This study was supported by a grant from Bruker Molecular Imaging (to WML) and from the NIH (Grant HL019982 to FJC).

动物处理，并与他们所有的实验按照批准了圣母大学的机构动物护理和使用委员会（协议编号14-086）的协议被严格执行。 1.动物<ol><li>动物和中风启动：使用雄性SD大鼠为所有卒中研究之间的220和270克称重。 </li><li>麻醉大鼠用鼻锥2.5％异氟烷（2升/分钟在100％O 2）。 </li><li>将背斜卧的动物上一个加热垫。大盘回落的前腿。 </li><li>剃颈部ventralsurface。 PREP用70％乙醇的剃区域随后用10％providone碘溶液。 </li><li>无菌仪器被用于此过程;手套动物的准备后更换。无菌尖端技术的采用。 </li><li>使用剪刀，使切口平行2-2.5厘米到气管，0.5cm到气管的右侧。用钝dissectioÑ​​定位在颈内动脉。 </li><li>用拉钩，帮助形象化的船只。放置在颈总动脉（CCA）的微型钳。 </li><li>定位在第一分支点，这将是外颈动脉（ECA）和颈内动脉（ICA）。灸贴在ECA，更小的分支，如枕动脉。 </li><li>结扎分支附近的ECA用4-0丝线缝合甲状腺动脉。缝线应该有额外的长度，以使止血保持缝合。 </li><li>烧灼缝合（颅）以上的ECA。夹紧与止血缝合，拉ECA尾端，这将是与CCA平行。 </li><li>找到ICA，用另一个微钳闭塞动脉此。 </li><li>让使用小弹簧剪刀小口子ECA。将封堵器进入ECA和领带缝合周围的封堵，以防止血液流动。 </li><li>卸下ICA微钳和推进封堵，直到感到有阻力。 注意确保封堵器进入ICA，而不是pterygopalatin动脉。阻塞器应该平滑地前进和白尖不应该被看作如果阻塞器被正确地放置。 </li><li>取下CCA微钳。切断任何多余的封堵器或缝合。 </li><li>将9毫米自动剪辑关闭皮肤切口。 </li><li>从麻醉中取出的动物，让动物唤醒。 2小时后： <ol><li>麻醉大鼠异氟醚。 </li><li>除去伤口剪辑。 </li><li>找到封堵器的末端并在其上轻轻拉动，直到封堵器的白尖接触到缝合的接触从大脑中动脉将其删除。不要把它所有的出路，这会引起出血。 </li><li>更换伤口剪辑的切口。 </li><li>从麻醉中取出的动物，让动物唤醒。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.图像采集执行三个PET和CT s罐每只大鼠。采取预扫描1-2天诱导中风之前，提供一个基准18 F-FDG摄取。扫描每只大鼠1.5小时中风后，再灌注之前被（在动物图像与封堵静止）上进行。扫描每个大鼠26小时中风后（24小时再灌注后），以量化的脑组织损伤，由于中风的伤害。 注：在手稿的其余部分中提到的24小时的时间点是指在再灌注后的时间，当老鼠被扫描。 <ol><li>麻醉下的2.5％异氟醚气老鼠麻醉室。 </li><li>注资约500微居里的18架F-脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）（200微升总体积）到尾静脉大鼠。 </li><li>等待1小时。 </li><li>将麻醉大鼠标准大鼠床上，下鼻锥异氟醚麻醉。老鼠的鼻子和鼠床的边缘之间的测量距离在毫米水平偏移。 </li></ol> 3.图像采集<ol><li>打开Albira套房 SOFtware。 </li><li>选择收购 。 </li><li>命名新的研究。 </li><li>在PET或SPECT单击Add&gt;选择PET协议 。单击添加 。 </li><li>在CT单击添加&gt;选择CT协议 。单击添加 。 </li><li>点击下PET在初始水平位置序号 。设置数量大鼠的鼻子和大鼠床前之间测量距离毫米。重复CT。 </li><li>设置符合鼠和克重输入。 </li><li>设置化合物对FDG。 </li><li>设置注入时间和注入时间和剂量 。 </li><li>单击开始按钮研究 。 注：在完成PET CT扫描完成后，数据将被自动保存。 </li><li>打开Albira重构的 。 </li><li>陈GE 等待到最后10或全部 。 </li><li>选择扫描文件名。 </li><li>单击添加 。 </li><li>单击开始重建 。注意：文件将保存在MicroPET格式。 </li></ol> 4.图像分析<ol><li>执行使用与W.希弗脑图谱相结合的PMOD分析软件图像分析。 <ol><li>打开PMOD&gt;融合 。 </li><li>导航到配准预处理标签在屏幕的顶部。 </li><li>打开负载参考下拉菜单在屏幕的中央，然后选择NifTI。导航到C：//PMOD3.2/resources/templates/usertemplates。选择鼠（W.Schiffer）-FDG.nii，然后单击打开 。 </li><li>打开负载输入下拉菜单在屏幕的右侧，并选择MicroPET。导航到所需MicroPET文件。选择它，然后单击打开 。 </li><li>导航到手动配准标签在屏幕的顶部。 </li><li>选择在中间组在右侧（Reslicing）选项卡的第四个标签。 注：两个按钮将出现在MicroPET扫描。 </li><li>使用开放的白色矩形旋转MicroPET扫描和填充白色矩形移动MicroPET扫描。对齐两次扫描。要做到这一点，找到喜欢的哈氏腺，和顶部和后部脑功能，它可以用来匹配与大脑模型的MicroPET扫描标志性建筑。然后，调整MicroPET扫描，直到它匹配了脑图谱（W.希弗）。 注意：例如，哈氏腺显得明亮的MicroPET扫描和脑图谱（W·希弗）两者，并且可以被用作对准的参考。 </li><li>如果需要，旋转MicroPET扫描180°在冠状视图和日显著提高扫描ê矢状视图，连同其他次要方向的变化。 </li><li>导航到全屏融合（的VOI）选项卡，在屏幕的顶部。 </li><li>选择源A在屏幕的右上角。 </li><li>导航到模板&gt;阿特拉斯在页面的底部。 </li><li>从下拉菜单中选择鼠（W.希弗）。 注：（可选）返回到手动配准选项 ​​卡，其中寰应该出现覆盖在脑图谱（W.希弗）。地图集可以用来帮助对齐MicroPET扫描和脑图谱（W.希弗）。调整后，返回到全屏融合（的VOI）选项卡 。模板将出现在大脑中，指示哪个脑的部分将被测量为在VIO统计。 </li><li>选择源B在屏幕的右上角。 </li><li>在上面右击选择VOI统计按钮吨的画面。 注：电子表格就会出现。 </li><li>选择保存 。 注：写为[VOI统计]窗口将出现。 </li><li>选择保存到文件系统 。 注：PMOD（保存）：选择将显示组件窗口。 </li><li>在文件名字段中，键入所需的文件名。 </li><li>选择保存 。 </li></ol></li><li>执行使用Microsoft Office Excel 2010中的数据分析。 <ol><li>打开Excel。 </li><li>选择文件&gt;打开 。 </li><li>改变从所有的Excel文件的文件类型为所有文件 。 </li><li>导航到保存VIOSTAT文件。选择所需的文件。 注：导入向导将出现。 </li><li>选择完成 。如果使用的是Mac，双击VOISTAT文件，它将作为一个Excel文件，直接打开。 </li><li>选择包含现场VoiName列（R旅游区）。复制信息并粘贴到一个新的Excel文件。 </li><li>选择包含场均领域和[1/1]列。复制信息并粘贴到新的Excel文件。 </li><li>所有VOISTAT文件重复此过程。 </li><li>开始为每个数据集的新选项卡。 </li><li>回到第一个标签。选择一个新的单元格。由大脑的左侧分割右侧大脑中的值计算出右侧大脑部到脑部的左侧的的比率。属于右侧大脑的脑切片中列出属于脑的左侧的部分之前。重复此为所有的脑切片。 </li><li>选择一个新的单元格。使用平均函数来计算在所有小鼠的每个先前计算出的比率的平均值。 </li><li>选择一个新的单元格。通过使用STDEV函数和分割我计算每个脑部分的扫描电镜吨由小鼠的数量的平方根。 </li><li>重复此为每个数据集。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.图像可视化<ol><li>图像转换成使用PMOD分析软件分析文件格式。 <ol><li>打开PMOD&gt;查看 。 </li><li>导航到查看选项卡，在屏幕的顶部。 </li><li>打开负载下拉菜单在屏幕的右侧，并选择MicroPET。导航到所需的MicroPET或CT文件。选择它，并按下打开 。 </li><li>打开保存的下拉菜单，在屏幕的右侧，并选择分析 。导航到所需的目的地。键入所需的名称为文件名 ​​称字段。选择保存 。 </li></ol></li><li>创建使用VolView成像软件图像序列。 <ol><li>打开VolView。 </li><li>选择打开文件 </stro纳克&gt;在屏幕的左侧。 </li><li>导航到所需的扫描的CT数据文件的分析版本。选择它，并按下打开 。 注：打开文件向导将会出现。 </li><li>在弹出的窗口中按下一步使用默认设置。 </li><li>选择位于屏幕左侧的插件标签。 </li><li>打开插件下拉菜单，然后选择工具&gt;合并卷 。 </li><li>取消选中重缩放组件 。 </li><li>选择指定第二个输入 。 </li><li>导航到MicroPET数据文件为同一扫描分析版本。选择它，并按下打开 。 注： 打开文件向导将会出现。 </li><li>在每个屏幕按下下一步使用默认设置。 注：MicroPET扫描会出现叠加在CT扫描。 </li><li>选择颜色/不透明度设置s标签在屏幕的左侧。 </li><li>打开组件下拉菜单屏幕的右下角。选择1。 注意：这将确保该CT扫描是受以下方向的唯一的图像。 </li><li>在标量颜色映射部分中，选择中间点。通过拖动它的滑块面积将其删除。 </li><li>选择留下点。 注：会出现一个颜色选择器窗口。 </li><li>改变点到黑的颜色。 </li><li>选择合适的点。 注：会出现一个颜色选择器窗口。 </li><li>该点的颜色改变为白色。 </li><li>在标量不透明度映射部分，通过单击框的任意位置添加点。 </li><li>调整部，直到CT图像仅显示的大鼠的骨骼。 </li><li>勾选启用底纹 。 </li><li> 选择右手EVIEW标签在屏幕的左侧。 </li><li>改变帧数为72。 </li><li>改变X旋转360。 </li><li>选择创建 。 </li><li>导航到所需的目的地。创建一个新的文件夹来存储空并选择New&gt;文件夹右键点击图像。 </li><li>键入所需的名称为文件名 ​​称字段。选择保存 。 注：会出现一个框的大小窗口。 </li><li>选择确定 。 </li><li> Volview将生成的图像。当它完成后，会出现一个窗口，提示“您的电影已成功创建！”选择确定 。 </li><li>返回颜色/不透明度设置选项卡。 </li><li>按照成份股权重（S），调整滑块组件1，因此它具有VALU电子0。 注：只有MicroPET扫描就会出现。 </li><li>重复步骤5.2.21-28以创建第二图像序列。 </li><li>返回颜色/不透明度设置选项卡。 </li><li>下成分重量（S），调整部件2，使得它具有0的值的滑块。 注：只有CT扫描会出现。 </li><li>重复步骤5.2.21-28创建第三图像序列。 </li></ol></li><li>生成使用ImageJ的软件旋转动画（视频显示）。 <ol><li>打开ImageJ的。 </li><li>选择File&gt; Import&gt;图像序列 。 </li><li>导航到包含只查看CT数据的预扫描的图像文件。选择第一个图像，然后按选择 。 注：会出现一个序列选项窗口。 </li><li>选择确定 。 </li><li> 选择File＆＃62;导入&gt;图像序列。 </li><li>导航到包含仅查看MicroPET数据用于预扫描图像中的文件。选择第一个图像，然后按选择 。 注：会出现一个序列选项窗口。 </li><li>选择确定 。 </li><li>选择File&gt; Import&gt;图像序列 。 </li><li>导航到包含查看CT和MicroPET数据预扫描两个图像文件。选择第一个图像，然后按选择 。 注：会出现一个序列选项窗口。 </li><li>选择确定 。 </li><li>选择图像&gt;栈&gt;工具&gt;联合 。 注：会出现一个组合窗口。 </li><li>选择栈1下拉菜单。选择包含​​CT数据堆栈。 </li><li>选择stack2中下拉菜单。选择包含​​弥堆栈croPET数据。选择确定 。 注：一个新的堆栈既扫描就会出现。 </li><li>选择图像&gt;栈&gt;工具&gt;联合 。 注：会出现一个组合窗口。 </li><li>选择栈1下拉菜单。选择包含​​合并栈堆栈。 </li><li>选择stack2中下拉菜单。选择同时包含CT数据和MicroPET数据堆栈。选择确定 。 注：一个新的堆栈与所有三个扫描将出现。 </li><li>保持组合栈开放。在1.5小时后扫描和24小时后的扫描图像栈重复步骤5.3.2-16。 </li><li>选择图像&gt;栈&gt;工具&gt;联合 。 注：会出现一个组合窗口。 </li><li>选择栈1下拉菜单。选择包含​​所有预扫描数据堆栈。 </li><li>选择stack2中 </st荣&gt;下拉菜单。选择包含​​所有的1.5小时后扫描数据堆栈。 </li><li>检查结合垂直 。 </li><li>选择确定 。 注：新的堆栈同时与预扫描和1.5小时的扫描后会出现。 </li><li>选择图像&gt;栈&gt;工具&gt;联合 。 注：会出现一个组合窗口。 </li><li>选择栈1下拉菜单。选择包含​​合并栈堆栈。 </li><li>选择stack2中下拉菜单。选择一个包含所有24小时后扫描数据堆栈。 </li><li>检查结合垂直 。 </li><li>选择确定 。 注：一个新的堆栈与所有九个扫描就会出现。 </li><li>选择文件&gt;另存为&gt; AVI。 </li><li>选择确定 。 </li><li>导航到所需的目的地。键入所需的名称为文件名 </strong&gt;字段。选择保存 。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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WML is a consultant for Bruker Molecular Imaging

这里，我们提出对中风诱导，PET成像，和组织损伤在Sprague-Dawley大鼠的脑标准化子区域测量的详细的策略。成像的小动物模型，特别是在冲程的面积是有益的，因为治疗中风是有效的依赖于极短的治疗时间。这里，我们提出一种伤害再灌注模型，其中，笔划被经由阻塞引起的大脑中动脉，以及使用FDG PET带，沿着用于解剖参考的X射线CT成像进行。 FDG摄取的脑子区域内刻板的测量成为可能的VOI模板图谱精确地映射到PMOD图像分析软件中的老鼠的大脑。在相对的半球比例FDG值收集除以相应脑子区，它允许损坏的直接测量而正常化的变化在不同的动物和时刻p之间的全球FDG PET信号oints。这些测量与中风的大鼠脑的预期效应相一致，显示出一致，脑组织对葡萄糖的摄取，在同侧半球的某些区域显著损失。这种方法有，来提升我们来比较动物接受多种类型的脑外伤，包括缺血性卒中的FDG PET数据集的能力的潜力。通过标准化的卷被跨越大脑半球，并在多个动物量化，这种方法会产生降低组织对葡萄糖的摄取一致的测量。请注意，其他PET ​​示踪剂与脑摄取，如11 C-雷氯必利的D2受体，可能与此协议中使用，以及21。最后，我们描述了一种方法来可视化在大鼠脑其骨架具有高的解剖精度内缺血性中风在三个维度。因为中风诱发的生理和功能障碍可能是瞬时的或永久的，这种非侵入性成像的方法允许研究人员评估的脑损伤中的相同的动物在一段时间。它提供了一种神经学得分大鼠，以及评估短期和长期的神经缺陷，在相同的动物。的PMOD软件的模板功能允许研究人员提供一定量的精度映射损伤区和或许关联到神经后遗症和行为模式。 对于脑分区中风损伤准确定量，关键的一步是在PMOD大鼠脑图谱的PET数据对齐。对齐不一致会导致受缺血的大脑分区域不正确的量化。如在协议步骤4.1.7描述，但是可以使用哈德腺体作为标志用于对准的脑图谱与实验的PET的数据。部分容积效应（PVE）是这种类型的分析过程中一个问题，并且会限制大脑结构的整体分辨率可被成像。信号溢出可能相邻卷之间发生，或者所述VOI本身可能太小相对于仪器的分辨率，从而降低了方法22的定量精度。在这些研究中所用的Albira的PET系统配备有三个检测器环，并产生1.1毫米，这由对应所取得1.5毫米23单环系统演进而来的分辨率。 Buvat和同事注意的PVE会影响肿瘤的测量值，其直径小于2-3倍于全宽度半最大值（FWHM）系统的分辨率，这将对应于一个球形体积的5.6-18.9毫米3为3-环Albira。 Casteels 等人最近表示体积大于8毫米3将具有现代临床前PET扫描仪具有在1.1-1.3毫米24的范围内的分辨率最小的部分容积效应。该希弗图集已精心构筑充分考虑这些参数，并利用58的VOI，其中13低于8毫米3阈值。这些包括的VOI为右和内侧前额叶皮质的左半球（6.3毫米3，R / L）时，帕的外皮（7.6毫米3，R / L），上丘（7.1毫米3，R / L）中，VTA（5.5毫米3，R / L），下丘（5.7毫米3，R / L），垂体（5.9 立方毫米）和CB血流（5.1 立方毫米）。此外，额皮质（1.4 mm 3的R / L）的测量将是最容易受到PVE由于其小的尺寸。 研究在较大的动物，如老鼠，其具有在所述解剖结构的尺寸相应地增加，将有可能可靠地量化相比小鼠脑子区的数量较多。然而，这些方法适用于在小鼠中，它们有自己的脑图谱中的PMOD可用的是由18分区域是大脑成像大小以减少PVE。此外，使用的PET，以确定更小的大脑区域比在这项研究中，可能需要使用替代的方法进行了描述。此处所描述的方法，使产生的脑组织损伤随时间，由大脑分区域分割，在活老鼠刻板和高效的量化。伤因缺血这里表现为一个例子，但呈现更改在大脑活动的定量的方法可以适用于影响大鼠脑的任何其他条件。 最后，小动物的FDG-PET-CT数据可以以一种非侵入性和经济的方式获得，并且可方便地用于小动物成像以定量的方式。利用PMOD程序的希弗模板工具，大脑缺血区域可以划定并在PET数据测量。这是脑缺血，以促进开发包后，一个强大的工具，脑重组，修复的未来研究和神经新台币神经疗法残疾人脑卒中患者。这种可视化也将在评估脑外伤，其中所述组织损伤，可以从不同的成像方式对齐的其它情况下是特别有用的。

中风是死亡的发达国家的主要原因之一，是直接负责的1出19的美国人1死亡。据估计，大约有795,000美国人经历中风每年，其中对这些87％的缺血性在本质5。在缺血事件，对皮质神经元的连续供应的氧和葡萄糖的严重受损诱导缺氧的环境中，这导致在受影响的脑区域减少的细胞功能。根据笔划的严重程度，脑血流量和葡萄糖摄取空间和时间而变化。 伤害是由于中风可通过非侵入性的方法来识别，如18 F-氟脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）正电子发射断层扫描6。 FDG是一种葡萄糖类似物，其中的羟基基团在2&#39;位已被取代发光（18）F同位素的正电子。18 F是ADVANTageous由于其长110分钟半衰期，允许它被用于检测葡萄糖消耗在大脑中。 FDG PET产生脱氧葡萄糖消耗量的定量高分辨率地图大脑7（18）F趋向于积聚在高葡萄糖消耗的区域内，这表明这些组织是高度代谢活性8。所述18 F-核经历β-衰变，释放正电子，迅速 ​​与附近的电子湮灭，产生γ射线，这是由该仪器进行检测。 FDG PET扫描可以重复在同一个体具有至少10（18）F的半衰期，或约18小时，在扫描之间，从而提供了一种方法，在同一个体研究改变脑活动随时间。 临床前的动物模型，例如大鼠，经常被用来评估中风的影响，并为治疗中风的有效性。因为FDG PET是非侵入性的，它可被用来测量中风的影响，随着时间的推移，而不破坏动物的生理学。取决于行程事件位置，大脑的不同区域可能会受到影响。然而，用小动物如大鼠，手动定义和量化在大鼠大脑的特定区域的活性可以是具有挑战性。为了在大鼠大脑的特定区域随着时间的推移比较葡萄糖代谢活性，感兴趣（VOI），以进行量化的卷必须一致划定。大鼠脑的精确图谱已经开发缓解这一问题9，并已被转换成用于在临床前FDG-PET数据的量化使用数字形式。在这里，我们提出了一个方法来分类卒中组织损伤一致，有条不紊的方式。该方法详细描述了外科手术过程用于引发脑缺血的动物模型，量化受中风特定脑亚区，并且产生的程度的三维可视化的行程和位置使用适当的技术和工具的组织损伤。用在本研究中所描述的方法，研究人员可以始终如一地发起脑缺血大鼠，进行PET成像，并量化使用限定的大脑区域中的临床前中风模型随时间的变化FDG摄取。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Albira PET SPECT CT</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>3D molecular imaging equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Sprague Dawley Rats</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Charles River Laboratories</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">400</td>
			<td>Animal Subjects</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">18-F-D-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Spectron</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>PET compound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">micro clamp</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>artery clamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">occluder #4037</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Doccol Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>surgical stroke induction</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

non-invasive imaging and analysis of cerebral ischemia in living rats using positron emission tomography with 18f-fdg

中风是死亡的美国人当中65岁以上的老年人1的第三大原因。生活的谁中风患者患有质量无法恢复正常的大部分患者2，这主要是由于目前尚缺乏临床治疗急性中风。这需要了解脑缺血的脑组织随时间的生理作用，是活跃的研究的一个主要领域。为此目的，已经取得了进展实验用大鼠作为中风的临床前模型，尤其是，使用非侵入性的方法，如（18）F-氟脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）加上正电子发射断层扫描（PET）成像3,10,17。在这里，我们提出了一个战略，大脑中动脉闭塞与诱导脑缺血大鼠（缺血），模仿局灶性脑缺血的人类，其成像效果超过24小时使用FDG-PET加上X射线计算机断层扫描（CT） Albira PET-CT仪。一个VOI模板寰后来融合到鼠脑数据，使大脑和其子区4的公正的分析。此外，对于FDG-PET-CT时间过程的三维可视化的方法，提出。总之，我们提出了用于发起，量化，和可视化在活的Sprague-Dawley大鼠的感应缺血性中风事件中使用FDG-PET三个维度的详细协议。

脑缺血经大脑中动脉闭塞发起活Sprague-Dawley大鼠，随后核成像方法检测其影响。活的大鼠进行成像24小时中风诱导前，以及1.5小时和24小时后的脑缺血，每个具有大约500微居里的18F-FDG，充分衰变内18小时独立注射。用于这些研究的三个探测器环Albira系统具有9％的灵敏度，使得500微居里合理剂量的影响。用于PET和X射线CT扫描代表成像数据在图1中 ，顶行和底行分别示出了鼠在24小时前和24小时再灌注后的时间点。横向（图A和E），矢状（板B和F），和冠状（面板C和G），用于每个扫描切片都带有着色成＆＃FDG-PET数据8220;彩虹“的强度的规模，并在灰度覆盖在CT。需要注意的是CT被用于动物颅骨内的PET数据的解剖配准，并且在脑组织中没有放射密度的变化在这些实验中指出。在24小时出现了大幅下降的葡萄糖摄取到同侧半球，提示广泛组织损伤，由于诱发缺血性中风。覆盖数据的3D渲染是在图1D和 H。当屏幕上旋转，这些呈现的数据提供FDG摄取中风引起的减少的增强的可视化。 为了量化在脑葡萄糖摄取的变动因中风在时空方式，VOI脑图谱施加预行程基准，1.5小时，和24小时（后再灌注），用于每个扫描。这是与W.一起使用PMOD软件包完成希弗大鼠脑模板，ATLA秒。首先，PMOD被用于每个大鼠脑PET数据集进行改造，以通过手动共同注册使用Reslicing选项卡下的移动和旋转工具，适当的空间和几何形状。请注意，缩放工具也可调节大脑的整体大小，如果需要的话。而采用希弗寰优于手动绘制的VOI大脑空间内，可能会有试验误差从不精确大脑融合诱导。因此，在一些情况下，增加动物数量，可能需要达到统计学意义。接着，W.希弗VOI脑图谱被自动地应用到测量FDG积累，在标准摄取单元，大鼠脑（ 图2）的确定的子区域内。大脑VOI图谱也可以用于以迭代方式与标准脑模型进一步优化实验数据的手动融合。作为行程事件分离到右脑半球在每个动物中，损害吨o分别区域进行定量计算对侧区域之间的葡萄糖摄取活性之比（ 图2）。利用这些比率的规定的左右半球之间的便利正常化，并移除变性跨不同的扫描进行比较的PET信号强度值时，可能会遇到。在1.5小时中风后，18架F-FDG摄取并没有受到影响，在缺血区。因此，没有量 ​​的变化，观察在对侧和同侧半球（ 图3，蓝色和绿色条）之间的葡萄糖摄取。这可能是由于超吸收葡萄糖的周围区域缺血或增加的葡萄糖代谢，在这个时间点，以补偿因细胞ATP 10,11的损失。然而，在同侧半球的特定区域的葡萄糖摄取显著下降，观察在多个动物（N = 5）在24小时再灌注后（ 图3，红色条）。 OTH呃大脑区域显示在同侧半球很少或没有损害。 具体来说，同侧半球，始终表现出减少的FDG摄取的地区依次为：杏仁核，尾壳，听觉，嗅，岛叶，副皮质和皮质体感地区。造成因中风皮质病变与神经元的连接和改变功能的地图损失有关。因中风导致精神病理学和认知功能障碍的12结构异常的杏仁核。这是不足为奇的尾状核区受到影响为FDG摄取如在该区域的外侧部分的脑血流量由闭塞中脑动脉13供给。在啮齿类动物的脑的这个区域中的病理学导致受损判别学习，认知加工和非运动功能14。无力占用FDG是在嗅皮层的还观察ð听觉皮质缺血半球的内侧颞叶。在2001年，Davis 等人报告说，内嗅皮质损伤大鼠导致受损的感觉集成和持久性的空间学习deificits 15。听觉功能障碍是已知发生在中风在人类中，虽然不常16。然而，FDG摄取由下丘即主要听觉通路之一没有受到中风在我们的模型。它已被证明缺血诱导的中风大鼠增加肾上腺素，去甲肾上腺素和交感神经活动由于梗塞在岛叶，在我们的模型中的区域即显示出很差的FDG摄取17中的一个。这可能会导致影响心脏系统变化，自主神经功能。穷FDG摄取中也观察到了额顶皮层的体感区域。在这方面的缺血性梗塞已报道引起结构异常和丘脑的连接损耗18。限定FDG摄取中也观察到视觉皮层，这可能导致受损眼优势可塑性，据报道在经受缺氧缺血19大鼠新生儿。然而，减少的FDG摄取未在上丘观察参与视觉马达指导20的区域。 FDG摄取海马区也受损，一个领域是在空间记忆和导航很重要。据一致地观察到，子区域的中脑，如上级和下丘，腹侧被盖区（VTA），以及前脑嗅球和深层丘脑并没有受到影响的闭塞中间的颈动脉（ 图3）。 两者合计，这些结果表明，FDG-PET的CT提供与监测脑缺血大鼠的在纵向的方式一个可行的，可重复的，以及非侵入性成像的策略。 <p类=“jove_content”FO：保持together.within页=“总是”&gt; <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/51495/51495fig1.jpg" /> 图1：大鼠前和后PET-CT数据脑缺血每行显示相应的横向（A，E），矢状（B，F），冠状（C，G），以及3D渲染（D，H），PET （;底部或诱导脑缺血后26小时）大鼠24小时（上排）和再灌注后24小时之前-CT数据。白色箭头表示下降FDG摄取位置因中风受损。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51495/51495fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/51495/51495fig2.jpg" /> 图2：使用PMOD的W.希弗鼠脑图谱排列PET数据的FDG-PET数据。老鼠24小时再灌注后（或26小时后，脑缺血;上排）融合与VOI脑模板图谱进行分析（下排）。颜色表示大脑模板寰单独的VOI。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51495/51495fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/51495/51495fig3.jpg" /> 图3：葡萄糖摄取的大鼠脑的代表定量分析科右比率左半球FDG PET的标准摄取单位从W.希弗鼠脑图谱的每个区域信号报道之前，缺血性卒中事件（预取扫描;蓝），1.5小时（绿色）和24小时（红色）后的再灌注（或26小时后的再灌注）。误差棒表示对于n = 5的大鼠脑中风事件标准误差，在每个时间点。 ** P≤0.01，* P≤0.05（配对t检验）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51495/51495fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/51495/51495fig4.jpg" /> 图4：图解MCAO手术的红线是插入到颈外动脉阻塞器。蓝色椭圆表示的大脑区域。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-invasive Imaging and Analysis of Cerebral Ischemia in Living Rats Using Positron Emission Tomography with 18F-FDG at JoVE.com

Non-invasive Imaging and Analysis of Cerebral Ischemia in Living Rats Using Positron Emission Tomography with 18F-FDG

Brain damage resulting from cerebral ischemia may be non-invasively imaged and studied in rats using pre-clinical positron emission tomography coupled with the injectable radioactive probe, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Further, the use of modern software tools that include volume of interest (VOI) brain templates dramatically increase the quantitative information gleaned from these studies.

无创成像和脑缺血分析生活中的大鼠使用正电子发射断层扫描<sup&gt; 18</sup&gt; F-FDG

Stroke is the third leading cause of death among Americans 65 years of age or older1. The quality of life for patients who suffer from a stroke fails to ...

non-invasive-imaging-analysis-cerebral-ischemia-living-rats-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Non-invasive Imaging and Analysis of Cerebral Ischemia in Living Rats Using Positron Emission Tomography with 18F-FDG

13.7K 次观看.  University of Notre Dame. Brain damage resulting from cerebral ischemia may be non-invasively imaged and studied in rats using pre-clinical positron emission tomography coupled with the injectable radioactive probe, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Further, the use of modern software tools that include volume of interest (VOI) brain templates dramatically increase the quantitative information gleaned from these studies.

视频: Non-invasive Imaging and Analysis of Cerebral Ischemia in Living Rats Using Positron Emission Tomography with 18F-FDG

Basic Surgical Techniques in the G&ouml;ttingen Minipig: Intubation, Bladder Catheterization, Femoral Vessel Catheterization, and Transcardial Perfusion

The emergence of the G&ouml;ttingen minipig in research of topics such as neuroscience, toxicology, diabetes, obesity, and experimental surgery reflects the close resemblance of these animals to human anatomy and physiology 1-6.The size of the G&ouml;ttingen minipig permits the use of surgical equipment and advanced imaging modalities similar to those used in humans 6-8. The aim of this instructional video is to increase the awareness on the value of minipigs in biomedical research, by demonstrating how to perform tracheal intubation, transurethral bladder catheterization, femoral artery and vein catheterization, as well as transcardial perfusion. 
Endotracheal Intubation should be performed whenever a minipig undergoes general anesthesia, because it maintains a patent airway, permits assisted ventilation and protects the airways from aspirates. Transurethral bladder catheterization can provide useful information about about hydration state as well as renal and cardiovascular function during long surgical procedures. Furthermore, urinary catheterization can prevent contamination of delicate medico-technical equipment and painful bladder extension which may harm the animal and unnecessarily influence the experiment due to increased vagal tone and altered physiological parameters. Arterial and venous catheterization is useful for obtaining repeated blood samples and monitoring various physiological parameters. Catheterization of femoral vessels is preferable to catheterization of the neck vessels for ease of access, when performing experiments involving frame-based stereotaxic neurosurgery and brain imaging. When performing vessel catheterization in survival studies, strict aseptic technique must be employed to avoid infections6. Transcardial perfusion is the most effective fixation method, and yields preeminent results when preparing minipig organs for histology and histochemistry2,9. For more information about anesthesia, surgery and experimental techniques in swine in general we refer to Swindle 2007. Supplementary information about premedication and induction of anesthesia, assisted ventilation, analgesia, pre- and postoperative care of G&ouml;ttingen minipigs are available via the internet at <a href="http://www.minipigs.com">http://www.minipigs.com</a>10. For extensive information about porcine anatomy we refer to Nickel et al. Vol. 1-511.

Basic Surgical Techniques in the G&amp;#246;ttingen Minipig: Intubation, Bladder Catheterization, Femoral Vessel Catheterization, and Transcardial Perfusion

The use of domestic and miniature pigs in science has increased significantly in recent years. By demonstrating how to perform intubation, transurethral bladder catheterization, femoral artery and vein catheterization, as well as transcardial perfusion, we aim to further increase the value of G&ouml;ttingen minipigs in biomedical research.

基本外科技术，在哥廷根微型猪：气管插管，膀胱导尿，股血管的导管和Transcardial灌注

The emergence of the G&ouml;ttingen minipig in research of topics such as neuroscience, toxicology, diabetes, obesity, and experimental surgery reflects ...

科研

医学

Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (FDG-PET/CT)

Conventional non-invasive imaging modalities of atherosclerosis such as coronary artery calcium (CAC)1 and carotid intimal medial thickness (C-IMT)2 provide information about the burden of disease. However, despite multiple validation studies of CAC3-5, and C-IMT2,6, these modalities do not accurately assess plaque characteristics7,8, and the composition and inflammatory state of the plaque determine its stability and, therefore, the risk of clinical events9-13.
[18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) imaging using positron-emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) has been extensively studied in oncologic metabolism14,15. Studies using animal models and immunohistochemistry in humans show that FDG-PET/CT is exquisitely sensitive for detecting macrophage activity16, an important source of cellular inflammation in vessel walls. More recently, we17,18 and others have shown that FDG-PET/CT enables highly precise, novel measurements of inflammatory activity of activity of atherosclerotic plaques in large and medium-sized arteries9,16,19,20. FDG-PET/CT studies have many advantages over other imaging modalities: 1) high contrast resolution; 2) quantification of plaque volume and metabolic activity allowing for multi-modal atherosclerotic plaque quantification; 3) dynamic, real-time, in vivo imaging; 4) minimal operator dependence. Finally, vascular inflammation detected by FDG-PET/CT has been shown to predict cardiovascular (CV) events independent of traditional risk factors21,22 and is also highly associated with overall burden of atherosclerosis23. Plaque activity by FDG-PET/CT is modulated by known beneficial CV interventions such as short term (12 week) statin therapy24 as well as longer term therapeutic lifestyle changes (16 months)25.
The current methodology for quantification of FDG uptake in atherosclerotic plaque involves measurement of the standardized uptake value (SUV) of an artery of interest and of the venous blood pool in order to calculate a target to background ratio (TBR), which is calculated by dividing the arterial SUV by the venous blood pool SUV. This method has shown to represent a stable, reproducible phenotype over time, has a high sensitivity for detection of vascular inflammation, and also has high inter-and intra-reader reliability26. Here we present our methodology for patient preparation, image acquisition, and quantification of atherosclerotic plaque activity and vascular inflammation using SUV, TBR, and a global parameter called the metabolic volumetric product (MVP). These approaches may be applied to assess vascular inflammation in various study samples of interest in a consistent fashion as we have shown in several prior publications.9,20,27,28

Quantification of Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Vascular Inflammation using [18-F] Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography FDG-PET/CT

There is great need to identify atherosclerosis non-invasively, and here we demonstrate how FDG-PET/CT can be used to detect and quantify atherosclerotic plaque activity and vascular inflammation.

动脉粥样硬化斑块的活动和血管炎症的定量使用[18 F]，氟正电子发射断层扫描/电脑断层扫描（FDG-PET/CT）

Conventional non-invasive imaging modalities of atherosclerosis such as coronary artery calcium (CAC)1 and carotid intimal medial thickness (C-IMT)2 ...

Non-invasive Imaging of Acute Allograft Rejection after Rat Renal Transplantation Using 18F-FDG PET

The number of patients with end-stage renal disease, and the number of kidney allograft recipients continuously increases. Episodes of acute cellular allograft rejection (AR) are a negative prognostic factor for long-term allograft survival, and its timely diagnosis is crucial for allograft function 1. At present, AR can only be definitely diagnosed by core-needle biopsy, which, as an invasive method, bares significant risk of graft injury or even loss. Moreover, biopsies are not feasible in patients taking anticoagulant drugs and the limited sampling site of this technique may result in false negative results if the AR is focal or patchy. As a consequence, this gave rise to an ongoing search for new AR detection methods, which often has to be done in animals including the use of various transplantation models.
Since the early 60s rat renal transplantation is a well-established experimental method for the examination and analysis of AR 2. We herein present in addition small animal positron emission tomography (PET) using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to assess AR in an allogeneic uninephrectomized rat renal transplantation model and propose graft FDG-PET imaging as a new option for a non-invasive, specific and early diagnosis of AR also for the human situation 3. Further, this method can be applied for follow-up to improve monitoring of transplant rejection 4.

Non-invasive Imaging of Acute Allograft Rejection after Rat Renal Transplantation Using 18F-FDG PET

We herein present a rat renal transplantation model to non-invasively assess acute allograft rejection using positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose.

大鼠肾移植后急性排斥反应的非侵入性的成像使用<sup&gt; 18</sup&gt; F-FDG PET

The number of patients with end-stage renal  disease, and the number of kidney allograft recipients continuously increases.  Episodes of acute cellular ...

Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can accurately screen for brain injury, monitor injury evolution, or assess response to therapy. The energy used by neurons is derived largely from tissue oxidative metabolism, and neural hyperactivity and cell death are reflected by corresponding changes in cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2). Thus, measures of CMRO2 are reflective of neuronal viability and provide critical diagnostic information, making CMRO2 an ideal target for bedside measurement of brain health.
Brain-imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) yield measures of cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism, but these techniques require the administration of radionucleotides, so they are used in only the most acute cases.
Continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CWNIRS) provides non-invasive and non-ionizing radiation measures of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen consumption. However, SO2 is less than ideal as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen metabolism as it is influenced by both oxygen delivery and consumption. Furthermore, measurements of SO2 are not sensitive enough to detect brain injury hours after the insult 1,2, because oxygen consumption and delivery reach equilibrium after acute transients 3. We investigated the possibility of using more sophisticated NIRS optical methods to quantify cerebral oxygen metabolism at the bedside in healthy and brain-injured newborns. More specifically, we combined the frequency-domain NIRS (FDNIRS) measure of SO2 with the diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measure of blood flow index (CBFi) to yield an index of CMRO2 (CMRO2i) 4,5.
With the combined FDNIRS/DCS system we are able to quantify cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics. This represents an improvement over CWNIRS for detecting brain health, brain development, and response to therapy in neonates. Moreover, this method adheres to all neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) policies on infection control and institutional policies on laser safety. Future work will seek to integrate the two instruments to reduce acquisition time at the bedside and to implement real-time feedback on data quality to reduce the rate of data rejection.

We combined frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy measures of cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation with diffuse correlation spectroscopy measures of cerebral blood flow index to estimate an index of oxygen metabolism. We tested the utility of this measure as a bedside screening tool to evaluate the health and development of the newborn brain.

婴幼儿的脑代谢和血流动力学的非侵入式光学测量

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality  and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can  accurately ...

Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images

Reliably differentiating brown adipose tissue (BAT) from other tissues using a non-invasive imaging method is an important step toward studying BAT in humans. Detecting BAT is typically confirmed by the uptake of the injected radioactive tracer 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) into adipose tissue depots, as measured by positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) scans after exposing the subject to cold stimulus. Fat-water separated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the ability to distinguish BAT without the use of a radioactive tracer. To date, MRI of BAT in adult humans has not been co-registered with cold-activated PET-CT. Therefore, this protocol uses 18F-FDG PET-CT scans to automatically generate a BAT mask, which is then applied to co-registered MRI scans of the same subject. This approach enables measurement of quantitative MRI properties of BAT without manual segmentation. BAT masks are created from two PET-CT scans: after exposure for 2 hr to either thermoneutral (TN) (24 &#176;C) or cold-activated (CA) (17 &#176;C) conditions. The TN and CA PET-CT scans are registered, and the PET standardized uptake and CT Hounsfield values are used to create a mask containing only BAT. CA and TN MRI scans are also acquired on the same subject and registered to the PET-CT scans in order to establish quantitative MRI properties within the automatically defined BAT mask. An advantage of this approach is that the segmentation is completely automated and is based on widely accepted methods for identification of activated BAT (PET-CT). The quantitative MRI properties of BAT established using this protocol can serve as the basis for an MRI-only BAT examination that avoids the radiation associated with PET-CT.

The method presented here uses 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) and fat-water separated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), each scanned following 2 hr exposure to thermoneutral (24 &#176;C) and cold conditions (17 &#176;C) in order to map brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult human subjects.

人类的褐色脂肪组织的仓库的正电子发射断层扫描/计算机断层扫描自动分段及注册磁共振图像

Reliably differentiating brown adipose tissue (BAT) from other tissues using a non-invasive imaging method is an important step toward studying BAT in ...

Simultaneous PET/MRI Imaging During Mouse Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics disturbance in affected cells. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identifies regions that are damaged, potentially irreversibly, by hypoxia-ischemia. Alterations in glucose utilization in the affected tissue may be detectable by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-&#7429;-glucose ([18F]FDG) uptake. Due to the rapid and variable nature of injury in this animal model, acquisition of both modes of data must be performed simultaneously in order to meaningfully correlate PET and MRI data. In addition, inter-animal variability in the hypoxic-ischemic injury due to vascular differences limits the ability to analyze multi-modal data and observe changes to a group-wise approach if data is not acquired simultaneously in individual subjects. The method presented here allows one to acquire both diffusion-weighted MRI and [18F]FDG uptake data in the same animal before, during, and after the hypoxic challenge in order to interrogate immediate physiological changes.

The method presented here uses simultaneous positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In the cerebral hypoxia-ischemia model, dynamic changes in diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after injury. The evolving and irreproducible damage in this model necessitates simultaneous acquisition if meaningful multi-modal imaging data are to be acquired.

同时PET / MRI成像在小鼠脑缺氧缺血

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics ...

Performing Permanent Distal Middle Cerebral with Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in Aged Rats to Study Cortical Ischemia with Sustained Disability

Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, obesity and diabetes. Accordingly, when evaluating therapies for stroke in animals, it is important to select a model with excellent face validity. Ischemic stroke accounts for 80% of all strokes, and the majority of these occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), often inducing infarcts that affect the sensorimotor cortex, causing persistent plegia or paresis on the contralateral side of the body. We demonstrate in this video a method for producing ischemic stroke in elderly rats, which causes sustained sensorimotor disability and substantial cortical infarcts. Specifically, we induce permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in elderly female rats by using diathermy forceps to occlude a short segment of this artery. The carotid artery on the ipsilateral side to the lesion was then permanently occluded and the contralateral carotid artery was transiently occluded for 60 min. We measure the infarct size using structural T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 24 hr and 8 weeks after stroke. In this study, the mean infarct volume was 4.5% &#177; 2.0% (standard deviation) of the ipsilateral hemisphere at 24 hr (corrected for brain swelling using Gerriet&#8217;s equation, n = 5). This model is feasible and clinically relevant as it permits the induction of sustained sensorimotor deficits, which is important for the elucidation of pathophysiological mechanisms and novel treatments.

Here we present a protocol to produce permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in elderly female rats with simultaneous occlusion of the carotid arteries to generate large cortical infarcts and sustained deficits. We show confirmation of the lesion size using structural MRI at 24 hr and 8 weeks after stroke.

执行永久远端大脑中与老年大鼠颈总动脉闭塞研究皮层缺血具有持续残疾

Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, ...

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) is a term that encompasses the central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities associated with preterm birth. To best advance translational objectives and uncover new therapeutic strategies for brain injury associated with preterm birth, preclinical models of EoP must include similar mechanisms of prenatal global injury observed in humans and involve multiple components of the maternal-placental-fetal system. Ideally, models should produce a similar spectrum of functional deficits in the mature animal and recapitulate multiple aspects of the pathophysiology. To mimic human systemic placental perfusion defects, placental underperfusion and/or chorioamnionitis associated with pathogen-induced inflammation in early preterm birth, we developed a model of prenatal transient systemic hypoxia-ischemia (TSHI) combined with intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In pregnant Sprague Dawley rats, TSHI via uterine artery occlusion on embryonic day 18 (E18) induces a graded placental underperfusion defect associated with increasing CNS damage in the fetus. When combined with intra-amniotic LPS injections, placental inflammation is increased and CNS damage is compounded with associated white matter, gait and imaging abnormalities. Prenatal TSHI and TSHI+LPS prenatal insults meet several of the criteria of an EoP model including recapitulating the intrauterine insult, causing loss of neurons, oligodendrocytes and axons, loss of subplate, and functional deficits in adult animals that mimic those observed in children born extremely preterm. Moreover, this model allows for the dissection of inflammation induced by divergent injury types.

Encephalopathy of prematurity encompasses the central nervous system abnormalities associated with injury from preterm birth. This report describes a clinically relevant rat model of in utero transient systemic hypoxia-ischemia and intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide administration (LPS) that mimics chorioamnionitis, and the related impact of infectious stimuli and placental underperfusion on CNS development.

早产儿脑病建模使用产前缺氧缺血大鼠羊膜腔内毒素

Encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) is a term that encompasses the central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities associated with preterm birth. To best ...

Determining Glucose Metabolism Kinetics Using 18F-FDG Micro-PET/CT

This paper describes the use of 18F-FDG and micro-PET/CT imaging to determine in vivo glucose metabolism kinetics in mice (and is transferable to rats). Impaired uptake and metabolism of glucose in multiple organ systems due to insulin resistance is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. The ability of this technique to extract an image-derived input function from the vena cava using an iterative deconvolution method eliminates the requirement of the collection of arterial blood samples. Fitting of tissue and vena cava time activity curves to a two-tissue, three compartment model permits the estimation of kinetic micro-parameters related to the 18F-FDG uptake from the plasma to the intracellular space, the rate of transport from intracellular space to plasma and the rate of 18F-FDG phosphorylation. This methodology allows for multiple measures of glucose uptake and metabolism kinetics in the context of longitudinal studies and also provides insights into the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.

Determining Glucose Metabolism Kinetics Using 18F-FDG Micro-PET/CT

This study describes a protocol that uses 18F-FDG and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging, together with kinetic modelling, to quantify the in vivo, real-time uptake of 18F-FDG into tissues.

确定葡萄糖代谢动力学研究<sup&gt; 18</sup&gt; F-FDG微PET / CT

This paper describes the use of 18F-FDG and micro-PET/CT imaging to determine in vivo glucose metabolism kinetics in mice (and is transferable to rats). ...

Whole Body and Regional Quantification of Active Human Brown Adipose Tissue Using 18F-FDG PET/CT

In endothermic animals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated to produce heat for defending body temperature in response to cold. BAT&#39;s ability to expend energy has made it a potential target for novel therapies to ameliorate obesity and associated metabolic disorders in humans. Though this tissue has been well studied in small animals, BAT&#39;s thermogenic capacity in humans remains largely unknown due to the difficulties of measuring its volume, activity, and distribution. Identifying and quantifying active human BAT is commonly performed using 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) scans following cold-exposure or pharmacological activation. Here we describe a detailed image-analysis approach to quantify total-body human BAT from 18F-FDG PET/CT scans using an open-source software. We demonstrate the drawing of user-specified regions of interest to identify metabolically active adipose tissue while avoiding common non-BAT tissues, to measure BAT volume and activity, and to further characterize its anatomical distribution. Although this rigorous approach is time-consuming, we believe it will ultimately provide a foundation to develop future automated BAT quantification algorithms.

Whole Body and Regional Quantification of Active Human Brown Adipose Tissue Using 18F-FDG PET/CT

Using free, open-source software, we have developed an analytical approach to quantify total and regional brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume and metabolic activity of BAT using 18F-FDG PET/CT.

18F-fdg Petct 对活性人棕色脂肪组织的全身和区域定量

In endothermic animals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated to produce heat for defending body temperature in response to cold. BAT&#39;s ability to ...