这项工作已经NSERC，中国电机工程学报，nanoBridge TRLabs财政支持。

如前所述，基于氧化铝制造过程中的两个关键步骤（一）任意空AAO模板合成（主要是导电性和/或透明）衬底（原理图如图1中的描述）和（二）小的增长分子有机纳米线在AAO模板的纳米孔（ 图2）。在本节中，我们提供的详细描述这些过程。 1。导电铝基底上生长的阳极氧化铝（AAO）模板<ol><li>建立多孔氧化铝模板第一抛光铝箔和，然后阳极氧化（或电化学氧化）他们。首先切出厚度250微米的小（2 x 2厘米2）张高纯 ​​度铝糙米（99.997％）。 </li><li>在代替电解抛光中，一个简单的化学抛光过程18被使用。淹没在硝酸，2 x 2厘米2张少数的磷酸的蚀刻液，在80℃5分钟，在加热板上。 </li></ol> 注意:用于预先处理的铝板的硝酸磷酸溶液是15份68％的硝酸和85份85％的磷酸。的抛光步骤是必要的，在阳极化处理之前，因为购买的铝的表面粗糙度为几微米，它创建了一个非均匀电场，并防止在表面形成一个有序的孔阵列的顺序。在文学作品中，电解已广泛用于此目的2,3。然而，化学抛光是一种廉价和简便的替代，这也产生抛光表面相媲美（或更好）的平滑18。 <ol start="3"><li>蚀刻后，20分钟的1M氢氧化钠中和金属箔。这些"化学抛光"箔现在已经准备好要阳极氧化。 </li><li>加载扁平细胞和抛光铝板阳极氧化与3％oxal的15分钟40 V DC偏置IC酸。 </li></ol> 注意:对于箔样品，两个步骤的阳极氧化处理以提高孔隙订货2,3,19。在Al表面上和纳米级凹窝上面的铝/氧化铝的接口，该接口作为孔隙生长的起始位点，在第二阳极氧化步骤，该第一步骤将创建一个多孔氧化物层。 <ol start="5"><li>蚀刻从平面细胞中取出的样品中铬磷酸。中的蚀刻液的烧杯中，在热板上将样品浸泡在60℃〜30分钟以除去氧化物初始层。 </li><li>重复的阳极氧化过程（步骤1.4）2.5分钟，而所有其他参数保持不变。尝试重新调整箔，使得阳极氧化处理步骤（1.4）在同一地区，将再次接触到电解质中的扁平细胞。 </li></ol> 注意:最终的阳极氧化步骤中的时间确定的最终的厚度氧化物层，并可以相应地改变。持续时间为2.5分钟。对应的膜厚度（〜500nm的孔的长度）。在第二个步骤结束时，创建一个有序的纳米孔阵列阳极氧化铝层。阳极氧化和蚀刻循环可以重复，以进一步提高孔隙顺序。 <ol start="7"><li>淹没模板在5％磷酸溶液中，在室温下进行40分钟薄的纳米孔底部的阻挡层，和加宽的纳米孔直径。最后的这一步后的纳米孔的直径约为60-70 nm。 </li></ol> 2。透明基板上生长的AAO模板（玻璃） <ol><li>存入以下的多层系统上依次洗净的载玻片: 二氧化钛（20纳米，原子层沉积），金（7纳米，溅射），铝（1微米，溅射）。 </li></ol> 注意:Au层作为电极，阳极化处理所需的，并且不恶化透明度20 &lt;/ SUP&gt;。的TiO 2作为透明粘接层在互惠和玻璃基板之间的行为。 <ol start="2"><li>将箔电极，以该薄膜的表面上的铝进行阳极氧化，使用导电性银环氧树脂。这将导致在一个适当的连接，从电源到样品，同时改善电流分布。 </li></ol> 注意:由于很少有铝沉积在玻璃基板上，之前提到的抛光技术是不可行的，扁平化的铝表面。相反，该​​协议修改的阳极化过程，将另一阳极氧化/蚀刻工序。 <ol start="3"><li>装入样品中的扁平细胞为4分钟，用3％的草酸，在30 V DC偏置，阳极氧化的铝薄膜。 </li><li>不除去从平坦的细胞样品，冲洗细胞与去离子水和蚀刻的模板在铬酸磷酸在60℃下1小时，倒入热腐蚀剂我n到细胞。 </li></ol> 注意:的蚀刻剂的温度会立即开始下降，一旦它被倾入到细胞。因此，增加蚀刻的持续时间从箔样品的30分钟至1小时，以确保所有的氧化膜被除去。 <ol start="5"><li>细胞再次冲洗和第二次阳极氧化相同的条件下成为第一个4分钟，用3％的草酸在30 V DC偏置。 </li><li>重复步骤（2.4）。不除去从平坦的细胞样品，冲洗细胞与去离子水和蚀刻的模板在铬酸磷酸在60℃下1小时，倒入热蚀刻液中的细胞。 </li><li>在最后的时间冲洗细胞，并进行第三次（也是最后一次）阳极氧化工序，用3％的草酸在30 V DC。监视当前的系统以确定何时停止。 </li></ol> 注:目前在最后一个需要监控odization。的前几秒钟后，电流稳定在大约1-2毫安。这表明阳极化均匀发生。一旦已经消耗剩余的铝阳极氧化过程中，电解质溶液（3％草酸）会在与底层金层，这会导致一个急剧增加阳极氧化电流（ 图3）进行联系。此时，停止阳极氧化。的时间应该是大约4分钟大关。箔样品（ 图3）中没有观察到电流的上升，因为均匀的阻挡层分离的溶液和金属基板。 <ol start="8"><li>执行的孔加宽步骤中，类似的金属箔40分钟，在室温下浸没在5％磷酸溶液中的模板的示例协议。 </li></ol> 连接注意:这将扩大的毛孔，但由于阳极氧化过程中，通过阻挡层吃，有没有留下薄。图4以显示玻璃基板/ 20 nm的二氧化钛/ 7纳米的Au / 500nm的多孔质的Al 2 O 3与势垒层的情况下的分层结构，毛孔清楚地暴露相关Au薄膜， 图5a和图5b示出空AAO箔和玻璃基板上的模板。 3。毛孔内的离心辅助生长的小分子有机纳米线的AAO模板<ol><li>准备在合适的溶剂中的饱和溶液中的小分子有机。 </li></ol> 注意:下面的有机分子和溶剂已被用于:红荧烯，丙酮，氯仿和PCBM在甲苯中的Alq 3。从这里开始，PCBM被称为分子的利益。 <ol start="2"><li>负载中的模板，使得阳极氧化的区域面对的试管的顶部的离心试管的底部。管必须是大辰交流或适合内的样品。 </li></ol> 注意:箔样品，它是有帮助的，使用同样大小的晶片支持箔，并防止在离心过程中的弯曲（如下文所述）， 图2示出了如何将样品安装在离心机中的示意性描述，。 <ol start="3"><li>用移液管，以填补在试管中加入足够的PCBM溶液，使得该模板完全被浸没。 </li><li>装入试管在离心机中，以6,000 rpm 5分钟的运行。 </li></ol> 注意:如果样品以一定角度安装在试管中，确保试管中被安装在这样一种方式，表面阳极氧化处理，在离心机（ 图2）的中心对准。 <ol start="5"><li>一旦离心机停止，卸载试管管倒出来PCBM的解决方案。 </li><li>从试管中取出的模板，或者升檐的底部，为〜1分钟干燥。 </li><li>重复步骤3.2-3.6，使总数为5-10的离心机运行已执行。 </li></ol> 注意:在那里的小分子在其溶剂中的溶解度低的情况下，更多的离心机运行将有助于存款材料中的纳米孔。 <ol start="8"><li>从试管的底部取出样品，并使用浸泡在甲苯（或相应的溶剂中）的棉棒轻轻擦拭表面，除去遗留的任何材料的表面上的模板的模板。 </li></ol>

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E., He, X., Huck, W. T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+nanoscale+morphology+in+polymer+photovoltaic+devices.">Controlling nanoscale morphology in polymer photovoltaic devices.</a> Nano Today. 5 (3), 231-242 (2010).</li><li>Chidichimo, G., Filippelli, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organic+Solar+Cells:+Problems+and+Perspectives.">Organic Solar Cells: Problems and Perspectives.</a> International Journal of Photoenergy. 2010, 1-11 (2010).</li><li>O'Carroll, D. M., Fakonas, J. S., Callahan, D. M., Schierhorn, M., Atwater, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal-Polymer-Metal+Split-Dipole+Nanoantennas.">Metal-Polymer-Metal Split-Dipole Nanoantennas.</a> Advanced Materials. 24 (23), (2012).</li><li>Zheng, J. Y., Yan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+Peroxide+Vapor+Sensing+with+Organic+Core/Sheath+Nanowire+Optical+Waveguides.">Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Sensing with Organic Core/Sheath Nanowire Optical Waveguides.</a> Advanced Materials. 24 (35), (2012).</li><li>Zhang, L., Meng, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+ammonia+sensor+based+on+high+density,+small+diameter+polypyrrole+nanowire+arrays.">A novel ammonia sensor based on high density, small diameter polypyrrole nanowire arrays.</a> Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 142 (1), 204-209 (2009).</li><li>Cui, Q. H., Jiang, L., Zhang, C., Zhao, Y. S., Hu, W., Yao, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coaxial+Organic+p-n+Heterojunction+Nanowire+Arrays:+One-Step+Synthesis+and+Photoelectric+Properties.">Coaxial Organic p-n Heterojunction Nanowire Arrays: One-Step Synthesis and Photoelectric Properties.</a> Advanced Materials. 24 (17), 2332-2336 (2012).</li><li>Duvail, J. L., Long, Y., Cuenot, S., Chen, Z., Gu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tuning+electrical+properties+of+conjugated+polymer+nanowires+with+the+diameter.">Tuning electrical properties of conjugated polymer nanowires with the diameter.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 90, 102114 (2007).</li><li>Briseno, A. L., Mannsfeld, S. C. B., Jenekhe, S. A., Bao, Z., Xia, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introducing+organic+nanowire+transistors.">Introducing organic nanowire transistors.</a> Materials Today. 11 (4), 38-47 (2008).</li><li>Kippelen, B., Br&#233;das, J. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organic+photovoltaics.">Organic photovoltaics.</a> Energy &amp; Environmental Science. 2 (3), 251-261 (2009).</li><li>G&#252;nes, S., Neugebauer, H., Sariciftci, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conjugated+polymer-based+organic+solar+cells.">Conjugated polymer-based organic solar cells.</a> Chemical Reviews. 107 (4), 1324-1338 (2007).</li><li>Coakley, K. M., McGehee, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conjugated+Polymer+Photovoltaic+Cells.">Conjugated Polymer Photovoltaic Cells.</a> Chem. Mater. 16 (23), 4533-4542 (2004).</li></ol>

作者宣称，他们有没有竞争经济利益。

纳米线生长的实物图片这是第一重要的是要充分了解有机纳米线的生长方法。一旦我们知道他们究竟是如何生长和形成自己的毛孔，我们可以使用这个工程师纳米结构，设备和材料沉积法。在过去，聚合物纳米线已经没有离心机的协助下制作中，采用模板浸润过程，但对于一些材料，如有机小分子，我们发现这是无效的。由于表面之间的化学反应溶液和模板，以及纳米孔被困在...

模板辅助方法通常用于制造垂直取向纳米线阵列1-3。此方法允许直接制造复杂的纳米线的几何形状，如一个轴向4-6或径向7多层纳米线的超晶格，这往往是可取的各种电子和光学应用。此外，这是一个低成本的，自底向上nanosynthesis具有高通过性和多功能性的方法。因此，模板的方法已经获得了巨大的人气，在世界各地的研究人员2,3。 "模板"指示的方法的基本思想如下所述。首先，模板制作，其中包含一个垂直方向的圆柱形纳米孔阵列。接着，将所需的材料沉积纳米孔，直到内孔被填充。其结果是所需的材料采用孔结构，并形成了一个纳米线阵列在t承载emplate。最后，根据目标应用程序，主机模板可能被删除。然而，这也破坏的垂直秩序。最终的纳米结构的几何形状和尺寸的模拟主机模板的孔结构，从而合成是制造过程中的一个关键部分。 在文献8中，已报道了不同类型的纳米多孔模板。最常用的模板包括:（一）聚合物跟踪蚀刻膜，（二）嵌段共聚物，及（c）阳极氧化铝（AAO）模板。要创建的聚合物轨迹蚀刻膜照射高能量的离子，它完全穿透金属箔和离开潜离子轨道内的散装箔9的聚合物箔。的轨道，然后选择性地蚀刻，创建纳米通道内的聚合物箔9。的纳米通道，可以进一步扩大了合适的蚀刻工序。用此方法的主要问题是次的非均匀性ë键纳通道，缺乏控制的位置，非均匀信道之间的相对距离，低的密度（每单位面积的通道的数目〜10 8 /厘米2），和低有序的多孔结构体1。在嵌段共聚物中的方法类似的圆筒状的纳米多孔模板第一次被创建，接着由所要求的材料的生长的孔8内。 方法（一）及（b）如上所述，在过去，已被用来制备聚合物纳米线8。然而，这些方法可能不适合用于合成纳米线的任意的有机材料，由于选择性的蚀刻后处理步骤期间可能没有。的后处理通常涉及去除主机模板，上述模板需要有机溶剂。这样的溶剂的有机纳米线的结构和物理性质的，可能有有害的影响。然而，这些模板理想浩STS无机纳米线，如10，钴，镍，铜和金属多层膜11，在蚀刻工艺中去除的聚合物主体不受影响。上述方法的另一个潜在的挑战是在较高的温度下热稳定性差的基质。往往是必需的高温退火，以改善结晶性的有机纳米线，这表明良好的热稳定性，基质的必要性。 受控电化学氧化的铝（也被称为"铝阳极氧化）是一个著名的工业过程和常用于汽车，厨具，航空航天等行业的保护铝表面的腐蚀12。氧化的铝（或阳极氧化铝）的性质，在很大程度上依赖于阳极氧化所用的电解质的pH值。对于耐腐蚀性能的应用中，通常进行阳极氧化与WEA的Ķ酸（pH约为5-7），而产生一个紧凑的，无孔的，"阻挡型氧化铝膜12。但是，如果电解质是强酸性（pH &lt;4的），氧化物变成"多孔"由于局部溶解的H +离子的氧化物。整个氧化确定局部电场的局部浓度的H +离子，因此表面阳极氧化之前预图案化，在最后的多孔结构中提供了一些控制。的孔是圆柱形的，具有小直径（约10-200 nm），因此这些纳米多孔阳极氧化铝膜已被广泛用于在最近几年，用于合成的各种材料的纳米线2,3。 多孔阳极氧化铝模板提供更好的热稳定性，高孔密度，远距离孔隙秩序和优良的可调的孔径，长度，孔隙间分离和孔密度，如pH值，电解质和阳极氧化电压阳极氧化参数通过明智的选择2,3岁。由于这些原因，我们选择AAO模板矩阵主机的有机纳米线的生长。另外，无机氧化物（如氧化铝）有较高的表面能，从而有利于均匀的有机溶液（低表面能）在氧化铝表面13上的蔓延。此外，我们的目标是要发展这些纳米线阵列的导电和/或透明基板上直接。其结果是，孔隙被封闭的底端处，这需要额外的代价，因为我们在下面的描述。生长的纳米线内的通孔的模板并随后转移到所需的基板通常是不希望的，因为接口质量差，此方法甚至不是可行的长度较短的纳米线（或薄模板），由于薄的模板的机械稳定性差。 π共轭有机材料大致可分为两类:（一）长链的共轭聚合物，及（b）分子量小的有机硫<html> emiconductors。许多研究小组报道合成长链聚合物纳米线的AAO模板在过去的圆柱形孔洞内。有关此主题的全面审查在参8,14。然而，合成的纳米线具有重要商业价值的小分子有机物（如红荧烯，三-8 -羟基喹啉铝（ALQ 3）和PCBM AAO）是极为罕见的。红荧烯和Alq 3 AAO模板孔洞内的物理气相沉积已报道的几组4,15-17。但是，只有一薄层（约30纳米）的有机物可沉积于毛孔（〜50 nm的直径）和长时间的沉积阻止的孔隙入口4,16,17的倾向。在该方法中，如果孔的直径是足够大的（〜200 nm）的15，可以实现完整的填充孔隙。因此，重要的是要找到一种替代的方法，该方法是适用于在子100 nm范围内的细孔径。 "&gt;，已被用于其他一些小分子有机物的另一种方法是所谓的"模板润湿"法8,14。然而，在大多数报告厚的商业模板（〜50微米）的两侧的开放孔和大直径（〜200 nm）的使用，这种方法还没有在一个侧产生的纳米线收毛孔如前面提到的，大概是由于存在有残留的空气的口袋内的毛孔，防止毛孔内的溶液浸润。我们有先前报道的新方法，克服了这些挑战，并允许任何所需的基板上的任意尺寸的小分子有机纳米线阵列的生长。在下文中，我们将介绍详细的协议，潜在的局限性和未来的修改。

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Toluene</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>T324-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>68% Nitric Acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A200-212</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>85% Phosphoric Acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A242-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10% Chromic Acid</td><td>RICCA Chemical Company</td><td>2077-32</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10% Oxalic Acid</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>FW.90.04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C607-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum Sheets</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>7429-90-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCBM</td><td>Nano-C</td><td>Nano-CPCBM-BF</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alq3</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>444561-5G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rubrene</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>551112-1G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>FlexAL Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)</td><td>Oxford Instruments</td><td></td><td>For deposition of TiO2</td></tr><tr><td>PVD Sputter System</td><td>Kurt J. Lesker</td><td></td><td>For deposition of Au &amp;amp; Al</td></tr><tr><td>Flat Cell</td><td>Princeton Applied Research</td><td>K0235</td><td>For anodization of Al</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>HERMLE Labnet</td><td>Z206 A</td><td>For deposition of organic nanowires</td></tr></tbody></table>

ultrahigh density array of vertically aligned small-molecular organic nanowires on arbitrary substrates

在最近几年，已经出现π共轭有机半导体作为活性物质，在许多不同的应用，包括大面积的廉价显示器，光伏，打印和柔性电子产品和有机自旋阀。有机允许（一）成本低，低温处理及（b）电子，光学和自旋输运特性的分子水平的设计。这种特点是没有现成的无机半导体主流，这使得有机硅为主的电子市场中开拓利基。有机为基础的设备的第一代专注于薄膜的几何形状，通过物理气相沉积或溶液处理生长。然而，它已经实现了有机纳米结构可以用来增强上述的应用程序的性能，显着的努力探索有机纳米结构体的制造方法，已投入。 t"的一个特别有趣的一类有机纳米结构是垂直方向的有机纳米线，纳米棒，纳米管组织在其中的一个良好的刻板，高密度的磁盘阵列 。这种结构是高度灵活的，是理想的形态结构等各种应用作为化学传感器，瞬间偶极的nanoantennas，与径向异质结构的"核 - 壳"纳米线的光生伏打器件，和记忆装置的交叉点型的几何形状。这样的架构实现了一个模板导向的方法，在过去，这种方法已被用于生长金属和无机半导体纳米线阵列。最近的π-共轭聚合物纳米线生长于纳米多孔模板。然而，这些方法取得了有限的成功，在生长纳米线的重要技术的π-共轭的小分子量的有机物 ，如三8 -羟基喹啉铝（Alq 3的），红荧烯和甲基anofullerenes在不同的领域，包括有机显示器，太阳能电池，薄膜晶体管和自旋电子学，这是常用的。 最近，我们已经能够解决上述问题，通过采用一种新型的"离心辅助"的方法。因此，这种方法拓宽光谱的有机材料，可以在垂直排列的纳米线阵列图案。由于技术的Alq 3，红荧烯和螺亚甲基衍生物的重要性，我们的方法可以用来研究这些材料的纳米结构如何影响上述有机器件的性能。这篇文章的目的是描述上述协议的技术细节，证明这个过程是如何可以扩展到任意基板终于长出小分子有机纳米线，讨论的关键步骤，限制，可能修改，麻烦拍摄和未来的应用。

由图所示（ 图5和图6）证明，离心机辅助降连续铸造方法生产的纳米线。 ，制成的纳米线在AAO模板内的孔，在垂直方向对齐，均匀，底封端的彼此电隔离。纳米线的直径确定在模板中的孔的直径。他们可以成功地制作在几个不同的底物，从而导致许多设备后这些结构的潜在应用。 因为这些结果是在这样的高纵横比功能，按理说这种沉积方法也可以扩...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates at JoVE.com

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates

我们报告一个简单的方法制造的超高密度垂直有序的小分子有机纳米线阵列。这种方法可以合成复杂的异质结构的混合纳米线的几何形状，可以廉价地在任意衬底上生长的。这些结构有机电子学，光电子学，化学传感，光电和自旋电子学中具有潜在的应用。

超高密度垂直对齐的任意基质的小分子有机纳米线阵列

In  recent years &pi;-conjugated  organic semiconductors have emerged as the active material in a number of  diverse applications including large-area, ...

ultrahigh-density-array-vertically-aligned-small-molecular-organic

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

14.9K 次观看.  University of Alberta. 我们报告一个简单的方法制造的超高密度垂直有序的小分子有机纳米线阵列。这种方法可以合成复杂的异质结构的混合纳米线的几何形状，可以廉价地在任意衬底上生长的。这些结构有机电子学，光电子学，化学传感，光电和自旋电子学中具有潜在的应用。

视频: Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates

Fabricating Nanogaps by Nanoskiving

There are several methods of fabricating nanogaps with controlled spacings, but the precise control over the sub-nanometer spacing between two electrodes-and generating them in practical quantities-is still challenging. The preparation of nanogap electrodes using nanoskiving, which is a form of edge lithography, is a fast, simple and powerful technique. This method is an entirely mechanical process which does not include any photo- or electron-beam lithographic steps and does not require any special equipment or infrastructure such as clean rooms. Nanoskiving is used to fabricate electrically addressable nanogaps with control over all three dimensions; the smallest dimension of these structures is defined by the thickness of the sacrificial layer (Al or Ag) or self-assembled monolayers. These wires can be manually positioned by transporting them on drops of water and are directly electrically-addressable; no further lithography is required to connect them to an electrometer.

The fabrication of electrically addressable, high-aspect-ratio (> 1000:1) metal nanowires separated by gaps of single nanometers using either sacrificial layers of aluminum and silver or self-assembled monolayers as templates is described. These nanogap structures are fabricated without a clean room or any photo- or electron-beam lithographic processes by a form of edge lithography known as nanoskiving.

制造由Nanoskiving Nanogaps的

There are several methods of fabricating nanogaps with controlled spacings, but the precise control over the sub-nanometer spacing between two ...

科研

化学

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube High-Frequency Nanoelectronic Biosensor for Sensing in High Ionic Strength Solutions

The unique electronic properties and high surface-to-volume ratios of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and semiconductor nanowires (NW) 1-4 make them good candidates for high sensitivity biosensors. When a charged molecule binds to such a sensor surface, it alters the carrier density5 in the sensor, resulting in changes in its DC conductance. However, in an ionic solution a charged surface also attracts counter-ions from the solution, forming an electrical double layer (EDL). This EDL effectively screens off the charge, and in physiologically relevant conditions ~100 millimolar (mM), the characteristic charge screening length (Debye length) is less than a nanometer (nm). Thus, in high ionic strength solutions, charge based (DC) detection is fundamentally impeded6-8.
We overcome charge screening effects by detecting molecular dipoles rather than charges at high frequency, by operating carbon nanotube field effect transistors as high frequency mixers9-11. At high frequencies, the AC drive force can no longer overcome the solution drag and the ions in solution do not have sufficient time to form the EDL. Further, frequency mixing technique allows us to operate at frequencies high enough to overcome ionic screening, and yet detect the sensing signals at lower frequencies11-12. Also, the high transconductance of SWNT transistors provides an internal gain for the sensing signal, which obviates the need for external signal amplifier.
Here, we describe the protocol to (a) fabricate SWNT transistors, (b) functionalize biomolecules to the nanotube13, (c) design and stamp a poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micro-fluidic chamber14 onto the device, and (d) carry out high frequency sensing in different ionic strength solutions11.

We describe the device fabrication and measurement protocol for carbon nanotube based high frequency biosensors. The high frequency sensing technique mitigates the fundamental ionic (Debye) screening effect and allows nanotube biosensor to be operated in high ionic strength solutions where conventional electronic biosensors fail. Our technology provides a unique platform for point-of-care (POC) electronic biosensors operating in physiologically relevant conditions.

制备碳纳米管高频纳电子生物传感器的传感高离子强度的解决方案

The unique electronic properties and high surface-to-volume ratios of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and semiconductor nanowires (NW) 1-4 make them ...

生物工程

Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule (SMPV1) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), by utilizing ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO NRs that grew on both a sputtered and sol-gel processed AZO seed layer are fabricated. Compared with the AZO thin film prepared by the sol-gel method, the sputtered AZO thin film exhibits better crystallization and lower surface roughness, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. The orientation of the ZnO NRs grown on a sputtered AZO seed layer shows better vertical alignment, which is beneficial for the deposition of the subsequent active layer, forming better surface morphologies. Generally, the surface morphology of the active layer mainly dominates the fill factor (FF) of the devices. Consequently, the well-aligned ZnO NRs can be used to improve the carrier collection of the active layer and to increase the FF of the solar cells. Moreover, as an anti-reflection structure, it can also be utilized to enhance the light harvesting of the absorption layer, with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells reaching 6.01%, higher than the sol-gel based solar cells with an efficiency of 4.74%.

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The well-aligned vertically oriented ZnO NRs exhibit high crystalline properties. The power conversion efficiency of solar cells can reach 6.01%.

定向定向 ZnO 纳米阵列及其在倒小分子太阳电池中的应用

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule ...

工程学

Flow-assisted Dielectrophoresis: A Low Cost Method for the Fabrication of High Performance Solution-processable Nanowire Devices

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of nanowires. DEP is used for nanowire analysis, characterization, and for solution-based fabrication of semiconducting devices. The method works by applying an alternating electric field between metallic electrodes. The nanowire formulation is then dropped onto the electrodes which are on an inclined surface to create a flow of the formulation using gravity. The nanowires then align along the gradient of the electric field and in the direction of the liquid flow. The frequency of the field can be adjusted to select nanowires with superior conductivity and lower trap density. 
In this work, flow-assisted DEP is used to create nanowire field effect transistors. Flow-assisted DEP has several advantages: it allows selection of nanowire electrical properties; control of nanowire length; placement of nanowires in specific areas; control of orientation of nanowires; and control of nanowire density in the device. 
The technique can be expanded to many other applications such as gas sensors and microwave switches. The technique is efficient, quick, reproducible, and it uses a minimal amount of dilute solution making it ideal for the testing of novel nanomaterials. Wafer scale assembly of nanowire devices can also be achieved using this technique, allowing large numbers of samples for testing and large-area electronic applications.

In this paper, flow assisted dielectrophoresis is demonstrated for the self-assembly of nanowire devices. The fabrication of a silicon nanowire field effect transistor is shown as an example.

流动辅助介: 一种低成本的制备高性能溶液可纳米线器件的方法

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of ...

Simultaneous Multi-surface Anodizations and Stair-like Reverse Biases Detachment of Anodic Aluminum Oxides in Sulfuric and Oxalic Acid Electrolyte

After reporting on the two-step anodization, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides (AAOs) have been widely utilized in the versatile fields of fundamental sciences and industrial applications owing to their periodic arrangement of nanopores with relatively high aspect ratio. However, the techniques reported so far, which could be only valid for mono-surface anodization, show critical disadvantages, i.e., time-consuming as well as complicated procedures, requiring toxic chemicals, and wasting valuable natural resources. In this paper, we demonstrate a facile, efficient, and environmentally clean method to fabricate nanoporous AAOs in sulfuric and oxalic acid electrolytes, which can overcome the limitations that result from conventional AAO fabricating methods. First, plural AAOs are produced at one time through simultaneous multi-surfaces anodization (SMSA), indicating mass-producibility of the AAOs with comparable qualities. Second, those AAOs can be separated from the aluminum (Al) substrate by applying stair-like reverse biases (SRBs) in the same electrolyte used for the SMSAs, implying simplicity and green technological characteristics. Finally, a unit sequence consisting of the SMSAs sequentially combined with SRBs-based detachment can be applied repeatedly to the same Al substrate, which reinforces the advantages of this strategy and also guarantees the efficient usage of natural resources.

A protocol for fabricating nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides via simultaneous multi-surfaces anodization followed by stair-like reverse biases detachments is presented. It can be applied repeatedly to the same aluminum substrate, exhibiting a facile, high-yield, and environmentally clean strategy.

阳极氧化铝在硫酸和草酸电解质中的同时多表面 Anodizations 和阶梯式反向偏置剥离

After reporting on the two-step anodization, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides (AAOs) have been widely utilized in the versatile fields of fundamental ...

Synthesis of Substrate-Bound Au Nanowires Via an Active Surface Growth Mechanism

Advancing synthetic capabilities is important for the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The synthesis of nanowires has always been a challenge, as it requires asymmetric growth of symmetric crystals. Here, we report a distinctive synthesis of substrate-bound Au nanowires. This template-free synthesis employs thiolated ligands and substrate adsorption to achieve the continuous asymmetric deposition of Au in solution at ambient conditions. The thiolated ligand prevented the Au deposition on the exposed surface of the seeds, so the Au deposition only occurs at the interface between the Au seeds and the substrate. The side of the newly deposited Au nanowires is immediately covered with the thiolated ligand, while the bottom facing the substrate remains ligand-free and active for the next round of Au deposition. We further demonstrate that this Au nanowire growth can be induced on various substrates, and different thiolated ligands can be used to regulate the surface chemistry of the nanowires. The diameter of the nanowires can also be controlled with mixed ligands, in which another &#34;bad&#34; ligand could turn on the lateral growth. With the understanding of the mechanism, Au nanowire-based nanostructures can be designed and synthesized.

We report a solution-based method to synthesize substrate-bound Au nanowires. By tuning the molecular ligands used during the synthesis, the Au nanowires can be grown from various substrates with different surface properties. Au nanowire-based nanostructures can also be synthesized by adjusting the reaction parameters.

通过活性表面生长机制合成基片束缚金纳米线

Advancing synthetic capabilities is important for the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The synthesis of nanowires has always been a ...

Multiscale Structures Aggregated by Imprinted Nanofibers for Functional Surfaces

Multiscale surface structures have attracted increasing interest owing to several potential applications in surface devices. However, an existing challenge in the field is the fabrication of hybrid micro-nano structures using a facile, cost-effective, and high-throughput method. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a protocol to fabricate multiscale structures using only an imprint process with an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) filter and an evaporative self-aggregation process of nanofibers. Unlike previous attempts that have aimed to straighten nanofibers, we demonstrate a unique fabrication method for multiscale aggregated nanofibers with high aspect ratios. Furthermore, the surface morphology and wettability of these structures on various liquids were investigated to facilitate their use in multifunctional surfaces.

Presented is an easy method to fabricate nano-micro multiscale structures, for functional surfaces, by aggregating nanofibers fabricated using an anodic aluminum oxide filter.

功能表面用印迹纳米纤维聚合的多尺度结构

Multiscale surface structures have attracted increasing interest owing to several potential applications in surface devices. However, an existing ...

Iron Nanowire Fabrication by Nano-Porous Anodized Aluminum and its Characterization

Magnetic nanowires possess unique properties that have attracted the interest of different fields of research, including basic physics, biomedicine, and data storage. We demonstrate a fabrication method for iron (Fe) nanowires&#160;via electrochemical deposition into anodic&#160;alumina oxide (AAO) templates. The templates are fabricated by anodization of aluminum (Al) discs, and the pore length and diameter are controlled by changing the anodizing conditions. Pores with an average diameter of around 120 nm are created using oxalic acid as the electrolyte. Using this method, cylindrical nanowires are synthesized, which are released by dissolving the alumina using a selective chemical etchant.

In this work, we describe a&#160;protocol to fabricate iron nanowires, including the formation of the porous alumina membrane that is used as the template, electrodeposition into templates using electrolyte solution, and the release of the nanowires into the solution.

纳米孔阳极氧化铝的铁纳米线制造及其特性

Magnetic nanowires possess unique properties that have attracted the interest of different fields of research, including basic physics, biomedicine, and ...

DNA Origami-Mediated Substrate Nanopatterning of Inorganic Structures for Sensing Applications

Structural DNA nanotechnology provides a viable route for building from the bottom-up using DNA as construction material. The most common DNA nanofabrication technique is called DNA origami, and it allows high-throughput synthesis of accurate and highly versatile structures with nanometer-level precision. Here, it is shown how the spatial information of DNA origami can be transferred to metallic nanostructures by combining the bottom-up DNA origami with the conventionally used top-down lithography approaches. This allows fabrication of billions of tiny nanostructures in one step onto selected substrates. The method is demonstrated using bowtie DNA origami to create metallic bowtie-shaped antenna structures on silicon nitride or sapphire substrates. The method relies on the selective growth of a silicon oxide layer on top of the origami deposition substrate, thus resulting in a patterning mask for following lithographic steps. These nanostructure-equipped surfaces can be further used as molecular sensors (e.g., surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)) and in various other optical applications at the visible wavelength range owing to the small feature sizes (sub-10 nm). The technique can be extended to other materials through methodological modifications; therefore, the resulting optically active surfaces may find use in development of metamaterials and metasurfaces.

Here, we describe a protocol to create discrete and accurate inorganic nanostructures on substrates using DNA origami shapes as guiding templates. The method is demonstrated by creating plasmonic gold bowtie-shaped antennas on a transparent substrate (sapphire).

脱氧核糖核酸介导基板无机结构纳米图案用于传感应用

Structural DNA nanotechnology provides a viable route for building from the bottom-up using DNA as construction material. The most common DNA ...

使用碳纳米纤维阵列将生物分子和染料高效递送到植物中

Using Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofiber Arrays on Rigid or Flexible Substrates for Delivery of Biomolecules and Dyes to Plants

The delivery of biomolecules and impermeable dyes to intact plants is a major challenge. Nanomaterials are up-and-coming tools for the delivery of DNA to plants. As exciting as these new tools are, they have yet to be widely applied. Nanomaterials fabricated on rigid substrate (backing) are particularly difficult to successfully apply to curved plant structures. This study describes the process for microfabricating vertically aligned carbon nanofiber arrays and transferring them from a rigid to a flexible substrate. We detail and demonstrate how these fibers (on either rigid or flexible substrates) can be used for transient transformation or dye (e.g., fluorescein) delivery to plants. We show how VACNFs can be transferred from rigid silicon substrate to a flexible SU-8 epoxy substrate to form flexible VACNF arrays. To overcome the hydrophobic nature of SU-8, fibers in the flexible film were coated with a thin silicon oxide layer (2-3 nm). To use these fibers for delivery to curved plant organs, we deposit a 1 &#181;L droplet of dye or DNA solution on the fiber side of VACNF films, wait 10 min, place the films on the plant organ and employ a swab with a rolling motion to drive fibers into plant cells. With this method, we have achieved dye and DNA delivery in plant organs with curved surfaces.

作者聚焦：通过使用碳纳米纤维阵列进行创新来解锁工厂转型 

Here we describe methods for microfabricating vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs), transferring VACNFs to flexible substrates, and applying VACNFs on both rigid and flexible substrates to plants for biomolecule and dye delivery.

在刚性或柔性基材上使用垂直排列的碳纳米纤维阵列，将生物分子和染料输送到植物

The delivery of biomolecules and impermeable dyes to intact plants is a major challenge. Nanomaterials are up-and-coming tools for the delivery of DNA to ...