明发布所有这些表的价值，我们觉得重要的是要提供具体的限制相媲美那些已经出版。因此，我们使用（和describE在协议作为一个可选步骤）快速检测器仿真来仿真ATLAS或CMS探测器的效果。从这个很好的模拟得出的Aε（PGS）32相比，由ATLAS在图1中公布的简化模型网格。这些结果足够接近彼此（在大约25％）的，而不是等待所有结果是公开的，Aε业绩其余网格使用PGS推导并直接在本文的其余部分使用。如可公开获得的简化模型Aε结果数量的增加，需要这样的逼近应当显著降低。 两个保守的假设允许包含在限制生产和衰减模式一个较大的数字。首先是，对于相关的生产实验Aε是至少一样高Aε两个生产模式的恶化。为包括搜索，这通常是一个很好的假设。那么事件的最低预期数字会<img alt="公式2" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq2.jpg" /> 其中，所述第一求和是在所有的生产模式，只有那些其中的a和b是完全相同的从简化模型颗粒被包含在方程1。同样，Aε为衰变具有不同的腿可以被假定为是至少一样高Aε的两条腿的恶化。即， <img alt="式（3）" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq3.jpg" /> 其中，两侧不同的衰变图现在已经包括在内。 另外两个假设将允许str的设置icter限制。可以假设的实验Aε在理论上，所有的生产模式是类似的平均Aε所涵盖的简化模型的制作模式。在这种情况下，事件的预期数量可以代替被写为<img alt="公式4" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq4highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq4.jpg" /> 那里的款项均超过只涵盖了简化模型的生产方式。有人可能会进一步假设Aε在理论上所有的衰变模式是相似的平均Aε为所涵盖的简化模型拓扑事件。然后事件的预期数量可以被写为: <img alt="方程（5）" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq5highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq5.jpg" /> 其中AGA在只能通过简化模型运行的款项。显然，这种假设下被设置在最积极MSUGRA限制，并限制这种方式的风险自称为排斥，不会，事实上，通过一个专门的搜索中排除在95％置信水平的区域。虽然这两个近似的精确度可能是犯罪嫌疑人，如果简化模型的包容性事件运动学媲美一个完整的超对称参数空间中的点，他们未必是不合理的。 †现在用在LHC的一些简化模型包括相关的生产。虽然没有明确地在这里讨论的，该方程可以平凡扩展，以允许这种情况。

setting limits on supersymmetry using simplified models

对超对称性和类似实验的理论限制是因为，因为单点的复杂性的巨大可用的参数空间，很难一概而论难定。因此，更多的现象，简单的模式正在成为流行的设置实验的限制，因为他们有更清晰的物理解释。使用这些简化的模型限制在一个具体的理论设定一个真正的限制还没有，不过，被证实。本文重铸简化模型限制到一个特定的和完整的超对称模型，最小超引力的限制。根据不同的物理假设得到限制可媲美由定向搜索产生的。处方提供了计算上的其他理论保守和激进的限制。使用验收和效率表以及各种信号的区域事件的预期和观察到的数字，LHC的实验结果可以在这个马重铸新新人类创新到几乎所有的理论框架，包括nonsupersymmetric理论与超对称状的签名。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models at JoVE.com

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

本文演示了一个协议，用于重铸实验简化模型限制到一个任意的新物理模型保守和激进的限制。可公​​开获得的LHC实验结果可以以这种方式被改写成在几乎任何一个超对称状的签名新物理模型的限制。

设置使用简化模型的超对称限制

Experimental limits on supersymmetry and similar theories are difficult to set because of the enormous available parameter space and difficult to ...

setting-limits-on-supersymmetry-using-simplified-models

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

8.5K 次观看.  University College London. 本文演示了一个协议，用于重铸实验简化模型限制到一个任意的新物理模型保守和激进的限制。可公​​开获得的LHC实验结果可以以这种方式被改写成在几乎任何一个超对称状的签名新物理模型的限制。 

视频: Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various areas of technology and applied science, such as aerospace and communication engineering, sensing, metrology, nonlinear photonics, and quantum optics. In this article, we present the principal techniques used in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators. First detailed in this article is the protocol for resonator polishing, which is based on a grind-and-polish technique close to the ones used to polish optical components such as lenses or telescope mirrors. Then, a white light interferometric profilometer measures surface roughness, which is a key parameter to characterize the quality of the polishing. In order to launch light in the resonator, a tapered silica fiber with diameter in the micrometer range is used. To reach such small diameters, we adopt the "flame-brushing" technique, using simultaneously computer-controlled motors to pull the fiber apart, and a blowtorch to heat the fiber area to be tapered. The resonator and the tapered fiber are later approached to one another to visualize the resonance signal of the whispering gallery modes using a wavelength-scanning laser. By increasing the optical power in the resonator, nonlinear phenomena are triggered until the formation of a Kerr optical frequency comb is observed with a spectrum made of equidistant spectral lines. These Kerr comb spectra have exceptional characteristics that are suitable for several applications in science and technology. We consider the application related to ultra-stable microwave frequency synthesis and demonstrate the generation of a Kerr comb with GHz intermodal frequency.

The customized techniques developed in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators are presented. The protocols to obtain and characterize these resonators are detailed, and an explanation of some of their applications in microwave photonics is given.

基于微波光子系统回音壁模式谐振器

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various ...

科研

工程学

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at a frequency above the acoustic range (20 kHz). As a solid-state technology, ultrasonic lubrication can be used where conventional lubricants are unfeasible or undesirable. Further, ultrasonic lubrication allows for electrical modulation of the effective friction coefficient between two sliding surfaces. This property enables adaptive systems that modify their frictional state and associated dynamic response as the operating conditions change. Surface wear can also be reduced through ultrasonic lubrication. We developed a protocol to investigate the dependence of friction force reduction and wear reduction on the linear sliding velocity between ultrasonically lubricated surfaces. A pin-on-disc tribometer was built which differs from commercial units in that a piezoelectric stack is used to vibrate the pin at 22 kHz normal to the rotating disc surface. Friction and wear metrics including effective friction force, volume loss, and surface roughness are measured without and with ultrasonic vibrations at a constant pressure of 1 to 4 MPa and three different sliding velocities: 20.3, 40.6, and 87 mm/sec. An optical profilometer is utilized to characterize the wear surfaces. The effective friction force is reduced by 62% at 20.3 mm/sec. Consistently with existing theories for ultrasonic lubrication, the percent reduction in friction force diminishes with increasing speed, down to 29% friction force reduction at 87 mm/sec. Wear reduction remains essentially constant (49%) at the three speeds considered.

We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties.

使用超声波润滑实验一压电辅助摩擦试验机和光学轮廓

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at ...

Strain Sensing Based on Multiscale Composite Materials Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets

The electrical response of NH2-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets composite materials under strain was studied. Two different manufacturing methods are proposed to create the electrical network in this work: (a) the incorporation of the nanoplatelets into the epoxy matrix and (b) the coating of the glass fabric with a sizing filled with the same nanoplatelets. Both types of multiscale composite materials, with an in-plane electrical conductivity of ~10-3 S/m, showed an exponential growth of the electrical resistance as the strain increases due to distancing between adjacent functionalized graphene nanoplatelets and contact loss between overlying ones. The sensitivity of the materials analyzed during this research, using the described procedures, has been shown to be higher than commercially available strain gauges. The proposed procedures for self-sensing of the structural composite material would facilitate the structural health monitoring of components in difficult to access emplacements such as offshore wind power farms. Although the sensitivity of the multiscale composite materials was considerably higher than the sensitivity of metallic foils used as strain gauges, the value reached with NH2 functionalized graphene nanoplatelets coated fabrics was nearly an order of magnitude superior. This result elucidated their potential to be used as smart fabrics to monitor human movements such as bending of fingers or knees. By using the proposed method, the smart fabric could immediately detect the bending and recover instantly. This fact permits precise monitoring of the time of bending as well as the degree of bending.

The integration of conductive nanoparticles, such as graphene nanoplatelets, into glass fiber composite materials creates an intrinsic electrical network susceptible to strain. Here, different methods to obtain strain sensors based on the addition of graphene nanoplatelets into the epoxy matrix or as a coating on glass fabrics are proposed.

基于多尺度复合材料的增强与石墨烯纳米片应变传感

The electrical response of NH2-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets composite materials under strain was studied. Two different manufacturing methods are ...

Fabrication of 1-D Photonic Crystal Cavity on a Nanofiber Using Femtosecond Laser-induced Ablation

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using femtosecond laser-induced ablation. We show that thousands of periodic nano-craters are fabricated on an optical nanofiber by irradiating with just a single femtosecond laser pulse. For a typical sample, periodic nano-craters with a period of 350 nm and with diameter gradually varying from 50 - 250 nm over a length of 1 mm are fabricated on a nanofiber with diameter around 450 - 550 nm. A key aspect of such a nanofabrication is that the nanofiber itself acts as a cylindrical lens and focuses the femtosecond laser beam on its shadow surface. Moreover, the single-shot fabrication makes it immune to mechanical instabilities and other fabrication imperfections. Such periodic nano-craters on nanofiber, act as a 1-D PhC and enable strong and broadband reflection while maintaining the high transmission out of the stopband. We also present a method to control the profile of the nano-crater array to fabricate apodized and defect-induced PhC cavities on the nanofiber. The strong confinement of the field, both transverse and longitudinal, in the nanofiber-based PhC cavities and the efficient integration to the fiber networks, may open new possibilities for nanophotonic applications and quantum information science.

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D photonic crystal cavities on subwavelength diameter silica fibers (optical nanofibers) using femtosecond laser-induced ablation.

1-D光子晶体空穴对纳米纤维使用飞秒激光诱导消融制造

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using ...

3D Printing of Biomolecular Models for Research and Pedagogy

The construction of physical three-dimensional (3D) models of biomolecules can uniquely contribute to the study of the structure-function relationship. 3D structures are most often perceived using the two-dimensional and exclusively visual medium of the computer screen. Converting digital 3D molecular data into real objects enables information to be perceived through an expanded range of human senses, including direct stereoscopic vision, touch, and interaction. Such tangible models facilitate new insights, enable hypothesis testing, and serve as psychological or sensory anchors for conceptual information about the functions of biomolecules. Recent advances in consumer 3D printing technology enable, for the first time, the cost-effective fabrication of high-quality and scientifically accurate models of biomolecules in a variety of molecular representations. However, the optimization of the virtual model and its printing parameters is difficult and time consuming without detailed guidance. Here, we provide a guide on the digital design and physical fabrication of biomolecule models for research and pedagogy using open source or low-cost software and low-cost 3D printers that use fused filament fabrication technology.

Physical models of biomolecules can facilitate an understanding of their structure-function for the researcher, aid in communication between researchers, and serve as an educational tool in pedagogical endeavors. Here, we provide detailed guidance for the 3D printing of accurate models of biomolecules using fused filament fabrication desktop 3D printers.

生物分子模型的3D打印技术的研究与教学

The construction of physical three-dimensional (3D) models of biomolecules can uniquely contribute to the study of the structure-function relationship. 3D ...

Surgical Techniques for Catheter Placement and 5/6 Nephrectomy in Murine Models of Peritoneal Dialysis

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a renal replacement therapy consistent on the administration and posterior recovery of a hyperosmotic fluid in the peritoneal cavity to drain water and toxic metabolites that functionally-insufficient kidneys are not able to eliminate. Unfortunately, this procedure deteriorates the peritoneum. Tissue damage triggers the onset of inflammation to heal the injury. If the injury persists and inflammation becomes chronic, it may lead to fibrosis, which is a common occurrence in many diseases. In PD, chronic inflammation and fibrosis, along with other specific processes related to these ones, lead to ultrafiltration capacity deterioration, which means the failure and subsequent cessation of the technique. Working with human samples provides information about this deterioration but presents technical and ethical limitations to obtain biopsies. Animal models are essential to study this deterioration since they overcome these shortcomings.
A chronic mouse infusion model was developed in 2008, which benefits from the wide range of genetically modified mice, opening up the possibility of studying the mechanisms involved. This model employs a customized device designed for mice, consisting of a catheter attached to an access port that is placed subcutaneously at the back of the animal. This procedure avoids continuous puncture of the peritoneum during long-term experiments, reducing infections and inflammation due to injections. Thanks to this model, peritoneal damage induced by chronic PD fluid exposure has been characterized and modulated. This technique allows the infusion of large volumes of fluids and could be used for the study of other diseases in which inoculation of drugs or other substances over extended periods of time is necessary.
This article shows the method for the surgical placement of the catheter in mice. Moreover, it explains the procedure for a 5/6 nephrectomy to mimic the state of renal insufficiency present in PD patients.

This article shows the method for the surgical placement in mice of an intraperitoneal catheter attached to an access port that is positioned at the back of the animal. Moreover, it explains the procedure for a 5/6 nephrectomy to resemble the uremic state of PD patients.

小鼠腹膜透析模型导管置入及5/6 切除术的手术技术

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a renal replacement therapy consistent on the administration and posterior recovery of a hyperosmotic fluid in the peritoneal ...

Fabrication of Flexible Image Sensor Based on Lateral NIPIN Phototransistors

Flexible photodetectors have been intensely studied for the use of curved image sensors, which are a crucial component in bio-inspired imaging systems, but several challenging points remain, such as a low absorption efficiency due to a thin active layer and low flexibility. We present an advanced method to fabricate a flexible phototransistor array with an improved electrical performance. The outstanding electrical performance is driven by a low dark current owing to deep impurity doping. Stretchable and flexible metal interconnectors simultaneously offer electrical and mechanical stabilities in a highly deformed state. The protocol explicitly describes the fabrication process of the phototransistor using a thin silicon membrane. By measuring I-V characteristics of the completed device in deformed states, we demonstrate that this approach improves the mechanical and electrical stabilities of the phototransistor array. We expect that this approach to a flexible phototransistor can be widely used for the applications of not only next-generation imaging systems/optoelectronics but also wearable devices such as tactile/pressure/temperature sensors and health monitors.

We present a detailed method to fabricate a deformable lateral NIPIN phototransistor array for curved image sensors. The phototransistor array with an open mesh form, which is composed of thin silicon islands and stretchable metal interconnectors, provides flexibility and stretchability. The parameter analyzer characterizes the electrical property of the fabricated phototransistor.

基于侧向 NIPIN Phototransistors 的柔性图像传感器的研制

Flexible photodetectors have been intensely studied for the use of curved image sensors, which are a crucial component in bio-inspired imaging systems, ...

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures on Silicon Nitride Membranes for Magnetic Vortex Studies Using Transmission Microscopy Techniques

Electron and x-ray magnetic microscopies allow for high-resolution magnetic imaging down to tens of nanometers. However, the samples need to be prepared on transparent membranes which are very fragile and difficult to manipulate. We present processes for the fabrication of samples with magnetic micro- and nanostructures with spin configurations forming magnetic vortices suitable for Lorentz transmission electron microscopy and magnetic transmission x-ray microscopy studies. The samples are prepared on silicon nitride membranes and the fabrication consists of a spin coating, UV and electron-beam lithography, the chemical development of the resist, and the evaporation of the magnetic material followed by a lift-off process forming the final magnetic structures. The samples for the Lorentz transmission electron microscopy consist of magnetic nanodiscs prepared in a single lithography step. The samples for the magnetic x-ray transmission microscopy are used for time-resolved magnetization dynamic experiments, and magnetic nanodiscs are placed on a waveguide which is used for the generation of repeatable magnetic field pulses by passing an electric current through the waveguide. The waveguide is created in an extra lithography step.

A protocol for the fabrication of magnetic micro- and nanostructures with spin configurations forming magnetic vortices suitable for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetic transmission x-ray microscopy (MTXM) studies is presented.

用透射显微技术制备氮化硅薄膜磁性纳米结构的研究

Electron and x-ray magnetic microscopies allow for high-resolution magnetic imaging down to tens of nanometers. However, the samples need to be prepared ...

Implementation of a Nonlinear Microscope Based on Stimulated Raman Scattering

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses near-infrared excitation light; therefore, it shares many multi-photon microscopic imaging properties. SRS imaging modality can be obtained using commercial laser-scanning microscopes by equipping with a non-descanned forward detector with proper bandpass filters and lock-in amplifier (LIA) detection scheme. A schematic layout of a typical SRS microscope includes the following: two pulsed laser beams, (i.e., the pump and probe directed in a scanning microscope), which must be overlapped in both space and time at the image plane, then focused by a microscope objective into the sample through two scanning mirrors (SMs), which raster the focal spot across an x-y plane. After interaction with the sample, transmitted output pulses are collected by an upper objective and measured by a forward detection system inserted in an inverted microscope. Pump pulses are removed by a stack of optical filters, whereas the probe pulses that are the result of the SRS process occurring in the focal volume of the specimen are measured by a photodiode (PD). The readout of the PD is demodulated by the LIA to extract the modulation depth. A two-dimensional (2D) image is obtained by synchronizing the forward detection unit with the microscope scanning unit. In this paper, the implementation of an SRS microscope is described and successfully demonstrated, as well as the reporting of label-free images of polystyrene beads with diameters of 3 &#181;m. It is worth noting that SRS microscopes are not commercially available, so in order to take advantage of these characteristics, the homemade construction is the only option. Since SRS microscopy is becoming popular in many fields, it is believed that this careful description of the SRS microscope implementation can be very useful for the scientific community.

In this manuscript, the implementation of a stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscope, obtained by the integration of an SRS experimental set-up with a laser scanning microscope, is described. The SRS microscope is based on two femtosecond (fs) laser sources, a Ti-Sapphire (Ti:Sa) and synchronized optical parametric oscillator (OPO).

基于刺激拉曼散射的非线性显微镜的实现

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses near-infrared excitation light; therefore, it shares many multi-photon microscopic imaging properties. ...

Automated Deployment of an Internet Protocol Telephony Service on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Network Functions Virtualization

The Network Function Virtualization (NFV) paradigm is one of the key enabling technologies in the development of the 5th generation of mobile networks. This technology aims to lessen the dependence on hardware in the provision of network functions and services by using virtualization techniques that allow the softwarization of those functionalities over an abstraction layer. In this context, there is increasing interest in exploring the potential of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to offer a flexible platform capable of enabling cost-effective NFV operations over delimited geographic areas.
To demonstrate the practical feasibility of utilizing NFV technologies in UAV platforms, a protocol is presented to set up a functional NFV environment based on open source technologies, in which a set of small UAVs supply the computational resources that support the deployment of moderately complex network services. Then, the protocol details the different steps needed to support the automated deployment of an internet protocol (IP) telephony service over a network of interconnected UAVs, leveraging the capacities of the configured NFV environment. Experimentation results demonstrate the proper operation of the service after its deployment. Although the protocol focuses on a specific type of network service (i.e., IP telephony), the described steps may serve as a general guide to deploy other type of network services. On the other hand, the protocol description considers concrete equipment and software to set up the NFV environment (e.g., specific single board computers and open source software). The utilization of other hardware and software platforms may be feasible, although the specific configuration aspect of the NFV environment and the service deployment may present variations with respect to those described in the protocol.

The objective of the described protocol is twofold: to configure a network functions virtualization environment using unmanned aerial vehicles as computational entities providing the underlying structure to execute virtualized network functions and to use this environment to support the automated deployment of a functional internet protocol telephony service over the aerial vehicles.

利用网络功能虚拟化在无人机上自动部署互联网协议电话服务

The Network Function Virtualization (NFV) paradigm is one of the key enabling technologies in the development of the 5th generation of mobile networks. ...