这项工作是由居里研究所，法国巴黎创立。机械担架由达米安屈弗利耶（居里研究所）设计，由GREM制造（机械公司 - grem.com）。 PDMS上的图案是由阿马尔Azioune（波尔多第二大学）开发的。

1。 PDMS的钝化<ol><li>切下一块PDMS大约35毫米×20毫米从预先制成薄片（例如，GelPak，因为在材料的表中列出）。 </li><li>除去塑料的顶部和底部的保护层（如果需要）和使用镊子将PDMS在一个塑料（不是细胞培养物处理的）培养皿。 </li><li>用70％乙醇在30振荡/分洗涤PDMS 5分钟，在旋转器上。 </li><li>通过在其上流动的空气干燥的表面。 </li><li>照亮深紫外光（λ= 180纳米），用于在从约5厘米的紫外线灯泡的距离5分钟（见材料表灯参考，参数会因不同的灯）。 </li><li>制备200微升的每个PDMS片EDC / NHS溶液（这必须在使用前制备，因为溶液的反应性衰变小时的物质）。 1毫升0.05M的MES +0.5 M氯化钠缓冲液，pH 6.0，加入11.5毫克硫代NHS和19.2毫克的EDC。 </li><li>转让PDMS薄片从培养皿到培养皿中，还没有被照亮的盖子。这将确保该PDMS的周围是非常疏水的，并便于进行下一步。 </li><li>添加EDC / NHS溶液并孵育15分钟，在室温下进行。 </li><li>冲洗EDC / NHS的水。 </li><li>加PLL-G-PEG溶液（0.5 mg / ml的HEPES 10mM的pH值8.6）和从3小时至过夜，在室温下孵育。 </li><li>冲洗PLL-G-PEG水。钝化的PDMS（功能化与PLL-G-PEG）可以在4℃下保存数天</li></ol> 2。将PDMS的图案<ol><li>采取的PDMS片，将它放在一个人造石英光罩轴承的微特征的图案（ 见图1）。将PDMS侧轴承的PLL-G-PEG面临的光掩模的铬侧。 </li><li>通过光掩模在从约5厘米的紫外线灯泡的距离照射7分钟。</li><li>加水到面膜+ PDMS和剥离PDMS缓缓摘下面具。 </li><li>孵育在pH为8.6 1小时在室温下50 mg / ml的HEPES缓冲液中纤连蛋白的溶液。它可以使用其他ECM蛋白，但这些都没有经过测试与此协议。 </li><li>漂洗用PBS。 </li></ol> 3。安装设备<ol><li>安装之前钝化PDMS到拉伸装置（见讨论用于故障排除）。 <ol><li>附加的PDMS的一侧，以拉伸机的固定部分。 </li><li>修复对方担架的移动部分不夹紧，太多的PDMS表。 </li></ol></li><li>在厚厚的PDMS刺砍PDMS的矩形（22毫米×19毫米）和内切另一个矩形，以便有一个池（或帧），将保留的细胞和介质（ 见图2）。 </li><li>添加硅脂根据本PDMS池，并将其放置在硅橡胶片的顶部创建一个MEDIUM护池。该润滑脂将使池过的PDMS片滑翔拉伸过程。 </li></ol> 4。构图细胞<ol><li>从50％汇合培养瓶中用维尔烯分离的细胞。 </li><li>计数细胞并重新悬浮于其中的200,000个细胞/ ml的浓度。 </li><li>加入1 ml的细胞悬液在池中（见讨论更多细节）。 </li><li>让细胞结合到图案为10-30分钟（取决于细胞类型，RPE-1细胞需时10分钟，HeLa细胞20分钟）。 </li><li>轻轻冲洗漂浮细胞与平衡介质（在培养箱平衡介质）。 </li><li>让细胞扩散，以图案的几个小时（RPE-1将需要至少2小时; HeLa细胞将需要3小时）。 </li><li>加盖玻片上池的顶部，避免在PDMS的休息蒸发和中泄漏。 </li><li>将装置放在倒置显微镜，并开始显像。避免使用油镜观测jectives，因为它不会由于聚焦问题的工作。 </li></ol> 5。拉伸<ol><li>转动测微螺旋，而校正在x-，y-和z轴（主要x）的舞台的位置。平台位置需要校正以抵消PDMS的加宽和焦点的损失。 （请参阅“在伸展”的讨论段）。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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作者宣称没有竞争的财务权益。

虽然这种技术已经被使用无数次，并经过全面的测试，也有可能导致一个失败的实验的几个关键步骤。 关于PDMS： 对于这项工作，GelPak，市售的薄的PDMS片，使用。另外PDMS表可以从PDMS结构直接转换。我们建议使用GelPak，因为它是更具有可重复性，而且不太可能突破相比，定制的PDMS。 关于设备： 在这个协议中使用的拉...

在高等生物组成一个组织中的细胞受到机械张力和拉伸力无论是从外部环境还是从周围细胞1,2到来。细胞必须适应并以维持组织的完整性抵御这些力量。这种力量也是在开发3,4组织形态发生重要。在培养的细胞施加机械力是一种能够模仿一个组织可能会发生什么，但细胞形态和细胞变形5,6的定量和独立控制。为此，一些技术可能被使用。人们可以对细胞按（整个细胞或它的一部分），例如，使用原子力显微镜或衍生物7,8或伸展细胞生长在衬底上。 本文描述的方法演示了如何伸展镀细胞平面基板。在m该技术最初被开发，评估力量的作用发挥itotic哺乳动物细胞9。有丝分裂细胞保持连接到所述衬底通过回缩纤维和拉伸的膜施加的力上的那些纤维，这反过来又引起有丝分裂纺锤体的旋转。结合粘合微图案和伸展的利益，是实现部队和单个细胞的形状的独立控制。它例如可伸展的卵形细胞变成完全各向同性的圆形形状，而单轴拉伸被施加。如果该细胞不制地图上微图案，单轴拉伸导致细胞的伸长，与具有长轴线与拉伸轴一致大多数细胞。它是那么难以分离的长轴对准和施加到所述单元的伸展的效果的效果。 该装置适用于任何活细胞成像，包括长的时间推移的荧光显微镜和药物可在实验过程中被加入。深UV的缩微方法10在Azioune细节被描述等 11上图案化的PDMS被描述在Azioune 等 12本拉伸协议是卡普里等人 13的视频版本

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GelPak</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">GelPak</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PF-60-X4</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Different thickness/stickiness are available. One alternative could be to cast your PDMS yourself.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Silicon grease</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">GE Bayer Silicones</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Baysilone-Paste</td>
			<td>This one is biocompatible</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Stretching device</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">GREM m&#233;canique</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stretcher 2011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">EDC (N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N&#8242;-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">3450</td>
			<td>Stable 6 months at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">NHS (N-Hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">56485</td>
			<td>Protect from humidity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Pll-g-peg (PLL(20)-g[3.5]-PEG(2) 20 mg)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">SurfaceSolutions (Zurich)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Synthetic Quartz photomask</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Toppan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Take standard binary photomask in Quartz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fibronectin from bovine plasma</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F1141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stretching micropatterned cells on a pdms membrane

的机械力作用在细胞和/或组织在许多过程中发挥着重要作用。我们已经开发出一种装置以拉伸细胞接种于聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）膜，具有成像相容。这种技术是可重复的和通用性。将PDMS膜可微图案以限制细胞或组织到一个特定的几何形状。第一步是打印微图案上的PDMS膜用深紫外光的技术。将PDMS膜，然后装上一个机械担架。一室势必与生物相容性脂膜，使拉伸过程中滑翔的顶部。将细胞接种，并使其分散进行数小时的微图案。样品可以被拉伸和未拉伸多次与使用测微螺旋的。这需要不到一分钟的拉伸应用于其完整程度（约30％）。这里提出的技术并不包括机动设备，这是必需的快速和/或计算机控制的拉伸pplying反复伸展周期，但是这是可以实现的。拉伸的细胞或组织，感兴趣的可以用于与细胞的力量，细胞响应机械应力和组织形态发生的问题。此视频演示将展示如何避免可能出现的时候做这一类的看似简单的实验典型问题。

<html>在这个视频协议提出的技术允许在有丝分裂哺乳动物细胞的纤维回缩力的应用。实际上，在细胞分裂期间，在有丝分裂阶段，哺乳动物细胞缩回取的球的形状，并留下由膜包围薄肌动线，它们分别连接到基板上。这些电缆（回缩纤维），是细胞的几何形状在进入分裂的记忆。通过在PDMS薄膜的光掩模制作微图案与深紫外光（ 图1）允许细胞粘附的几何控制。通过拉伸衬底在中期的?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stretching Micropatterned Cells on a PDMS Membrane at JoVE.com

Stretching Micropatterned Cells on a PDMS Membrane

这个手稿提出了一种技术，使用单向拉伸应用或释放力对粘附细胞或组织中。

在硅橡胶膜拉伸微图案细胞

Mechanical forces exerted on cells and/or tissues  play a major role in numerous processes. We have developed a device to stretch  cells plated on a ...

stretching-micropatterned-cells-on-a-pdms-membrane

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

15.2K 次观看.  Institut Curie. 这个手稿提出了一种技术，使用单向拉伸应用或释放力对粘附细胞或组织中。 

视频: Stretching Micropatterned Cells on a PDMS Membrane

Micropatterned Surfaces to Study Hyaluronic Acid Interactions with Cancer Cells

Cancer invasion and progression involves a motile cell phenotype, which is under complex regulation by growth factors/cytokines and extracellular matrix (ECM) components within the tumor microenvironment. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is one stromal ECM component that is known to facilitate tumor progression by enhancing invasion, growth, and angiogenesis1. Interaction of HA with its cell surface receptor CD44 induces signaling events that promote tumor cell growth, survival, and migration, thereby increasing metastatic spread2-3. HA is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of repeating units of D-glucuronic acid and D-N-acetylglucosamine. Due to the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on repeating disaccharide units, native HA is largely hydrophilic and amenable to chemical modifications that introduce sulfate groups for photoreative immobilization 4-5. Previous studies involving the immobilizations of HA onto surfaces utilize the bioresistant behavior of HA and its sulfated derivative to control cell adhesion onto surfaces6-7. In these studies cell adhesion preferentially occurs on non-HA patterned regions.
To analyze cellular interactions with exogenous HA, we have developed patterned functionalized surfaces that enable a controllable study and high-resolution visualization of cancer cell interactions with HA. We utilized microcontact printing (uCP) to define discrete patterned regions of HA on glass surfaces. A "tethering" approach that applies carbodiimide linking chemistry to immobilize HA was used 8. Glass surfaces were microcontact printed with an aminosilane and reacted with a HA solution of optimized ratios of EDC and NHS to enable HA immobilization in patterned arrays. Incorporating carbodiimide chemistry with mCP enabled the immobilization of HA to defined regions, creating surfaces suitable for in vitro applications. Both colon cancer cells and breast cancer cells implicitly interacted with the HA micropatterned surfaces. Cancer cell adhesion occurred within 24 hours with proliferation by 48 hours. Using HA micropatterned surfaces, we demonstrated that cancer cell adhesion occurs through the HA receptor CD44. Furthermore, HA patterned surfaces were compatible with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and allowed high resolution imaging of cancer cell adhesive protrusions and spreading on HA patterns to analyze cancer cell motility on exogenous HA.

A novel approach that allows the high-resolution analysis of cancer cell interactions with exogenous hyaluronic acid (HA) is described. Patterned surfaces are fabricated by combining carbodiimide chemistry and microcontact printing.

Micropatterned表面透明质酸与肿瘤细胞相互作用的研究

Cancer invasion and progression involves a motile cell phenotype, which is under complex regulation by growth factors/cytokines and extracellular matrix ...

科研

生物工程

Improved Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Drug Effects Using Micropatterned Cells

To date, most HCA (High Content Analysis) studies are carried out with adherent cell lines grown on a homogenous substrate in tissue-culture treated micro-plates. Under these conditions, cells spread and divide in all directions resulting in an inherent variability in cell shape, morphology and behavior. The high cell-to-cell variance of the overall population impedes the success of HCA, especially for drug development. The ability of micropatterns to normalize the shape and internal polarity of every individual cell provides a tremendous opportunity for solving this critical bottleneck 1-2.
To facilitate access and use of the micropatterning technology, CYTOO has developed a range of ready to use micropatterns, available in coverslip and microwell formats. In this video article, we provide detailed protocols of all the procedures from cell seeding on CYTOOchip micropatterns, drug treatment, fixation and staining to automated acquisition, automated image processing and final data analysis. With this example, we illustrate how micropatterns can facilitate cell-based assays. Alterations of the cell cytoskeleton are difficult to quantify in cells cultured on homogenous substrates, but culturing cells on micropatterns results in a reproducible organization of the actin meshwork due to systematic positioning of the cell adhesion contacts in every cell. Such normalization of the intracellular architecture allows quantification of even small effects on the actin cytoskeleton as demonstrated in these set of protocols using blebbistatin, an inhibitor of the actin-myosin interaction.

Adhesive micropatterns that normalize cellular architecture can be used to increase sensitivity in the detection of drug effects, improve reproducibility and simplify automated image acquisition and analysis. Such technology will benefit drug/siRNA screening assays, performed on conventional cell culture supports and consequently suffering from excessive cell-to-cell variability.

改进的可视化和定量分析，药物使用Micropatterned细胞的影响

To date, most HCA (High Content Analysis) studies are carried out with adherent cell lines grown on a homogenous substrate in tissue-culture treated ...

Stretching Short Sequences of DNA with Constant Force Axial Optical Tweezers

Single-molecule techniques for stretching DNA of contour lengths less than a kilobase are fraught with experimental difficulties. However, many interesting biological events such as histone binding and protein-mediated looping of DNA1,2, occur on this length scale. In recent years, the mechanical properties of DNA have been shown to play a significant role in fundamental cellular processes like the packaging of DNA into compact nucleosomes and chromatin fibers3,4. Clearly, it is then important to understand the mechanical properties of short stretches of DNA. In this paper, we provide a practical guide to a single-molecule optical tweezing technique that we have developed to study the mechanical behavior of DNA with contour lengths as short as a few hundred basepairs.
The major hurdle in stretching short segments of DNA is that conventional optical tweezers are generally designed to apply force in a direction lateral to the stage5,6, (see Fig. 1). In this geometry, the angle between the bead and the coverslip, to which the DNA is tethered, becomes very steep for submicron length DNA. The axial position must now be accounted for, which can be a challenge, and, since the extension drags the microsphere closer to the coverslip, steric effects are enhanced. Furthermore, as a result of the asymmetry of the microspheres, lateral extensions will generate varying levels of torque due to rotation of the microsphere within the optical trap since the direction of the reactive force changes during the extension.
Alternate methods for stretching submicron DNA run up against their own unique hurdles. For instance, a dual-beam optical trap is limited to stretching DNA of around a wavelength, at which point interference effects between the two traps and from light scattering between the microspheres begin to pose a significant problem. Replacing one of the traps with a micropipette would most likely suffer from similar challenges. While one could directly use the axial potential to stretch the DNA, an active feedback scheme would be needed to apply a constant force and the bandwidth of this will be quite limited, especially at low forces.
We circumvent these fundamental problems by directly pulling the DNA away from the coverslip by using a constant force axial optical tweezers7,8. This is achieved by trapping the bead in a linear region of the optical potential, where the optical force is constant-the strength of which can be tuned by adjusting the laser power. Trapping within the linear region also serves as an all optical force-clamp on the DNA that extends for nearly 350 nm in the axial direction. We simultaneously compensate for thermal and mechanical drift by finely adjusting the position of the stage so that a reference microsphere stuck to the coverslip remains at the same position and focus, allowing for a virtually limitless observation period.

We illustrate the use of a constant force axial optical tweezers to explore the mechanical properties of short DNA molecules. By stretching DNA axially, we minimize steric hindrances and artifacts arising in conventional lateral manipulation, allowing us to study DNA molecules as short as ~100 nm.

伸展的DNA短序列恒力轴向光镊

Single-molecule techniques for stretching DNA of contour lengths  less than a kilobase are fraught with experimental difficulties. However, many ...

A Novel Stretching Platform for Applications in Cell and Tissue Mechanobiology

Tools that allow the application of mechanical forces to cells and tissues or that can quantify the mechanical properties of biological tissues have contributed dramatically to the understanding of basic mechanobiology. These techniques have been extensively used to demonstrate how the onset and progression of various diseases are heavily influenced by mechanical cues. This article presents a multi-functional biaxial stretching (BAXS) platform that can either mechanically stimulate single cells or quantify the mechanical stiffness of tissues. The BAXS platform consists of four voice coil motors that can be controlled independently. Single cells can be cultured on a flexible substrate that can be attached to the motors allowing one to expose the cells to complex, dynamic, and spatially varying strain fields. Conversely, by incorporating a force load cell, one can also quantify the mechanical properties of primary tissues as they are exposed to deformation cycles. In both cases, a proper set of clamps must be designed and mounted to the BAXS platform motors in order to firmly hold the flexible substrate or the tissue of interest. The BAXS platform can be mounted on an inverted microscope to perform simultaneous transmitted light and/or fluorescence imaging to examine the structural or biochemical response of the sample during stretching experiments. This article provides experimental details of the design and usage of the BAXS platform and presents results for single cell and whole tissue studies. The BAXS platform was used to measure the deformation of nuclei in single mouse myoblast cells in response to substrate strain and to measure the stiffness of isolated mouse aortas. The BAXS platform is a versatile tool that can be combined with various optical microscopies in order to provide novel mechanobiological insights at the sub-cellular, cellular and whole tissue levels.

We present in this article a novel stretching platform that can be used to investigate single cell responses to complex anisotropic biaxial mechanical deformation and quantify the mechanical properties of biological tissues.

在细胞和组织力学生物学应用一种新型的拉伸平台

Tools that allow the application of mechanical forces to cells and tissues or that can quantify the mechanical properties of biological tissues have ...

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer to Study Conformational Changes in Membrane Proteins Expressed in Mammalian Cells

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, or LRET, is a powerful technique used to measure distances between two sites in proteins within the distance range of 10-100 &#197;. By measuring the distances under various ligated conditions, conformational changes of the protein can be easily assessed. With LRET, a lanthanide, most often chelated terbium, is used as the donor fluorophore, affording advantages such as a longer donor-only emission lifetime, the flexibility to use multiple acceptor fluorophores, and the opportunity to detect sensitized acceptor emission as an easy way to measure energy transfer without the risk of also detecting donor-only signal. Here, we describe a method to use LRET on membrane proteins expressed and assayed on the surface of intact mammalian cells. We introduce a protease cleavage site between the LRET fluorophore pair. After obtaining the original LRET signal, cleavage at that site removes the specific LRET signal from the protein of interest allowing us to quantitatively subtract the background signal that remains after cleavage. This method allows for more physiologically relevant measurements to be made without the need for purification of protein.

We describe here an improved Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (LRET) method where we introduce a protease cleavage site between the donor and acceptor fluorophore sites. This modification allows us to obtain specific LRET signals arising from membrane proteins of interest, allowing for the study of membrane proteins without protein purification.

荧光共振能量转移研究构象变化的膜蛋白在哺乳动物细胞中表达

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, or LRET, is a powerful technique used to measure distances between two sites in proteins within the distance range ...

Optimizing Attachment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Poly(&#949;-caprolactone) Electrospun Yarns

Research into biomaterials and tissue engineering often includes cell-based in vitro investigations, which require initial knowledge of the starting cell number. While researchers commonly reference their seeding density this does not necessarily indicate the actual number of cells that have adhered to the material in question. This is particularly the case for materials, or scaffolds, that do not cover the base of standard cell culture well plates. This study investigates the initial attachment of human mesenchymal stem cells seeded at a known number onto electrospun poly(&#949;-caprolactone) yarn after 4 hr in culture. Electrospun yarns were held within several different set-ups, including bioreactor vessels rotating at 9 rpm, cell culture inserts positioned in low binding well plates and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) troughs placed within petri dishes. The latter two were subjected to either static conditions or positioned on a shaker plate (30 rpm). After 4 hr incubation at 37&#160;oC, 5% CO2, the location of seeded cells was determined by cell DNA assay. Scaffolds were removed from their containers and placed in lysis buffer. The media fraction was similarly removed and centrifuged &#8211; the supernatant discarded and pellet broken up with lysis buffer. Lysis buffer was added to each receptacle, or well, and scraped to free any cells that may be present. The cell DNA assay determined the percentage of cells present within the scaffold, media and well fractions. Cell attachment was low for all experimental set-ups, with greatest attachment (30%) for yarns held within cell culture inserts and subjected to shaking motion. This study raises awareness to the actual number of cells attaching to scaffolds irrespective of the stated cell seeding density.

Optimizing Attachment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Poly(&amp;#949;-caprolactone) Electrospun Yarns

This article describes a range of set-ups for seeding human mesenchymal stem cells onto materials, in this case electrospun yarns, that do not cover the base of standard culture well plates in order to maximize and quantify the number of cells that initially attach compared to the known seeding density.

优化人骨髓间充质干细胞附着在聚（ε己内酯）静电纺纱线

Research into biomaterials and tissue engineering often includes cell-based in vitro investigations, which require initial knowledge of the starting cell ...

Gene Transfection toward Spheroid Cells on Micropatterned Culture Plates for Genetically-modified Cell Transplantation

To improve the therapeutic effectiveness of cell transplantation, a transplantation system of genetically modified, injectable spheroids was developed. The cell spheroids are prepared in a culture system on micropatterned plates coated with a thermosensitive polymer. A number of spheroids are formed on the plates, corresponding to the cell adhesion areas of 100 &#181;m diameter that are regularly arrayed in a two-dimensional manner, surrounded by non-adhesive areas that are coated by a polyethylene glycol (PEG) matrix. The spheroids can be easily recovered as a liquid suspension by lowering the temperature of the plates, and their structure is well maintained by passing them through injection needles with a sufficiently large caliber (over 27 G). Genetic modification is achieved by gene transfection using the original non-viral gene carrier, polyplex nanomicelle, which is capable of introducing genes into cells without disrupting the spheroid structure. For primary hepatocyte spheroids transfected with a luciferase-expressing gene, the luciferase is sustainably obtained in transplanted animals, along with preserved hepatocyte function, as indicated by albumin expression. This system can be applied to a variety of cell types including mesenchymal stem cells.

This protocol describes a cell transplantation system using genetically modified, injectable spheroids. Cell spheroids are cultured on micropatterned culture plates and recovered after gene introduction using polyplex nanomicelles. This system facilitates prolonged transgene expression from the transplanted cells in host animals while maintaining the innate function of the cells.

基因转染向着文化微模式球体板细胞基因修饰的细胞移植

To improve the therapeutic effectiveness of cell transplantation, a transplantation system of genetically modified, injectable spheroids was developed. ...

Microfluidic Genipin Deposition Technique for Extended Culture of Micropatterned Vascular Muscular Thin Films

The chronic nature of vascular disease progression requires the development of experimental techniques that simulate physiologic and pathologic vascular behaviors on disease-relevant time scales. Previously, microcontact printing has been used to fabricate two-dimensional functional arterial mimics through patterning of extracellular matrix protein as guidance cues for tissue organization. Vascular muscular thin films utilized these mimics to assess functional contractility. However, the microcontact printing fabrication technique used typically incorporates hydrophobic PDMS substrates. As the tissue turns over the underlying extracellular matrix, new proteins must undergo a conformational change or denaturing in order to expose hydrophobic amino acid residues to the hydrophobic PDMS surfaces for attachment, resulting in altered matrix protein bioactivity, delamination, and death of the tissues.
Here, we present a microfluidic deposition technique for patterning of the crosslinker compound genipin. Genipin serves as an intermediary between patterned tissues and PDMS substrates, allowing cells to deposit newly-synthesized extracellular matrix protein onto a more hydrophilic surface and remain attached to the PDMS substrates. We also show that extracellular matrix proteins can be patterned directly onto deposited genipin, allowing dictation of engineered tissue structure. Tissues fabricated with this technique show high fidelity in both structural alignment and contractile function of vascular smooth muscle tissue in a vascular muscular thin film model. This technique can be extended using other cell types and provides the framework for future study of chronic tissue- and organ-level functionality.

We present a method for microfluidic deposition of patterned genipin and fibronectin on PDMS substrates, allowing extended viability of vascular smooth muscle cell-dense tissues. This tissue fabrication method is combined with previous vascular muscular thin film technology to measure vascular contractility over disease-relevant time courses.

微京尼平沉积技术的微模式化血管肌肉薄膜的扩展文化

The chronic nature of vascular disease progression requires the development of experimental techniques that simulate physiologic and pathologic vascular ...

Double Emulsion Generation Using a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Co-axial Flow Focus Device

Double emulsions are useful in a number of biological and industrial applications in which it is important to have an aqueous carrier fluid. This paper presents a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device capable of generating water/oil/water double emulsions using a coaxial flow focusing geometry that can be fabricated entirely using soft lithography. Similar to emulsion devices using glass capillaries, double emulsions can be formed in channels with uniform wettability and with dimensions much smaller than the channel sizes. Three dimensional flow focusing geometry is achieved by casting a pair of PDMS slabs using two layer soft lithography, then mating the slabs together in a clamshell configuration. Complementary locking features molded into the PDMS slabs enable the accurate registration of features on each of the slab surfaces. Device testing demonstrates formation of double emulsions from 14 &#181;m to 50 &#181;m in diameter while using large channels that are robust against fouling and clogging.

Double Emulsion Generation Using a Polydimethylsiloxane PDMS Co-axial Flow Focus Device

Microfluidic double emulsions generation typically involves devices with patterned wettability or custom-fabricated glass components. Here we describe the fabrication and testing of an all polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) double emulsion generator that does not require surface treatment or complicated fabrication processes, and is capable of producing double emulsions down to 14 &#181;m.

复乳代使用聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）同轴流量聚焦设备

Double emulsions are useful in a number of biological and industrial applications in which it is important to have an aqueous carrier fluid. This paper ...

Treatment of Ligament Constructs with Exercise-conditioned Serum: A Translational Tissue Engineering Model

In vitro experiments are essential to understand biological mechanisms; however, the gap between monolayer tissue culture and human physiology is large, and translation of findings is often poor. Thus, there is ample opportunity for alternative experimental approaches. Here we present an approach in which human cells are isolated from human anterior cruciate ligament tissue remnants, expanded in culture, and used to form engineered ligaments. Exercise alters the biochemical milieu in the blood such that the function of many tissues, organs and bodily processes are improved. In this experiment, ligament construct culture media was supplemented with experimental human serum that has been &#39;conditioned&#39; by exercise. Thus the intervention is more biologically relevant since an experimental tissue is exposed to the full endogenous biochemical milieu, including binding proteins and adjunct compounds that may be altered in tandem with the activity of an unknown agent of interest. After treatment, engineered ligaments can be analyzed for mechanical function, collagen content, morphology, and cellular biochemistry. Overall, there are four major advantages versus traditional monolayer culture and animal models, of the physiological model of ligament tissue that is presented here. First, ligament constructs are three-dimensional, allowing for mechanical properties (i.e., function) such as ultimate tensile stress, maximal tensile load, and modulus, to be quantified. Second, the enthesis, the interface between boney and sinew elements, can be examined in detail and within functional context. Third, preparing media with post-exercise serum allows for the effects of the exercise-induced biochemical milieu, which is responsible for the wide range of health benefits of exercise, to be investigated in an unbiased manner. Finally, this experimental model advances scientific research in a humane and ethical manner by replacing the use of animals, a core mandate of the National Institutes of Health, the Center for Disease Control, and the Food and Drug Administration.

We present a model of ligament tissue in which three-dimensional constructs are treated with the human exercise-conditioned serum and analyzed for collagen content, function, and cellular biochemistry.

用运动调节血清治疗韧带结构：转化组织工程模型

In vitro experiments are essential to understand biological mechanisms; however, the gap between monolayer tissue culture and human physiology is large, ...