笔者想感谢G. Shambat的C.菲利普斯，K. Aghaei的宝贵的讨论，楼Afshinmanesh的SEM图像，实验的支持，T. Marvdashti和MF Churbanov的和GE Snopatin的高纯度化学研究所物质和VG Plotnichenko和EM Dianov的光纤研究中心，俄罗斯科学院提供2 S 3纤维。我们也从海军研究，美国航空航天局，空军科研，安捷伦，联合技术办公室办公室办公室的支持表示感谢。

1。尖细设置制造（组装设置如图1） <ol><li>固定线路板上（大致居中）的电动线性阶段，从而使接触阶段，将翻译朝向和远离彼此</li><li>准备和放置光纤坐骑<ol><li>将两个光学帖电动线性阶段使用彼此最接近的孔的板（各一个）。 </li><li>将裸光纤安装的上衣的职位。确保用于光纤的V形槽对准。 （注:裸光纤坐骑的高度大约是梁的高度系统选择未来的职位和相应的底座高度）。 </li></ol></li><li>准备和这里的输入和输出耦合元件<ol><li>将电动线性阶段（一个用于输入和一个输出侧）与适配器板的线性平移阶段。 </li><li>将AR镀膜的ZnSe的输入耦合升ENS（安装在一个基座上光学安装与x和y的翻译）上输入转换阶段。选择赋予了最佳的从泵浦源耦合到光纤的纤芯的焦距。确保的光纤夹具的V形槽，在透镜的中心是在相同的高度。 </li><li>将无涂层的ZnSe输出耦合透镜安装在一个基座上光学安装与x和y的翻译输出翻译阶段。确保为V形槽，在透镜的中心是在相同的高度。 </li></ol></li><li>准备并放置在加热元件（ 如图2所示） <ol><li>机铝块所需的尺寸（约6毫米×25.4毫米×17.5毫米），孔的纤维的（有狭缝用于插入和取出纤维）和用于监测光纤的温度，孔的筒式加热器，和8 / 32的顶部和底部的螺纹孔，用于安装和固定墨盒加热器。 </li><li>将墨盒加热器到t他适当的孔的铝块和8/32套螺丝固定。 </li><li>将陶瓷后顶端8/32套螺丝进行热隔离。 </li><li>将光后陶瓷后，使用直角钳后，一个额外的光学职位，以确保加热器XYZ直线阶段。 </li><li>的实验电路板，所以可以集中的光纤夹具的V形槽的As 2 S 3铝合金加热器纤维的孔，用于固定的XYZ线性阶段。 </li><li>转换的XYZ线性阶段铝合金加热器，使加热器不再是附近的裸光纤夹具，使光纤的固定而不阻塞。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。硫系光纤的制备<ol><li>所希望的长度的夹套浸泡作为光纤2 S 3（段长度必须大于8.5厘米所需的每个锥形光纤的护套光纤的长度）在丙酮中进行10分钟，或直至外套变得柔软。 （使用适当的溶剂，如果使用不同的纤维，茄克）。 </li><li>轻轻地取出一个Kimwipe软化外套，除去不再一段时间超过5厘米。 </li><li>一个Kimwipe用异丙醇清洁裸光纤。 </li><li> 2 S 3光纤使用海狸菜刀切割的一端。图片丢弃的纤维笔尖切割质量检查。 </li><li>测量和断裂的至少6.35厘米长的纤维片。这种纤维的长度必须长于〜2厘米的纤维所需要的长度，勉强伸出的光纤夹具。 </li><li>使用海狸菜刀切割纤维的第二端。图片丢弃的纤维笔尖切割质量检查。避免接触与第一切割光纤末端。 </li><li>将纤维在纤维中的逐渐变细的安装夹具。避免接触的纤维（如，将被加热的纤维）的中心。 </li></ol> 3 原位光纤分路化工e圈程序<ol><li>夫妇中红外泵浦源的基本模式与AR涂层的ZnSe透镜（= 12.7毫米）的纤维。使用未涂覆的ZnSe透镜（= 20毫米）的纤维，与Pyrocam，以确保电源的基本模式主要是输出面的图像。确保泵束沿纤维轴方向的传播。如果不是，耦合将改变机动阶段，一旦开始移动。 </li><li><ol><li>将斩波器前面的泵浦源。 （这一步是需要AC耦合探测器）。 </li><li>通过单色仪使用单色器之前和之后的未涂覆的CaF 2的透镜（= 20毫米）的InSb检测器的输出连接的纤维。 </li><li>旋转光栅单色仪，以允许在长波长侧的光谱通过单色器，直到所发送的信号是勉强高于本底噪声（在约3.9μm）。过滤器，而不是与单色仪（步骤3.2.2和3.2.3），一个适当的光学滤波器可用于测量功率在检测的波长长于最长的可测量的波长内容的泵。 </li></ol></li><li>翻译铝合金加热器，直到纤维通过狭缝滑上并集中在铝合金加热器的纤维孔。 </li><li> RTD传感器水平放置的筒式加热器。轻轻地完全按下RTD传感器对铝合金加热器，以便它完全接触，如在图2中示出的块。如果RTD是不接触的加热器是否正确（或不重复的方式），该块的温度将是未知的，导致纤维打破过程中逐渐变细。确保的单色器的信号并没有减少。 <ol><li>可以被放置在一个小的RTD的加热器块中的其他孔，在该孔的温度监测。 （可选） </li></ol></li><li>我使用数码显微镜法师加热器块中的纤维，以允许在逐渐变细的过程中监测纤维。 （可选） </li><li>量具有箱的设置（与输入和输出光束的孔），以减少气流，并允许稳定的逐渐变细的温度。 </li><li> RTD和墨盒加热器连接，打开温度控制器上。把设定温度〜200℃，纤维开始软化（确切的温度​​将取决于纤维的周围的加热器，在环境温度和空气流量的尺寸）。 </li><li>一旦温度稳定在设定点附近时，启动的的Labview程序转换〜10微米/秒，在每个方向彼此相差的电动载物台。 </li><li>监视的InSb检测器的信号，这是光谱的测量信号。一旦探测器的信号达到最大值（小心不饱和探测器），停止机动阶段，并关闭墨盒加热器（温度控制器）。 </li><li>等待〜10分钟的纤维的凝固（将减少一个小的检测器信号在此过程中，最有可能是由于折射率的温度依赖性或热收缩）。 </li><li>在加热器块沿纤维走向的光纤夹子纤维无锥度的翻译。然后翻译加热器块相差的加热器块中使用的狭缝，以允许光纤通过从光纤。 </li><li>表征单色SCG通过光谱测量。可能需要一个砷化铟过滤器来精确测量的长波长部分的光谱。 </li><li>取出纤维，如果需要的话。 </li></ol>

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一名美国临时在这篇文章中所披露的技术已申请专利保护。

我们已经展示了一种新型的纤维逐渐变细的过程，并验证其有效性，在中红外波段进行SCG。据我们所知，该应用程序的另一种方法是基于确定需要创建添加足够的波导色散优化SCG通过计算在纤维锥度的锥形纤维直径的拉光纤的长度，但是，由于需要的拉伸长度最大限度地为特定长度的光纤光谱展宽变化每次实验中，该计算值只是一个近似值。替代方法，然后要求纤维逐渐变细，以创建和测试一个?...

首次在可见光波长范围内产生后1,7 SCG来源已转向中红外光谱的应用程序，主要是由于3，4的硫系纤维，其中包括硫化物，硒，碲，一直是受欢迎的题材。中红外由于其低传输损耗和高非线性，18小于100分贝/公里19〜200次，二氧化硅为2 S 3，20 分别然而，大多数的硫族化合物的零色散波长位于中红外，超越的大部分可用的超快泵浦源的中心波长，使SCG具有挑战性的散装材料或标准单模硫系光纤。波导色散可以用来修改零色散点为SCG 7引入强波导色散的方法包括逐渐变细的纤维，8，21，使用微结构光纤，22-24或的组合的两个10通过转向的零色散波长的泵浦光波长以下时，水泵会遇到反常色散光纤中的。在反常色散区，孤子的形成是通过平衡的非线性引起的自相位调制和GVD引起的线性啁啾啁啾。飞秒泵浦源，光谱展宽通常是占主导地位的孤子裂变或断脉冲，作为脉冲沿光纤传播后，会出现一个初始的时间压缩。7逐渐变细的纤维的情况下，计算总的GVD包括物质和波导色散可以提供一个近似的最终产生显着扩大的频谱所需的圆锥直径。由于SCG GVD和试验，包括前锥形区域和耦合泵纤维的纤维长度的变化波动之间的依赖性强，计算出的近似值是不够的f或达到优化的锥度，在一个单一的审判。光谱监测可以被观察和占原位尖细的这些变化在实验装置。 此外，生成一个有效的超连续谱（SC）在很短的锥形光纤25日至27日正确的色散管理，因此， 在必要性减少的量保非线性噪声放大的连贯性，SCG和泵浦源的频率梳性能。 就地减量，变得更加重要，当纤维长度短，SCG容忍尺度长度。 中原位的逐渐变细的安装开始的泵浦源，这是次谐波锁模的掺Er光纤激光器，耦合到9的As 2 S 3的纤维，这将是锥形的核心。然后，在光纤的输出耦合到一个设备的特征的频谱的配置文​​件。在实验的耳鼻喉科，InSb探测器〜20 nm的分辨率后，单色仪是用来监视的输出频谱的一部分，最初是从泵浦源（〜3.9微米）的非常低的信号使纤维可能会被监控，而逐渐减量。当纤维是锥形的频谱变宽，光谱测量信号作为分散增加个别实验优化。通过监测的频谱在逐渐变细的过程中，逐渐变细，可以停止的那一刻时，光谱展宽的已被最大化。 原位逐渐变细，允许优化色散管理在一个单一的锥形光纤的高效SCG。尖细带静电，窄的热区生产短纤维锥腰，28允许低噪声SCG。在一起，原地静态减量可以启用连贯，低噪声，在中红外倍频跨越SCG。

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Motorized Linear Stages</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>MFA-PPD</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Motorized Stage Controller</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>ESP301</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Aluminum Block</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dimensions will vary depending on desired taper length.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>RTD Sensor</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>1PT100GX1510</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cartridge Heaters</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>CSS-01115/120V</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Temperature Controller</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>CSC32</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Input Coupling Linear Translation Stage</td>
			<td>CVI</td>
			<td>07TXS224</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Output Coupling Linear Translation Stage</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>422-1S</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>XYZ Linear Translation Stage</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>461</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Assorted posts, optics mounts, bases, and forks</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Optical Breadboard</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>MB12</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Input Coupling ZnSe Lens</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>AL72512-E</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors. Input coupling focal length depends on pump source and fiber mode field diameter.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Output Coupling ZnSe Lens</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics</td>
			<td>NT62-961</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Box</td>
			<td>Any type will do.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Must be large enough to allow stage movement. Needs apertures for input and output coupling of light.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Ceramic Optical Post</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Digital Microscope</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Table Clamps</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>CL5</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Bare Fiber clamps</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>HFF003</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td>Table 1. Tapering Setup Materials.</td>
	 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>As2S3 Optical Fiber</td>
			<td>Fiber Optics Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Available from other vendors, such as CorActive. </td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Beavertail Cleaver</td>
			<td>Fiber Network Tools</td>
			<td>S-315</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors. Hand cleaving or polishing fiber tips can also produce high quality fiber tips.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>KimWipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark Professional</td>
			<td>34120</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Acetone, Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td>Table 2. Materials for Chalcogenide Fiber Preparation.</td>
	 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Pyrocam</td>
			<td>Ophir Photonics</td>
			<td>Pyrocam III Series</td>
			<td>Any camera with sensitivity at pump wavelength will work.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Monochromator</td>
			<td>Photon Technology International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>A 100 line/mm grating was used. Any spectral measurement device will work (e.g. longpass filter). </td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>CaF2 Lenses</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LB5922</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>InAs Filter</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Amplified InSb Detector</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>P4631-03</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>DAQ</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>USB X Series</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Labview software for motorized stages</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional. Custom program.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Labview software for collecting detector data</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional. Custom program.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Assorted posts, optics mounts, bases, and forks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>1" Gold mirrors</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Chopper and controller</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td>SRS Model SR540</td>
			<td>Optional. Depends on detector being used.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td>Table 3. Materials for In-situ Tapering Procedure.</td>
	 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

in-situ tapering of chalcogenide fiber for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation

产生超（SCG）在一个锥形的硫系光纤是可取的扩大应用，如分子指纹，3痕量气体检测，4中红外（中红外，大约2-20微米波长范围）频率梳1，2实现高效的SCG的锥形光纤通过产生高次谐波的激光驱动的粒子加速，5和X-射线生产6开头的需要精确控制的群速度色散（GVD）和光脉冲的时间属性纤维，强烈地依赖于锥形的几何形状。8由于连续SCG实验，如纤维长度，逐渐变细的环境温度，或耦合进光纤的功率在逐渐变细的安装和程序的变化，原位光谱监测对SCG是需要优化的输出频谱的一个单一的实验。 的原位为SCG逐渐变细的纤维，包括通过光纤泵浦源耦合到光谱测量装置是锥形的。然后，该纤维是锥形的，而光谱的测量信号被实时地观察到。当信号达到其鼎盛时期，逐渐变细停止。逐渐变细的过程中原位允许产生一个稳定的，跨越倍频程，中红外频率梳从副谐波将市售的近红外光频率梳。9此方法降低了成本，由于减少所需的时间和材料制作最佳的锥度与腰的长度只有2毫米。 中原位的逐渐变细的技术可以扩展优化SCG为熔融光纤耦合器12，波分复用器（WDM），13 10或调谐的通带的MOF 11优化的锥形光纤对微结构光纤（MOF）14-16或修改色散补偿的光脉冲压缩的或拉伸。

的原位的逐渐变细的过程成功完成后，泵的频谱扩大，以包括从2.2至5微米（在约低40分贝的峰值）， 如图3所示。 2 S 3光纤泵脉冲能量为250〜100飞秒的初始脉冲长度下PJ。的短的长的锥形腰身〜2.1毫米，允许产生一个宽带，相干SC。这保留泵源频率梳性能。更多信息频率梳及其他性质的SCG可能会发现在1。 从单模作为2 S 3</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation at JoVE.com

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

我们描述了一种方法<em&gt;在原地</em&gt;尖细作为<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; 3</sub纤维实现高效中红外超连续谱产生。通过逐渐变细，同时监测超连续谱的光谱，可以最大化的频谱宽度为锥形光纤。<em&gt;在原位</em&gt;纤维逐渐变细，可以应用其他的纤维为基础的设备的性能进行优化。

原位减量硫系中红外光纤产生超连续谱

Supercontinuum  generation (SCG) in a tapered chalcogenide fiber is desirable for broadening mid-infrared  (or mid-IR, roughly the 2-20 &mu;m wavelength ...

in-situ-tapering-chalcogenide-fiber-for-mid-infrared-supercontinuum

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

12.3K 次观看.  Stanford University. 我们描述了一种方法在原地尖细作为 2 S 3

视频: In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric vehicles.1,2 However, many challenges, such as energy density and battery lifetimes, need to be overcome before this particular battery technology can be widely implemented in such applications.3 This research is challenging, and we outline a method to address these challenges using in situ NPD to probe the crystal structure of electrodes undergoing electrochemical cycling (charge/discharge) in a battery. NPD data help determine the underlying structural mechanism responsible for a range of electrode properties, and this information can direct the development of better electrodes and batteries.
We briefly review six types of battery designs custom-made for NPD experiments and detail the method to construct the &#8216;roll-over&#8217; cell that we have successfully used on the high-intensity NPD instrument, WOMBAT, at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). The design considerations and materials used for cell construction are discussed in conjunction with aspects of the actual in situ NPD experiment and initial directions are presented on how to analyze such complex in situ data.

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

We describe the design and construction of an electrochemical cell for the examination of electrode materials using in situ neutron powder diffraction (NPD). We briefly comment on alternate in situ NPD cell designs and discuss methods for the analysis of the corresponding in situ NPD data produced using this cell.

原位中子衍射用特制的锂离子电池

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric ...

科研

工程学

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping

The reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes is checked by comparing simulations with experimental data. A typical data set consists chiefly of velocity and temperature readings, both ideally having high spatial and temporal resolution to facilitate rigorous code validation. While high resolution velocity data is readily obtained through optical measurement techniques such as particle image velocimetry, it has proven difficult to obtain temperature data with similar resolution. Traditional sensors such as thermocouples cannot fill this role, but the recent development of distributed sensing based on Rayleigh scattering and swept-wave interferometry offers resolution suitable for CFD code validation work. Thousands of temperature measurements can be generated along a single thin optical fiber at hundreds of Hertz. Sensors function over large temperature ranges and within opaque fluids where optical techniques are unsuitable. But this type of sensor is sensitive to strain and humidity as well as temperature and so accuracy is affected by handling, vibration, and shifts in relative humidity. Such behavior is quite unlike traditional sensors and so unconventional installation and operating procedures are necessary to ensure accurate measurements. This paper demonstrates implementation of a Rayleigh scattering-type distributed temperature sensor in a thermal mixing experiment involving two air jets at 25 and 45 &#176;C. We present criteria to guide selection of optical fiber for the sensor and describe installation setup for a jet mixing experiment. We illustrate sensor baselining, which links readings to an absolute temperature standard, and discuss practical issues such as errors due to flow-induced vibration. This material can aid those interested in temperature measurements having high data density and bandwidth for fluid dynamics experiments and similar applications. We highlight pitfalls specific to these sensors for consideration in experiment design and operation.

We demonstrate use of a fiber optic distributed sensor for mapping the temperature field of mixing air jets. The Rayleigh scattering-based sensor generates thousands of data points along a single fiber to provide exceptional spatial resolution that is unattainable with traditional sensors such as thermocouples.

对于高分辨率温度场测绘光纤分布式传感器

The reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes is checked by comparing simulations with experimental data. A typical data set consists ...

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two chalcogenide compositions are demonstrated: Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60, which have both been studied extensively for planar mid-infrared (mid-IR) microphotonic devices. In this approach, uniform thickness films are fabricated through the use of computer numerical controlled (CNC) motion. Chalcogenide glass (ChG) is written over the substrate by a single nozzle along a serpentine path. Films were subjected to a series of heat treatments between 100 &#176;C and 200 &#176;C under vacuum to drive off residual solvent and densify the films. Based on transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and surface roughness measurements, both compositions were found to be suitable for the fabrication of planar devices operating in the mid-IR region. Residual solvent removal was found to be much quicker for the As40S60 film as compared to Ge23Sb7S70. Based on the advantages of electrospray, direct printing of a gradient refractive index (GRIN) mid-IR transparent coating is envisioned, given the difference in refractive index of the two compositions in this study.

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

A method of uniform thickness solution-derived chalcogenide glass film deposition is demonstrated using computer numerical controlled motion of a single-nozzle electrospray.

厚度均匀葛电沉积<sub&gt; 23</sub&gt;锑<sub&gt; 7</sub&gt;取值<sub&gt; 70</sub&gt;和As<sub&gt; 40</sub&gt;取值<sub&gt; 60</sub&gt;硫系玻璃薄膜

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two ...

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia (YSZ) Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) scaffolds with tunable specific surface areas up to 80 m2&#183;g-1. An aqueous solution of a zirconium salt, yttrium salt, and glucose is mixed with propylene oxide (PO) to form a gel. The gel is dried under ambient conditions to form a xerogel. The xerogel is pressed into pellets and then sintered in an argon atmosphere. During sintering, a YSZ ceramic phase forms and the organic components decompose, leaving behind amorphous carbon. The carbon formed in situ serves as a hard template, preserving a high surface area YSZ nanomorphology at sintering temperature. The carbon is subsequently removed by oxidation in air at low temperature, resulting in a porous, nanostructured YSZ scaffold. The concentration of the carbon template and the final scaffold surface area can be systematically tuned by varying the glucose concentration in the gel synthesis. The carbon template concentration was quantified using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the surface area and pore size distribution was determined by physical adsorption measurements, and the morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phase purity and crystallite size was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). This fabrication approach provides a novel, flexible platform for realizing unprecedented scaffold surface areas and nanomorphologies for ceramic-based electrochemical energy conversion applications, e.g. solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes.

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia YSZ Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

A protocol for fabricating porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) scaffolds at temperatures between 1,000 &#176;C and 1,400 &#176;C is presented.

通过纳米氧化钇稳定的二氧化锆（YSZ）的支架的高温加工<em&gt;原位</em&gt;碳模板干凝胶

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) ...

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and forging. Adoption of this technique is proceeding despite disagreement concerning the underlying mechanism responsible for EAD. The experimental procedure described herein enables a more explicit study compared to previous EAD research by removing thermal effects, which are responsible for disagreement in interpreting previous EAD results. Furthermore, as the procedure described here enables EAD observation in situ and in real time in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), it is superior to existing post-mortem methods that observe EAD effects post-test. Test samples consist of a single crystal copper (SCC) foil having a free-standing tensile test section of nanoscale thickness, fabricated using a combination of laser and ion beam milling. The SCC is mounted to an etched silicon base that provides mechanical support and electrical isolation while serving as a heat sink. Using this geometry, even at high current density (~3,500 A/mm2), the test section experiences a negligible temperature increase (&#60;0.02 &#176;C), thus eliminating Joule heating effects. Monitoring material deformation and identifying the corresponding changes to microstructures, e.g. dislocations, are accomplished by acquiring and analyzing a series of TEM images. Our sample preparation and in situ experiment procedures are robust and versatile as they can be readily utilized to test materials with different microstructures, e.g., single and polycrystalline copper.

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Isolating electrical and thermal effects on electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is very difficult using macroscopic samples. Metallic sample micro- and nanostructures together with a custom test procedure have been developed to evaluate the impact of applied current on the formation without joule heating and evolution of dislocations on these samples.

一种新的方法<em&gt;原位</em&gt;纳米级样品的机电表征

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and ...

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. However, a number of setbacks prevent their integration into commercial devices. The main limiting factor is due to nanoscale phenomena occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, ultimately leading to degradation of battery operation. These key problems are highly challenging to observe and characterize as these batteries contain multiple buried interfaces. One approach for direct observation of interfacial phenomena in thin film batteries is through the fabrication of electrochemically active nanobatteries by a focused ion beam (FIB). As such, a reliable technique to fabricate nanobatteries was developed and demonstrated in recent work. Herein, a detailed protocol with a step-by-step process is presented to enable the reproduction of this nanobattery fabrication process. In particular, this technique was applied to a thin film battery consisting of LiCoO2/LiPON/a-Si, and has further been previously demonstrated by in situ cycling within a transmission electron microscope.

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

A protocol for the fabrication of electrochemically active LiPON-based solid-state lithium-ion nanobatteries using a focused ion beam is presented.

基于 LiPON 的固态锂离子 Nanobatteries 的聚焦离子束制备方法在原位测试中的研究

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of ...

Installation Method to Enhance Quality Control for Fiber Reinforced Polymer Spike Anchors

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors are a promising way to enhance the performance of externally-bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, as they can delay or even prevent debonding failure. However, a major concern faced by designers is the premature failure of the anchors due to stress concentration. Poor installation quality and preparation of the clearance holes can result in stress concentration that provokes this premature failure. This paper deals with an installation method that aims to reduce the impact of the stress concentration and to provide a proper quality control of the preparation of the drill hole. The method involves three parts: the drilling and cleaning of the holes, the smoothing of the hole edges with a customized drill bit, and the installation of the anchor itself, including the impregnation of the anchor dowel and its insertion. Anchor fans (the free length of the spikes) are then bonded to the external FRP reinforcement. For the end anchorage, and in the case of reinforcements with multiple plies, it is recommended that the anchor fan be inserted between two plies to assist the stress-transfer mechanism. 
The proposed procedure is complemented with a design approach for spike anchors, based on an extensive database. It is proposed that the design follow a number of steps, namely: selection of the anchor diameter and subsequent tensile strength of the connector (that is to say, the anchor before fanning out the free end), evaluation of the reduction in the tensile strength due to bending, provision of enough embedment to prevent slippage failure, and consideration of the number and spacing of anchors for a given reinforcement. In this sense, it should be noted that further research is needed in order to obtain a general expression for the contribution of spike anchors to overall bond strength of FRP reinforcements.

This manuscript presents a method for controlling the quality of installation for spike anchors designed to delay delamination of externally bonded fiber reinforced polymers. The protocol includes the preparation of the drill hole and the insertion process. The most influential parameters on the efficiency of the anchors are discussed.

提高纤维增强聚合物穗锚质量控制的安装方法

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors are a promising way to enhance the performance of externally-bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, as they ...

Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic Needle Tip Tracking with a Fiber-Optic Ultrasound Receiver

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. When visualization is lost, the medical device can cause trauma to critical tissue structures. Here, a method to track the needle tip during ultrasound image-guided procedures is presented. This method involves the use of a fiber-optic ultrasound receiver that is affixed within the cannula of a medical needle to communicate ultrasonically with the external ultrasound probe. This custom probe comprises a central transducer element array and side element arrays. In addition to conventional two-dimensional (2D) B-mode ultrasound imaging provided by the central array, three-dimensional (3D) needle tip tracking is provided by the side arrays. For B-mode ultrasound imaging, a standard transmit-receive sequence with electronic beamforming is performed. For ultrasonic tracking, Golay-coded ultrasound transmissions from the 4 side arrays are received by the hydrophone sensor, and subsequently the received signals are decoded to identify the needle tip&#39;s spatial location with respect to the ultrasound imaging probe. As a preliminary validation of this method, insertions of the needle/hydrophone pair were performed in clinically realistic contexts. This novel ultrasound imaging/tracking method is compatible with current clinical workflow, and it provides reliable device tracking during in-plane and out-of-plane needle insertions.

Accurate and efficient visualization of invasive medical devices is extremely important in many ultrasound-guided minimally invasive procedures. Here, a method for localizing the spatial position of a needle tip relative to the ultrasound imaging probe is presented.

基于光纤超声接收机的三维超声针尖跟踪

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. ...

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory setups is presented. The experiments are easily repeatable compared to operational scale experiments (pool diameter &#8805;2 m), while still featuring quite realistic in situ burning conditions of crude oil on water. Experimental conditions include a flowing water sub-layer that cools the oil slick and an external heat flux (up to 50 kW/m2) that simulates the higher heat feedback to the fuel surface in operational scale crude oil pool fires. These conditions enable a controlled laboratory study of the burning efficiency of crude oil pool fires that are equivalent to operational scale experiments. The method also provides quantitative data on the requirements for igniting crude oils in terms of the critical heat flux, ignition delay time as a function of the incident heat flux, the surface temperature upon ignition, and the thermal inertia. This type of data can be used to determine the required strength and duration of an ignition source to ignite a certain type of fresh or weathered crude oil. The main limitation of the method is that the cooling effect of the flowing water sub-layer on the burning crude oil as a function of the external heat flux has not been fully quantified. Experimental results clearly showed that the flowing water sub-layer does improve how representative this setup is of in situ burning conditions, but to what extent this representation is accurate is currently uncertain. The method nevertheless features the most realistic in situ burning laboratory conditions currently available for simultaneously studying the flammability and burning efficiency of crude oil on water.

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

Here, we present a protocol to simultaneously study the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil under conditions that simulate in situ burning operations on the sea.

原位燃烧试验方法: 原油可燃性和燃烧效率

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory ...

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with solid-cladding devices, capillary oscillations are not restricted, allowing the fiber walls to move and vibrate. The fiber is constructed by a high direct current (DC) voltage of several thousand volts (kV) between two water reservoirs that creates a floating water thread, known as a water bridge. Through the choice of micropipettes, it is possible to control the maximal diameter and length of the fiber. Optical fiber couplers, at both sides of the bridge, activate it as an optical waveguide, allowing researchers to monitor the water fiber capillary body waves through transmission modulation and, therefore, deducing changes in surface tension.
Co-confining two important wave types, capillary and electromagnetic, opens a new path of research in the interactions between light and liquid-wall devices. Water-walled microdevices are a million times softer than their solid counterparts, accordingly improving the response to minute forces.

This protocol describes the design and manufacture of a water bridge and its activation as a water fiber. The experiment demonstrates that capillary resonances of the water fiber modulate its optical transmission.

一种水上光纤的设计与制造

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with ...