这项研究是由该Mcihael J.福克斯基金会帕金森研究2011年快速响应创新奖励计划。资助者在研究设计，数据收集和分析，发布的决定，或准备稿子没有任何作用。

手术前一定要完成所有的程序是由IACUC和任何其他道德或法律部门批准，并使用人性化的动物治疗的做法。这包括使用无菌手术条件下，采用IACUC批准的方法麻醉小鼠，在手术过程中润滑老鼠的眼睛兽医药膏，并提供术后护理。不进行手术，如果有程序方面是否批准的任何问题。在此进行的所有程序批准了美国波士顿大学实验动物管理和使用委员会。 动物1。制备和手术用品<ol><li>高压灭菌的所有外科手术器械，将在手术过程中使用。 </li><li>确保所有要被执行的技术由动物监管机构的批准。 </li></ol>对黏膜移植2。收获<ol><li>之所以选择年龄相仿的基因相同的鼠标实验小鼠和安乐死它在IACUC批准的方法（这里：异氟醚窒息颈椎脱位）。 </li><li>用手术剪，去掉周围的鼻鼠标头部露出头骨区域的皮肤。 </li><li>用风钻，标记与三行其中的两个横向侧接鼻区域和三分之一在与垂直于连接两个线对眼睛线。 </li><li>以鼻中隔与周围组织分开向下钻取腹侧。较宽的路径将防止损坏粘膜然而它也将使其更难以分离的膜。窄馏分接近中线建议。 </li><li>用剪刀剪开隔膜免于粘附到它的任何组织，并将其存储在无菌含盐溶液。此时的接枝可以被清理以除去任何已连接的组织。理想的情况是有完好的粘膜暴露在软骨隔膜的两侧。一克船尾可以提供膜为两只小鼠中提供的隔膜的表面积是足以覆盖开颅手术位点。建议接枝用于尽可能快地和研究者进行到只要接枝分离步骤3。 </li></ol>黏膜移植的3。手术植入<ol><li>使用标准的无菌鼠外科手术，麻醉和挂载鼠标在体视框。用啮齿动物麻醉机在纯氧约2％异氟醚。 </li><li>固定鼠标在耳酒吧和鼻子座立体定位仪。适用眼药膏眼睛和擦洗头皮与优碘和75％乙醇三轮。无论是使用剪刀或剪的头发，去掉头上的皮毛。暴露颅骨用刀片及平头。进行开颅上面将要给药的脑的位置。例如，当针对纹状体切1.25毫米直径圆孔的颅骨（集中在美联社：1.00毫米; ML：0.88 MM）使用风钻。用无菌生理盐水湿润钻孔区域，使用刀片来去除颅骨。 </li><li>小心地用针的尖端去除硬脑膜。此外，这可以通过应用组织粘合剂的最小量的湿润硬脑膜表面来实现。一旦该层硬化后，用剃刀刀片尖端的横向运动可以用来除去该膜。 </li><li>将粘膜上述脑表面采取特别小心，以保持上皮面朝远离伤口。这最好通过将整个隔膜上以相邻的开颅手术现场用镊子颅骨的表面进行。使用一对外科手术剪刀的尖端，拉膜断软骨和到颅骨和脑表面。不要让膜变干，或与任何吸收材料去碰它。移植物应该慷慨地重叠开颅S的所有骨边缘伊特。 </li><li>覆盖移植物用无菌一块腈。这个作用是防止皮肤的密合性的接枝愈合过程。腈需要足够大以覆盖整个粘膜。如果需要修剪过度膜。避免腈的任何运动，一旦它接触到的接枝接触。 </li><li>收与正在运行的5-0无菌缝合皮肤和让鼠标在进行下一步骤之前恢复3-7天。小心不要扰乱皮肤缝合过程中腈障碍或黏膜移植。 </li></ol>给药溶液4。管理<ol><li>确保麻醉鼠标在立体框架后，切开缝合用剪刀除去周围的头骨多余的皮肤。 </li><li>除去腈屏障和清洁颅骨的表面上。用无菌生理盐水和棉签来清洁该部位，直到移植是可见的。它可能需要削减接枝用剃刀如果已经成长比d大esired表面积。 </li><li>如果实验将超过几天时间，这是明智的植入至少两个骷髅头螺丝，以加强头部植入物。 </li><li>将接枝上面的井，使得边缘与颅骨接触。应用氰基丙烯酸酯粘合剂在井和颅骨之间的交界处。填井用无菌生理盐水和检查，以确保没有泄漏。井从切口注射器针头制成。 </li><li>取适量涂抹于颅骨骨水泥来固定准备就绪。 </li><li>从井用吸管除去盐水。洗好几次，以确认粘合剂不被泄露。添加所需的解决方案;在这种情况下，加入50μl荧光葡聚糖的使用。预期类似的极性的水溶性化合物会表现一样葡聚糖。递送疏水性化合物或悬浮液尚未探索用这种方法。 </li><li>通过使用一块圆形腈固定在盖上井的顶部页首使用氰基丙烯酸酯胶粘剂。确保粘接不来与良好的内容接触。 </li></ol> 5，分析粘膜递送的<ol><li>经过所需的时间量已经过去，麻醉小鼠，并用伊文思蓝染料的溶液交换以及内容。这种染料是用来验证该接枝是完整的。 </li><li> 30分钟后，麻醉小鼠重，除去染料溶液，并且通过断头安乐死。 </li><li>手动移除植入物及手术用剪刀取出大脑。请小心将移植物到位。 </li><li>一旦去除，闪光冻结大脑中的异丁烷的溶液冷却在干冰浴中。 </li><li>嵌入在大脑最佳切削温度（OCT）解决方案和切片在50微米。 </li><li>直接将所需的切片在显微镜载玻片上。 </li><li>图片只要华侨城解决方案已经干涸使用荧光显微镜切片。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Cardoso, F. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Looking+at+the+blood-brain+barrier:+Molecular+anatomy+and+possible+investigation+approaches.">Looking at the blood-brain barrier: Molecular anatomy and possible investigation approaches.</a> Brain Res. Rev. 64, 328-363 (2010).</li><li>Pardridge, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug+transport+across+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Drug transport across the blood-brain barrier.</a> J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 32, 1959-1972 (2012).</li><li>Chen, Y., Liu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modern+methods+for+delivery+of+drugs+across+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Modern methods for delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier.</a> Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64, 640-665 (2012).</li><li>Cheng, F. -. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glial+cell+line-derived+neurotrophic+factor+protects+against+1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine+(MPTP)-induced+neurotoxicity+in+C57BL/6+mice.">Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice.</a> Neurosci. Lett. 252, 87-90 (1998).</li><li>Grondin, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=controlled+GDNF+infusion+promotes+structural+and+functional+recovery+in+advanced+parkinsonian+monkeys.">controlled GDNF infusion promotes structural and functional recovery in advanced parkinsonian monkeys.</a> Brain. 125, 2191-2201 (2002).</li><li>Kirik, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localized+striatal+delivery+of+GDNF+as+a+treatment+for+Parkinson+disease.">Localized striatal delivery of GDNF as a treatment for Parkinson disease.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 7, 105-110 (2004).</li><li>Pardridge, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug+and+gene+targeting+to+the+brain+with+molecular+trojan+horses.">Drug and gene targeting to the brain with molecular trojan horses.</a> Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 1, 131-139 (2002).</li><li>Pardridge, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood-brain+barrier+delivery+of+protein+and+non-viral+gene+therapeutics+with+molecular+Trojan+horses.">Blood-brain barrier delivery of protein and non-viral gene therapeutics with molecular Trojan horses.</a> J. Control. Release. 122, 345-348 (2007).</li><li>Bellavance, M. -. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+blood-brain+barrier+disruption+as+a+CNS+delivery+strategy.">Recent advances in blood-brain barrier disruption as a CNS delivery strategy.</a> AAPS J. 10, 166-177 (2008).</li><li>Merkus, F. H. M., Berg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Can+nasal+drug+delivery+bypass+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Can nasal drug delivery bypass the blood-brain barrier.</a> Drugs R. D. 8, 133-144 (2007).</li><li>Dhuria, S. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+delivery+to+the+central+nervous+system:+Mechanisms+and+experimental+considerations.">Intranasal delivery to the central nervous system: Mechanisms and experimental considerations.</a> J. Pharm. Sci. 99, 1654-1673 (2010).</li><li>Illum, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nasal+drug+delivery-possibilities,+problems+and+solutions.">Nasal drug delivery-possibilities, problems and solutions.</a> J. Control. Release. 87, 187-198 (2003).</li><li>Craft, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+insulin+therapy+for+alzheimer+disease+and+amnestic+mild+cognitive+impairment:+A+pilot+clinical+trial.">Intranasal insulin therapy for alzheimer disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A pilot clinical trial.</a> Arch. Neurol. 69, 29-38 (2012).</li><li>Freiherr, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranasal+insulin+as+a+treatment+for+Alzheimer's+Disease:+A+review+of+basic+research+and+clinical+evidence.">Intranasal insulin as a treatment for Alzheimer's Disease: A review of basic research and clinical evidence.</a> CNS Drugs. 27, 505-514 (2013).</li><li>Gill, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+brain+infusion+of+glial+cell+line-derived+neurotrophic+factor+in+Parkinson+disease.">Direct brain infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in Parkinson disease.</a> Nat. Med. 9, 589-595 (2003).</li><li>Love, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glial+cell+line-derived+neurotrophic+factor+induces+neuronal+sprouting+in+human+brain.">Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induces neuronal sprouting in human brain.</a> Nat. Med. 11, 703-704 (2005).</li><li>Antunes, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+nasal+septa+for+respiratory+epithelial+air-liquid+interface+cultures.">Murine nasal septa for respiratory epithelial air-liquid interface cultures.</a> BioTechniques. 43, 195-204 (2007).</li><li>Bleier, B. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Permeabilization+of+the+blood-brain+barrier+via+mucosal+engrafting:+implications+for+drug+delivery+to+the+brain.">Permeabilization of the blood-brain barrier via mucosal engrafting: implications for drug delivery to the brain.</a> PLoS ONE. 8, (2013).</li><li>Bernal-Sprekelsen, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Closure+of+cerebrospinal+fluid+leaks+prevents+ascending+bacterial+meningitis.">Closure of cerebrospinal fluid leaks prevents ascending bacterial meningitis.</a> Rhinology. 43, 277-281 (2005).</li><li>Bleier, B. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-assisted+cerebrospinal+fluid+leak+repair:+An+animal+model+to+test+feasibility.">Laser-assisted cerebrospinal fluid leak repair: An animal model to test feasibility.</a> Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 137, 810-814 (2007).</li></ol>

本杰明·S. Bleier博士是药物输送到中枢神经系统的临时专利覆盖方法铅的发明者。

本文所描述的过程中最困难的步骤是一个足够大的粘膜的成功转移到脑表面。这一步是由显著容易，如果收获的鼻中隔足够大，打扫好。如果隔膜的腹侧部分被截断，应获得一个新的移植物。钻孔角度应垂直于鼠标头，以确保粘膜不被钻头损坏。如果宽度大于推荐钻孔通道被接便更难除去，其连接到该隔膜的额外的组织。任何大块的结缔组织应该用锋利的剪刀割伤，而不是试图拉他们松被删除。?...

神经和精神疾病的治疗中是受到严重的血-脑屏障（BBB），防止所有潜在的药物制剂的95％以上到达中枢神经系统1-3的存在阻碍。例如，神经胶质源性神经营养因子（GDNF）已被证明可有效地治疗帕金森氏病时，直接注射到大脑，交付时全身性，因为它不能穿透血脑屏障4-6不过是无效的。 众多走近已经发展到试图绕过这个问题。改善全身递送neurotheraputics的已证实通过使用含有抗体的选择性为位于脑毛细血管内皮转运蛋白药物结合物;然而这种方法并没有被证明是适用于范围广泛的药物7,8。此外，血脑屏障渗透性开放已经临床使用盟友，但这种方法从全身用药剂量患有而不是一个更直接的传递到感兴趣的9大脑区域。大量的努力已投入在优化直接针对大脑10-12的希望鼻交付。虽然有些已经取得成功的，结论性的结果只获得针对药物具有内源性受体，如胰岛素13,14。此外鼻交付机制一直存在争议证据通过嗅觉神经元摄取或通过血液11暗示间接进入大脑。使用植入导管直接的，经颅传递已经实现，但这一程序具有很强的侵袭，并与众多的并发症15,16关联。迄今为止，不存在一般的微创方法，以提供高分子量的化合物进入脑。 本文中所呈现的是一种鼠的外科手术创建与大脑半透界面。这是通过移植粘膜外植体17以上的小鼠外科开颅缺陷来实现的。使用此程序它已经表明，可溶性化合物高达500 kDa的可递送到中枢神经系统（直接进入脑实质以及进入脑脊液）在两个时间和分子量依赖性方式18。绕过血脑屏障这种方法是一款型号为颅底缺损修复的人类，它使用血管黏膜瓣下鼻内镜手术19,20修复颅骨孔。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:848px;" width="849">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">mice</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Taconic</td>
			<td>C57BL/6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Piramal Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Student Fine Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91461-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">pneumatic drill</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">MTI Dental</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">333-CB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">drill bit</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">forcepts</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91106-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Abbott Laboratories</td>
			<td>4925</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Polystyrene Detri Dish</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>08-757-12</td>
			<td>for temporarily storing graft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bead Sterilizer</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>18000-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Oxygen/Isoflurane System</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">SurgiVet</td>
			<td>V720100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temperature Control System</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Physitemp</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TCAT-2LV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Small Animal Stereotaxic Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">KOPF</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Eye Ointment</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Electric shaver</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Cotton-Tipped Applicators</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>23-400-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">7.5% Provadone Iodine</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Betadine surgical scrub</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Surgical Blade Stainless</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Feather</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2976#10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Scalpel Handle - #3</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10003-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3% Hydogen Peroxide</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>for cleaning the skull</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Vetbond Tissue Adhesive</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">3M</td>
			<td>1469SB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">needles</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>305176</td>
			<td>needle tip cut off and used as well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">syringes</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>309597</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">nitrile gloves</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Denville Scientific Inc</td>
			<td>G4162</td>
			<td>for well closure and protection of graft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5-0 Nylon Suture Thread</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Student Halsey Needle Holder</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91201-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">cyanoacrylate adhesive</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>commecially available super glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dental Cement Kit, 1 lb, Pink Opaque</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td>51458</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">isobutane (2-methylbutane)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td>M32631</td>
			<td>for dry ice bath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">dry ice</td>
			<td style="width:220px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

heterotopic mucosal engrafting procedure for direct drug delivery to the brain in mice

递送治疗剂进入脑是通过血 - 脑屏障（BBB）的制约的极性和高分子量化合物从血液进入脑组织的通道的存在阻碍。一些直接交付的成功在人类已通过经颅导管植入已经实现;然而，这种方法具有很强的侵袭，并与众多的并发症。侵入性较低的替代办法是通过外科手术植入，半透膜如用于下列在人类鼻内镜切除肿瘤手术，以修复颅底缺损鼻黏膜剂量的大脑。药物传递虽然这种膜能有效地绕过血脑屏障，并直接扩散到脑和脑脊液。通过这种方法的启发，在小鼠的手术方法的开发，使用捐赠者间隔粘膜栽种了一个多颅外手术血脑屏障的缺陷。该模型已被证明能有效地允许的高分子量化合物的通路进入大脑。由于众多的候选药物都无法穿越血脑屏障，这种模式是对神经系统和精神疾病进行的新疗法临床前试验的价值。

获得足够大的鼻中隔外植体是用于随后的步骤是至关重​​要的。这可以通过在该位置上， 如图1a中所示的供体小鼠的颅骨钻孔来完成。沿着这条路径切割将产生足够大小的外植体， 如图1b所示 。如果钻孔深度不够深，移植将被截断，这将是很难获得足够大的膜覆盖大脑表面。多钻横向比建议的路径是不妥当的，因为更多的组织会留在鼻中​​隔，下一个步骤将是更加?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Heterotopic Mucosal Engrafting Procedure for Direct Drug Delivery to the Brain in Mice at JoVE.com

Heterotopic Mucosal Engrafting Procedure for Direct Drug Delivery to the Brain in Mice

已开发人力内镜颅底重建的小鼠模型，会使用鼻腔粘膜移植大脑和鼻子之间的半透界面。这种方法使研究人员能够研究发货到全身给药时，被排除在外，否则由血脑屏障高分子量治疗中枢神经系统。

异位黏膜移植程序直接给药到小鼠的大脑

Delivery of therapeutics into the brain is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of polar and high ...

heterotopic-mucosal-engrafting-procedure-for-direct-drug-delivery-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.7K 次观看.  Boston University. 已开发人力内镜颅底重建的小鼠模型，会使用鼻腔粘膜移植大脑和鼻子之间的半透界面。这种方法使研究人员能够研究发货到全身给药时，被排除在外，否则由血脑屏障高分子量治疗中枢神经系统。 

视频: Heterotopic Mucosal Engrafting Procedure for Direct Drug Delivery to the Brain in Mice

Osmotic Drug Delivery to Ischemic Hindlimbs and Perfusion of Vasculature with Microfil for Micro-Computed Tomography Imaging

Preclinical research in animal models of peripheral arterial disease plays a vital role in testing the efficacy of therapeutic agents designed to stimulate microcirculation. The choice of delivery method for these agents is important because the route of administration profoundly affects the bioactivity and efficacy of these agents1,2. In this article, we demonstrate how to locally administer a substance in ischemic hindlimbs by using a catheterized osmotic pump. This pump can deliver a fixed volume of aqueous solution continuously for an allotted period of time. We also present our mouse model of unilateral hindlimb ischemia induced by ligation of the common femoral artery proximal to the origin of profunda femoris and epigastrica arteries in the left hindlimb. Lastly, we describe the in vivo cannulation and ligation of the infrarenal abdominal aorta and perfusion of the hindlimb vasculature with Microfil, a silicone radiopaque casting agent. Microfil can perfuse and fill the entire vascular bed (arterial and venous), and because we have ligated the major vascular conduit for exit, the agent can be retained in the vasculature for future ex vivo imaging with the use of small specimen micro-CT3.

We show here the in vivo insertion of an osmotic pump for constant local drug delivery and the creation of hindlimb ischemia in a mouse model. Moreover, the hindlimb vasculature is perfused with Microfil, a silicone radiopaque agent, to prepare for micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging.

药物输送到微型计算机断层扫描成像缺血后肢血管灌注与微滤渗透

Preclinical research in animal models of peripheral arterial disease plays a vital role in testing the efficacy of therapeutic agents designed to ...

科研

医学

Slow-release Drug Delivery through Elvax 40W to the Rat Retina: Implications for the Treatment of Chronic Conditions

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these diseases. Chronic retinal diseases such as retinal oedema or neovascularization usually require multiple intraocular injections to effectively treat the condition. However, the risks associated with these injections increase with repeated delivery of the drug. Therefore, alternative delivery methods need to be established in order to minimize the risks of reinjection. Several other investigations have developed methods to deliver drugs over extended time, through materials capable of releasing chemicals slowly into the eye. In this investigation, we outline the use of Elvax 40W, a copolymer resin, to act as a vehicle for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The resin is made and loaded with the drug. The drug-resin complex is then implanted into the vitreous cavity, where it will slowly release the drug over time. This method was tested using 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), a glutamate analogue that blocks the light response of the retina. It was demonstrated that the APB was slowly released from the resin, and was able to block the retinal response by 7 days after implantation. This indicates that slow-release drug delivery using this copolymer resin is effective for treating the retina, and could be used therapeutically with further testing.

This paper details how Elvax 40W can be used as a slow-release method for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The protocol for preparing, loading, and delivering the drug-resin complex to the eye is described.

通过40W的Elvax缓释给药的大鼠视网膜：对慢性疾病的治疗

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these ...

Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of bone outside of the skeleton which forms following major trauma, burn injuries, and orthopaedic surgical procedures. The majority of animal models used to study HO rely on the application of exogenous substances, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), exogenous cell constructs, or genetic mutations in BMP signaling. While these models are useful they do not accurately reproduce the inflammatory states that cause the majority of cases of HO. Here we describe a burn/tenotomy model in mice that reliably produces focused HO. This protocol involves creating a 30% total body surface area partial thickness contact burn on the dorsal skin as well as division of the Achilles tendon at its midpoint. Relying solely on traumatic injury to induce HO at a predictable location allows for time-course study of endochondral heterotopic bone formation from intrinsic physiologic processes and environment only. This method could prove instrumental in understanding the inflammatory and osteogenic pathways involved in trauma-induced HO. Furthermore, because HO develops in a predictable location and time-course in this model, it allows for research to improve early imaging strategies and treatment modalities to prevent HO formation.

An Achilles tenotomy and burn injury model of heterotopic ossification allows for the reliable study of trauma induced ectopic bone formation without the application of exogenous factors.

异位骨化直接鼠标创伤/烧伤模型

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of bone outside of the skeleton which forms following major trauma, burn injuries, and orthopaedic surgical ...

Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplantation in Mice

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies this model by avoiding challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels thereby reducing warm ischemia time. In comparison to abdominal graft implantation the cervical model is less invasive and the implanted graft is easily accessible for further follow-up examinations. Anastomoses are performed by pulling the ascending aorta of the graft over the cuff with the recipient&#8217;s common carotid artery and by pulling the main pulmonary artery over the cuff with the external jugular vein. Selection of appropriate cuff size and complete mobilization of the vessels are important for successful revascularization. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury can be minimized by perfusing the graft with a cardioplegic solution and by hypothermia. In this article, we provide technical details for a simplified and improved cuff technique, which should allow surgeons with basic microsurgical skills to perform the procedure with a high success rate.

The cuff technique shortens and facilitates the model of heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice by avoiding technically challenging suture anastomoses of small vessels. The technical details shown in this video paper should allow researches to establish this model in their laboratories.

颈椎异位心脏移植小鼠

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies ...

Intraluminal Drug Delivery to the Mouse Arteriovenous Fistula Endothelium

Delivery of therapeutic agents to enhance arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation can be administered either via intraluminal or external routes. The simple murine AVF model was combined with intraluminal administration of drug solution to the venous endothelium at the same time as fistula creation. Technical aspects of this model are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made and the aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are exposed. The infra-renal aorta and IVC are dissected for clamping. After proximal and distal clamping, the puncture site is exposed and a 25 G needle is used to puncture both walls of the aorta and into the IVC. Immediately after the puncture, a reporter gene-expressing viral vector was infused in the IVC via the same needle, followed by 15 min of incubation. The intraluminal administration method enabled more robust viral gene delivery to the venous endothelium compared to administration by the external route. This novel method of delivery will facilitate studies that explore the role of the endothelium in AVF maturation and enable intraluminal drug delivery at the time of surgical operation.

After puncturing the aorta through the inferior vena cava (IVC) to create an aorto-caval fistula in the mouse, solution containing a drug is infused into the IVC via the same needle, followed by incubation. This method enables more robust drug delivery to the venous endothelium compared to the external route.

腔内药物输送到鼠标动静脉瘘内皮

Delivery of therapeutic agents to enhance arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation can be administered either via intraluminal or external routes. The ...

Optimized LC-MS/MS Method for the High-throughput Analysis of Clinical Samples of Ivacaftor, Its Major Metabolites, and Lumacaftor in Biological Fluids of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Defects in the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are the cause of cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease with life-threatening pulmonary manifestations. Ivacaftor (IVA) and ivacaftor-lumacaftor (LUMA) combination are two new breakthrough CF drugs that directly modulate the activity and trafficking of the defective CFTR-protein. However, there is still a dearth of understanding on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters and the pharmacology of ivacaftor and lumacaftor. The HPLC-MS technique for the simultaneous analysis of the concentrations of ivacaftor, hydroxymethyl-ivacaftor, ivacaftor-carboxylate, and lumacaftor in biological fluids in patients receiving standard ivacaftor or ivacaftor-lumacaftor combination therapy has previously been developed by our group and partially validated to FDA standards. However, to allow the high-throughput analysis of a larger number of patient samples, our group has optimized the reported method through the use of a smaller pore size reverse-phase chromatography column (2.6 &#181;m, C8 100 &#197;; 50 x 2.1 mm) and a gradient solvent system (0-1 min: 40% B; 1-2 min: 40-70% B; 2-2.7 min: held at 70% B; 2.7-2.8 min: 70-90% B; 2.8-4.0 min: 90% B washing; 4.0-4.1 min: 90-40% B; 4.1-6.0 min: held at 40% B) instead of an isocratic elution. The goal of this study was to reduce the HPLC-MS analysis time per sample dramatically from ~15 min to only 6 min per sample, which is essential for the analysis of a large amount of patient samples. This expedient method will be of considerable utility for studies into the exposure-response relationships of these breakthrough CF drugs.

Ivacaftor and ivacaftor-lumacaftor combination are two new CF drugs. However, there is still a dearth of understanding on their PK/PD and pharmacology. We present an optimized HPLC-MS technique for the simultaneous analysis of ivacaftor and its major metabolites, and lumacaftor.

经优化的 LC/ms 方法对囊性纤维化患者 Ivacaftor 及其主要代谢物和 Lumacaftor 的高通量分析

Defects in the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are the cause of cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease with life-threatening ...

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models based on pBECs in mono-culture (MC), MC with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), and non-contact co-culture (NCC) with astrocytes of porcine or rat origin. pBECs were isolated and cultured from fragments of capillaries from the brain cortices of domestic pigs 5-6 months old. These fragments were purified by careful removal of meninges, isolation and homogenization of grey matter, filtration, enzymatic digestion, and centrifugation. To further eliminate contaminating cells, the capillary fragments were cultured with puromycin-containing medium. When 60-95% confluent, pBECs growing from the capillary fragments were passaged to permeable membrane filter inserts and established in the models. To increase barrier tightness and BBB characteristic phenotype of pBECs, the cells were treated with the following differentiation factors: membrane permeant 8-CPT-cAMP (here abbreviated cAMP), hydrocortisone, and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, RO-20-1724 (RO). The procedure was carried out over a period of 9-11 days, and when establishing the NCC model, the astrocytes were cultured 2-8 weeks in advance. Adherence to the described procedures in the protocol has allowed the establishment of endothelial layers with highly restricted paracellular permeability, with the NCC model showing an average transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of 1249 &#177; 80 &#937; cm2, and paracellular permeability (Papp) for Lucifer Yellow of 0.90 10-6 &#177; 0.13 10-6 cm sec-1 (mean &#177; SEM, n=55). Further evaluation of this pBEC phenotype showed good expression of the tight junctional proteins claudin 5, ZO-1, occludin and adherens junction protein p120 catenin. The model presented can be used for a range of studies of the BBB in health and disease and, with the highly restrictive paracellular permeability, this model is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking.

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of the protocol is to present an optimized procedure for the establishment of an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model based on primary porcine brain endothelial cells (pBECs). The model shows high reproducibility, high tightness, and is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking in drug discovery.

一种基于猪脑内皮细胞的体外血脑屏障模型的改进方法

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) ...

Trans-Tympanic Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Ototoxicity

The systemic administration of protective agents to treat drug-induced ototoxicity is limited by the possibility that these protective agents could interfere with the chemotherapeutic efficacy of the primary drugs. This is especially true for the drug cisplatin, whose anticancer actions are attenuated by antioxidants which provide adequate protection against hearing loss. Other current or potential otoprotective agents could pose a similar problem, if administered systemically. The application of various biologicals or protective agents directly to the cochlea would allow for high levels of these agents locally with limited systemic side effects. In this report, we demonstrate a trans-tympanic method of delivery of various drugs or biological reagents to the cochlea, which should enhance basic science research on the cochlea and provide a simple way of directing the use of otoprotective agents in the clinics. This report details a method of trans-tympanic drug delivery and provides examples of how this technique has been used successfully in experimental animals to treat cisplatin ototoxicity.

We present a technique for localized administration of drugs through the trans-tympanic route into the cochlea. Drug delivery through this route would not interfere with the anti-cancer efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin.

经鼓膜药物治疗耳毒性的临床研究

The systemic administration of protective agents to treat drug-induced ototoxicity is limited by the possibility that these protective agents could ...

In Vivo Photolabeling of Cells in the Colon to Assess Migratory Potential of Hematopoietic Cells in Neonatal Mice

Enteric bacterial communities are established early in life and influence immune cell development and function. The neonatal microbiota is susceptible to numerous external influences including antibiotics use and diet, which impacts susceptibility to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Disorders such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) are characterized by a massive influx of immune cells to the intestines. However, immune cells conditioned by the microbiota may additionally emigrate out of the intestines to influence immune responses at extra-intestinal sites. Thus, there is a need to identify and characterize cells that may carry microbial messages from the intestines to distal sites. Here, we describe a method to label cells in the colon of newborn mice in vivo that enables their identification at extra-intestinal sites after migration.

In Vivo Photolabeling of Cells in the Colon to Assess Migratory Potential of Hematopoietic Cells in Neonatal Mice

The protocol described here utilizes a photolabeling approach in newborn mice to specifically identify immune cells that emigrate from the colon to extra-intestinal sites. This strategy will be useful to study host-microbiome interactions in early life.

体内结肠细胞 Photolabeling 对新生小鼠造血细胞迁移潜能的评价

Enteric bacterial communities are established early in life and influence immune cell development and function. The neonatal microbiota is susceptible to ...

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Intranasal administration has been reported to be a potential pathway for nose-to-brain delivery of therapeutic agents that circumvents the blood-brain barrier. However, there have been few reports regarding not only the quantitative analysis but also optimal administration conditions and dosing regimens for investigations of nose-to-brain delivery. The limited progress in research on nose-to-brain pathway mechanisms using rodents represents a significant impediment in terms of designing nose-to-brain delivery systems for candidate drugs.
To gain some headway in this regard, we developed and evaluated two novel methods of stable intranasal administration under inhalation anesthesia for experimental animals. We also describe a method for the evaluation of drug distribution levels in the brain via the nose-to-brain pathway using radio-labeled [14C]-inulin (molecular weight: 5,000) as a model substrate of water-soluble macromolecules.
Initially, we developed a pipette-based intranasal administration protocol using temporarily openable masks, which enabled us to perform reliable administration to animals under stable anesthesia. Using this system, [14C]-inulin could be delivered to the brain with little experimental error.
We subsequently developed an intranasal administration protocol entailing reverse cannulation from the airway side through the esophagus, which was developed to minimize the effects of mucociliary clearance (MC). This technique led to significantly higher levels of [14C]-inulin, which was quantitatively detected in the olfactory bulb, cerebrum, and medulla oblongata, than the pipette method. This appears to be because retention of the drug solution in the nasal cavity was substantially increased by active administration using a syringe pump in a direction opposite to the MC into the nasal cavity.
In conclusion, the two methods of intranasal administration developed in this study can be expected to be extremely useful techniques for evaluating pharmacokinetics in rodents. The reverse cannulation method, in particular, could be useful for evaluating the full potential of nose-to-brain delivery of drug candidates.

Here, we describe two novel methods of stable intranasal administration under inhalation anesthesia with minimal physical stress for experimental animals. We also describe a method for quantitative evaluation of drug distribution levels in the brain via the nose-to-brain pathway using radiolabeled [14C]-inulin as a model substrate of water-soluble macromolecules.

吸入麻醉下鼻内给药评价鼻腔给脑药物的新方法

Intranasal administration has been reported to be a potential pathway for nose-to-brain delivery of therapeutic agents that circumvents the blood-brain ...