作者感谢FQRNT（乐全宗魁北克德拉RECHERCHE河畔拉自然等莱科技）的资金支持。作者要感谢的咨询支持教授马丁Levesque的，我的教授阿里·埃尔Khakani和Brahim的Aissa博士。

1。 3D微流体网络的制造<ol><li>熔油墨逃犯在80℃，并将它装入一个3毫升注射器筒。 注意：逃犯油墨是一种微晶蜡的二元混合物和凡士林以40:60的重量比例。 </li><li>选择一个沉积喷嘴取决于所需的单丝直径（ 例如内直径（ID）= 150微米）。 </li><li>在含有墨水材料的注射器管安装在喷嘴把它安装到所述分配机器人的注射器座。 </li><li>使用Excel程序设计为所需的三维骨架结构的制造中的分配机器人的移动路径。 注意：在三维结构墨水和丝&#39;在一个给定的层间距的总尺寸可以很容易地编程，在这种情况下，尺寸为60毫米长，7.5毫米宽和1.7毫米的厚度为0.25毫米的水平间距每个灯丝之间。 </li><l我&gt;设置上的压力调节器和机器人点胶速度沉积压力。 注意：逃犯墨丝直径取决于喷嘴直径，沉积压力，油墨粘度和分配速度也不同。在此，纤维直径为〜150μm的为4.7毫米/秒的沉积速度在1.9兆帕的挤出压力。 </li><li>从环氧基板，这导致一个2D图案（ 图2a）上的基于油墨的长丝的沉积microscaffold的制造。 </li><li>通过连续地通过量等于长丝的直径递增的分配管嘴的z位置沉积后续层（ 图2b）。 注：自支持与其他几何形状和许多层（ 例如几百层）可以建立三维结构。 </li><li>混合的环氧树脂用于封装和脱气EP的两个部分（ 即树脂和硬化剂）在真空下氧基混合物为在规定的时间（这里为0.15巴，30分钟）以除去环氧树脂组分的混合过程中截留的气泡。 注意：脱气时间可能与环氧混合物的凝胶时间变化。对于不同的环氧树脂体系，所需要的脱气时间可能更短或更长的时间。 </li><li>加载环氧树脂成使用流体分配器通过施加负压力为3毫升注射器筒体，然后装入一个细喷嘴（ 例如，ID = 0.51毫米）到注射器筒。 </li><li>地方滴环氧超过在其上端的倾斜支架结构使用相同的流体分配器和喷嘴安装到环氧树脂封装过程中尽量减少气泡捕获的风险。 注意：环氧然后流入长丝之间的空隙，由于重力和毛细管力驱动。 </li><li>继续放置环氧滴在支架直至支架细丝之间的空间完全填充。 </li><li>让EPO封装的xy预固化在室温下放置24小时，然后把该结构在烘箱中进行后固化，在60℃（ 图2c）。 注意：不同的固化时间可以应用于不同的环氧体系。 </li><li>使用完全固化后，精密锯切断环氧树脂的多余部分。 </li><li>钻两个孔结构的两端，然后插入两个塑料管。 </li><li>从结构中取出墨水逃犯如下： <ol><li>将样品在烘箱中在90℃下进行30分钟的墨水液化（ 图2d）。 </li><li>之后不久服用样品出炉，用热蒸馏水抽吸通过连接到5分钟，随后己烷中另外5分钟打开通道管冲洗通道网络。 注意：油墨去除产生一个互联三维微流体网络（ 图5）。在顺序进行清洗后，用己烷的网络来除去了竹红菌素BLE残留痕迹从通道壁的油墨。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。纳米复合材料的制备注意：该纳米复合材料是通过混合在不同的负荷下，在双固化（紫外线/热固化性）的热固性树脂，或者环氧树脂或氨基甲酸乙酯基树脂和纳米填料（此处，单壁碳纳米管）制备。 <ol><li>添加纳米管的所需量为0.1mM表面活性剂（锌原卟啉Ⅸ）无论是在丙酮或二氯甲烷中14（ 图6）的溶液。 注意：在这里，150毫克的碳纳米管加入到该溶液（〜50毫升）中，以制备的纳米复合材料与最终的纳米管为0.5％（重量）的浓度。它还应提及的是，使用高沸点温度溶剂如DMF中，应避免由于可能的热固化的UV-环氧当温度高于60℃的溶剂蒸发过程中使用在此研究中。 </li><li>超声处理对苏spension在超声浴中进行30分钟至debundle纳米管聚集体（ 图6）。 注：其他的努力，例如过滤碳纳米管溶液或超速离心法应使与树脂混合之前，以除去剩余的大簇。 </li><li>混合树脂（无论是环氧树脂或聚氨酯）与纳米管悬浮液磁力搅拌加热板上，在稍低于溶剂沸点的温度（ 例如 50℃的丙酮溶液）4小时的温度。 </li><li>将纳米复合材料的混合物放入超声波浴中，并同时施加超声波和加热（40-50℃）1小时（ 图6）。 </li><li>通过加热所述纳米复合材料在30℃下保持12小时，然后在50℃下在真空条件下24小时（〜0.1巴）让残留的溶剂蒸发掉。 </li><li>剪切通过在奥德一个三辊磨混合器辊间的小间隙将它们混合的纳米复合材料r以打破大碳纳米管集合体（ 图6）。保持纳米复合材料的一部分之前，三辊混合基线比较。 </li><li>将三辊混合参数（ 即空白和旋转速度）。 注意：在这里，250rpm的恒定速度，用于停机坪辊。分别为5张通行证为25微米，5张通行证为10微米，10次为5微米，：不过，轧辊之间的间隙如下减少在三步处理。 </li><li>下〜0.1巴24小时使用干燥器除去混合时被困在气泡真空脱气最终混合物。 </li></ol> 3。纳米复合渗透（注塑） <ol><li>加载的纳米复合材料，在第2制备成使用流体分配器通过施加负压力为3毫升注射器筒体。 </li><li>将微细的喷嘴（ 例如 ID = 0.51毫米）适合到附着在打开的通道（使用同一管塑料管对于油墨去除），并将其安装到含有纳米复合材料的注射器针筒。 </li><li>上的压力分配器设置所需的压力（ 即正压）。 注意：在此，纳米复合材料的注射压力设定为400千帕。 注意：一个真空（ 即负压）可以应用到另一端（ 即出口侧），以协助网络灌装。一旦压力被施加，所述微流体网络，内置在方案1中，由纳米复合材料悬浮液，它进入网络通过塑料管填充。 </li><li>不久，在注射后，露出的纳米复合材料填充的复合光束的UV灯30分钟进行预固化的UV照射。 注：此预固化操作被认为是减少布朗运动对碳纳米管可能的方向的影响。这也减少了热诱导的收缩（ 图7） </li><li>后固化制束在烘箱于，在紫外环氧树脂，80℃下反应1小时，随后在130℃再1小时（ 图7）的情况下。 </li><li>用锯切断多余的环氧树脂部分，然后研磨束到所需的尺寸（此处，〜60毫米的长度，〜6.8毫米的宽度，并且〜1.6毫米的电子束的厚度被制造为便于机械表征）。 </li></ol>

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没有利益冲突的声明。

的实验步骤，这里介绍的是为了一个新的和灵活的制造方法来定制的基于聚合物的材料的机械性能的材料设计的目的。用这种方法，所需性质可以基于组分（ 即渗透材料和主基质）的适当选择以及工程的复合结构来实现。首先，该技术使一个单一的材料，不同的热固性聚合物组成的，代表一种独特的温度依赖特性，它是比那些组件的块材15不同的制造。本发明的技术比其它纳米复合材料的制造技术由该纳米填料是通过整个基质中均匀分布的另一个优点是能够在空间上放置的加强件在所需位置中这些三维增强复合光束的能力。由于该定位能力，可能是昂贵的纳米较低量填料是需要获得一个特定的机械性能13。由于加强图案遵循原始直写墨支架，细丝“在一个给定的层间距被限制为约10倍，由于散逸油墨的粘弹性性质的墨长丝直径。另一方面，小的间距可以在环氧树脂封装步骤限制流动的液体环氧树脂。此外，墨长丝的直径应足够大（ 例如，大于50微米），用于易于制造（ 如挤出高粘度油墨的）和随后的制造步骤中，例如纳米复合材料渗入所述微流体网络。 本发明方法的另一潜在可能会对下剪切流16通过纳米复合材料的浸润以更高的速度/压力校准单个碳纳米管或其它纳米填料在流动方向上的能力，如果该纳米填料是很好在纳米复合材料的混合过程分散在。然而，取向程度高只能在非常高的渗透压力（由于小的通道直径），渗透过程中，可能导致空气截留在网络中的实现。 代表性的光学图像在图6中示出制备在方案2提出了在混合过程（在该图的底部的两个图像）的纳米复合材料。所观察到的暗斑被认为是纳米管的聚集体。对于超声波处理的纳米复合材料中，微米尺寸的聚集体的直径可达〜7μm的存在而聚集体的尺寸的急剧变化（平均为1微米）被观察到的剪切混合纳米复合材料。由于纳米填料分散影响了制造三维的纳米复合梁的机械和电气性能，改进的分散体应该达到采取充分利用楠的三维定位利用本制造技术ofillers。因此，需要进一步的研究，系统地研究碳纳米管的分散状态和使用其他纳米填料，可在环氧树脂基体中更容易被分散。 本制造技术可能使功能性纳米复合材料的3D产品为微工程应用17的设计。该技术不限于在此研究中使用的材料。因此，该技术的应用可以通过其它热固性材料和纳米填料的使用可以延长。在几个应用中，结构健康状态监测，振动吸收制品和微电子可提及。

使用纳米材料，特别是碳纳米管（CNT）掺入到聚合物基质中的聚合物纳米复合材料的功能的多功能特性1对潜在应用，例如结构复合材料2，微机电系统3（ 例如微传感器），以及智能聚合物4。可能需要几个处理步骤包括CNT治疗和纳米复合材料的混合方法，以理想地分散碳纳米管成矩阵。由于碳纳米管“的纵横比，它们的分散状态以及表面处理，主要影响的电气和机械性能，该纳米复合材料的处理过程可能取决于为目标程序5所需性质的不同而不同。此外，对于特定的负荷条件下，对​​准碳纳米管沿期望的方向，并定位所述增强材料在所希望的位置使进一步改善这些机械和/或电性能的缺nocomposites。 如剪切流6-7和电磁场8的几个技术已被用于对准的CNT沿着在聚合物基质中所希望的方向。此外，碳纳米管定向诱导维制约，特别是在一维（1D）和二维（2D），已在加工过程中观察到的/纳米复合材料9-11的形成。然而，仍然需要在制造过程中的新进展，以便有足够的控制三维（3D）方向和/或纳米管强化的定位一个产品的制造为最佳条件中的。 在本文中，我们提出了一个协议，用于通过三维微流体网络与聚合物纳米复合材料的悬浮液（ 图1）的定向和局部浸润制造3D增强复合梁。首先，一个三维的制造互连微流体网络被证实，它涉及逃犯墨长丝的环氧基板上直接写入制造12-13（ 图2a和2b），其次环氧封装（ 图2c）和所述牺牲油墨去除（ 图2d）。在直写方法由该移动沿x的流体分配器，y和z轴（ 图3）计算机控制的机器人。这种技术提供了一种快速，灵活的方式来制作3D微器件的光子，MEMS和生物技术的应用（ 图4）。然后，该纳米复合材料制备方法证实，随着其浸润（或注入）到多孔网络根据不同的受控和恒定的压力来制造三维纤维增强复合材料的多尺度（ 图2E和2F）。最后，伴随着它们的潜在应用一些有代表性的结果示。

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			<td style="width:147px;">Intensity of 21mW/cm&#178;</td>
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manufacturing of three-dimensionally microstructured nanocomposites through microfluidic infiltration

复杂的三维（3D）强化微叠合梁图案的纳米复合材料微丝是通过三维的纳米复合材料浸渗制备微互连网络。钢筋束的制造开始于微流体网络的制造中，其中涉及的溢散墨长丝层 - 层沉积用胶机械手，使用低粘度的树脂填充纤维之间的空的空间中，使树脂固化，最后除去油墨。自我支持与其它几何形状和许多层（ 例如，几百层）的三维结构，可以使用这种方法来构建。所得到的管状的微流体网络，然后与含有纳米填料（ 例如单壁碳纳米管）热固性纳米复合材料的悬浮液渗透的，并随后固化。渗透是由空的n两端之间施加的压力梯度进行ETWORK（或者通过施加真空或真空辅助显微注射）。之前的渗透，该纳米复合材料的悬浮液是通过使用超声波和三辊混合方法分散成纳米填料的聚合物基质制备。该纳米复合材料（ 即渗透材料），然后在UV曝光/热固化固化，产生了三维纤维增强复合结构。这里提出的技术使功能性纳米复合材料宏观产品为微工程应用，例如致动器和传感器的设计。

图8a和8b示出制造的光束的代表图像和其横截面中，由9层中的纳米复合长丝的光学图像。 图8c和 8d示出了制造梁的断裂面，分别典型SEM图像和填充通道（ 即嵌入纳米复合材料的微纤维）的较高放大倍数的图像，。由于没有剥离被认为是在通道壁上，它是公平地说，周围的环氧树脂和渗透材料附着良好的渠道与正己烷的油墨去除后，适当的清洁的结果。 图9示出机械测试，其中己烷不是油墨去除过程中使用的过程中破裂的光束的代表光学图像。纤维脱胶，机械接口不善而被观察到这可能是由于逃犯墨水痕迹依然网络后清洗。 图10示出了模制的散装环氧样品（作为基准）和三维增强梁的储能模量E&#39;。结果表明对制造光束，是结合独特的趋势嵌入式和周围的环氧树脂材料，具有优异的性能仅为〜0.18重量存在。 ％碳纳米管。 图11示出了使用DMA所制造的组合梁的三点弯曲试验结果。作为碳纳米管的定位的结果，三维的弯曲弹性模量钢筋束显示增加了34％，相比于纯的环氧渗透（整个环氧树脂）光束。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 一个3D-R图1。示意图由microinfiltration方法制造einforced纳米复合材料。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图。</a> <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> 三维增强梁的制造的图2。示意图（a）使用分注机器人墨长丝直接沉积，（B）沉积在彼此顶部几层，通过增加分配喷嘴在Z方向上，（三）充填用的低粘度树脂的长丝之间的孔隙空间，（d）考虑在墨水用完的网络通过其液化，从而导致微流体通道的制造。 （ 五）填充空网络纳米复合悬架随后固化，及（f）切割多余的环氧树脂部分。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图。</a> <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig3highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图3：机器人沉积阶段由一个计算机控制的机器人，点胶设备，并现场摄像头的照片。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图。</a> <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig4highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图4。微结构的直写组装生产的一些图片BLY。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig4highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图。</a> <img alt="图5" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig5highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图5。等轴测视图和扫描电镜图像的三维连接的微流体空网络。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig5highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图。</a> <img alt="图6" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig6highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图6纳米复合物的混合策略，包括碳纳米管的非共价官能化，超声处理和/或三辊磨混合而导致纳米管的分散体具有不同的质量（纳米复合膜的光学图像） <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig6highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击此处查看大图。</a> <img alt="图7" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig7highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图7。纳米复合材料在紫外灯依次进行后固化在烤箱的紫外光照射固化。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig7highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图。</a> <img alt="图8" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig8highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图8（a）第一sometric一个三维增强梁的图像，（b）一种纳米复合材料注入束的典型的横截面，（c）一个束表面断裂的SEM图像，（ <stron<html> g&gt;的D）（C）的特写视图。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig8highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图。</a> <img alt="图9" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig9highres.jpg" width="500" /> 聚氨酯纳米复合渗透梁图9。断裂表面图像。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig9highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图。</a> <img alt="图10" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig10highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图10。温度依赖性机械使用动态机械分析仪体积环氧树脂和所制造的光束的特性（储能模量）。/ www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig10highres.jpg“目标=”_blank“&gt;点击这里查看大图。 <img alt="图11" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig11highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图11。大部分环氧树脂的准静态力学性能（弯曲）和制造的横梁（三点弯曲试验）。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/51512/51512fig11highres.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Manufacturing of Three-dimensionally Microstructured Nanocomposites through Microfluidic Infiltration at JoVE.com

Manufacturing of Three-dimensionally Microstructured Nanocomposites through Microfluidic Infiltration

三维（3D）微结构组合梁是通过纳米复合材料的定向和局部浸润到三维多孔微流体网络的制造。这种制造方法的灵活性使得不同的热固性材料和纳米填料的利用率，从而实现各种功能的3D增强纳米复合材料宏观的产品。

通过微流体渗透制备三维微结构纳米复合材料的制造

Microstructured composite beams reinforced with complex three-dimensionally (3D) patterned nanocomposite microfilaments are fabricated via nanocomposite ...

manufacturing-three-dimensionally-microstructured-nanocomposites

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

12.2K 次观看.  École Polytechnique de Montréal. 三维（3D）微结构组合梁是通过纳米复合材料的定向和局部浸润到三维多孔微流体网络的制造。这种制造方法的灵活性使得不同的热固性材料和纳米填料的利用率，从而实现各种功能的3D增强纳米复合材料宏观的产品。 

视频: Manufacturing of Three-dimensionally Microstructured Nanocomposites through Microfluidic Infiltration

Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles Through Microwave-assisted Acid-catalysis

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle diameters ranging from 30-250 nm by varying the reaction conditions. Through the selection of a microwave compatible solvent, silicic acid precursor, catalyst, and microwave irradiation time, these microwave-assisted methods were capable of overcoming the previously reported shortcomings associated with synthesis of silica nanoparticles using microwave reactors. The siloxane precursor was hydrolyzed using the acid catalyst, HCl. Acetone, a low-tan &#948; solvent, mediates the condensation reactions and has minimal interaction with the electromagnetic field. Condensation reactions begin when the silicic acid precursor couples with the microwave radiation, leading to silica nanoparticle sol formation. The silica nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering data and scanning electron microscopy, which show the materials&#39; morphology and size to be dependent on the reaction conditions. Microwave-assisted reactions produce silica nanoparticles with roughened textured surfaces that are atypical for silica sols produced by St&#246;ber&#39;s methods, which have smooth surfaces.

Silica nanoparticles were prepared using acid-catalysis of a siloxane precursor and microwave-assisted synthetic techniques resulting in the controlled growth of nanomaterials ranging from 30-250 nm in diameter. The growth dynamics can be controlled by varying the initial silicic acid concentration, time of the reaction, and temperature of reaction.

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle ...

科研

化学

Transport of Surface-modified Carbon Nanotubes through a Soil Column

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely manufactured nanoparticles, which are being utilized in a number of consumer products, such as sporting goods, electronics and biomedical applications. Due to their accelerating production and use, CNTs constitute a potential environmental risk if they are released to soil and groundwater systems. It is therefore essential to improve the current understanding of environmental fate and transport of CNTs. The transport and retention of CNTs in both natural and artificial media have been reported in literature, but the findings widely vary and are thus not conclusive. There are a number of physical and chemical parameters responsible for variation in retention and transport. In this study, a complete procedure of selected multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is presented starting from their surface modification to a complete set of laboratory column experiments at critical physical and chemical scenarios. Results indicate that the stability of the commercially available MWCNTs are critical with their attached surface functional group which can also influence the transport and retention of MWCNT through the surrounding medium.

Surface properties of a nanoparticle are important for their interaction with the surrounding medium. Therefore the surface modification of carbon nanotubes can be critical for their transport and retention through porous media. Here, lab scale column experiments are used to understand the possible transport and retention of these nanoparticles.

表面修饰碳纳米管通过土柱运输

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are widely manufactured nanoparticles, which are being utilized in a number of consumer products, such as sporting goods, ...

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil (HGO) for production of transportation fuels through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) route. Cracking experiments are performed with a fully automated reaction unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8 hr-1, 490-530 &#176;C, and catalyst/oil ratios of 4-12 g/g. When a feed is in contact with catalyst in the fluid-bed reactor, cracking takes place generating gaseous, liquid, and solid products. The vapor produced is condensed and collected in a liquid receiver at -15 &#176;C. The non-condensable effluent is first directed to a vessel and is sent, after homogenization, to an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for refinery gas analysis. The coke deposited on the catalyst is determined in situ by burning the spent catalyst in air at high temperatures. Levels of CO2 are measured quantitatively via an infrared (IR) cell, and are converted to coke yield. Liquid samples in the receivers are analyzed by GC for simulated distillation to determine the amounts in different boiling ranges, i.e., IBP-221 &#176;C (gasoline), 221-343 &#176;C (light cycle oil), and 343 &#176;C+ (heavy cycle oil). Cracking of a feed containing canola oil generates water, which appears at the bottom of a liquid receiver and on its inner wall. Recovery of water on the wall is achieved through washing with methanol followed by Karl Fischer titration for water content. Basic results reported include conversion (the portion of the feed converted to gas and liquid product with a boiling point below 221 &#176;C, coke, and water, if present) and yields of dry gas (H2-C2's, CO, and CO2), liquefied petroleum gas (C3-C4), gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, coke, and water, if present.

This paper presents an experimental method to produce biofuels and biochemicals from canola oil mixed with a fossil-based feed in the presence of a catalyst at mild temperatures. Gaseous, liquid, and solid products from a reaction unit are quantified and characterized. Conversion and individual product yields are calculated and reported.

通过催化裂化转换从菜籽油生物燃料和生物化学实验室生产

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil ...

Characterizing Electron Transport through Living Biofilms

Here we demonstrate the method of electrochemical gating used to characterize electrical conductivity of electrode-grown microbial biofilms under physiologically relevant conditions.1 These measurements are performed on living biofilms in aqueous medium using source and drain electrodes patterned on a glass surface in a specialized configuration referred to as an interdigitated electrode (IDA) array. A biofilm is grown that extends across the gap connecting the source and drain. Potentials are applied to the electrodes (ES and ED) generating a source-drain current (ISD) through the biofilm between the electrodes. The dependency of electrical conductivity on gate potential (the average of the source and drain potentials, EG = [ED + ES]/2) is determined by systematically changing the gate potential and measuring the resulting source-drain current. The dependency of conductivity on gate potential provides mechanistic information about the extracellular electron transport process underlying the electrical conductivity of the specific biofilm under investigation. The electrochemical gating measurement method described here is based directly on that used by M. S. Wrighton2,3 and colleagues and R. W. Murray4,5,6 and colleagues in the 1980&#39;s to investigate thin film conductive polymers.

A protocol for measuring electrical conductivity of living microbial biofilms under physiologically relevant conditions is presented.

通过活生物膜表征电子传输

Here we demonstrate the method of electrochemical gating used to characterize electrical conductivity of electrode-grown microbial biofilms under ...

Microfluidic Dry-spinning and Characterization of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Fibers

The protocol demonstrates a method for mimicking the spinning process of silkworm. In the native spinning process, the contracting spinning duct enables the silk proteins to be compact and ordered by shearing and elongation forces. Here, a biomimetic microfluidic channel was designed to mimic the specific geometry of the spinning duct of the silkworm. Regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) spinning doped with high concentration, was extruded through the microchannel to dry-spin fibers at ambient temperature and pressure. In the post-treated process, the as-spun fibers were drawn and stored in ethanol aqueous solution. Synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (SR-WAXD) technology was used to investigate the microstructure of single RSF fibers, which were fixed to a sample holder with the RSF fiber axis normal to the microbeam of the X-ray. The crystallinity, crystallite size, and crystalline orientation of the fiber were calculated from the WAXD data. The diffraction arcs near the equator of the two-dimensional WAXD pattern indicate that the post-treated RSF fiber has a high orientation degree.

A protocol for the microfluidic spinning and microstructure characterization of regenerated silk fibroin monofilament is presented.

微流控干纺及再生丝素纤维的表征

The protocol demonstrates a method for mimicking the spinning process of silkworm. In the native spinning process, the contracting spinning duct enables ...

Fabricating High-viscosity Droplets using Microfluidic Capillary Device with Phase-inversion Co-flow Structure

The generation of monodisperse droplets with high viscosity has always been a challenge in droplet microfluidics. Here, we demonstrate a phase-inversion co-flow device to generate uniform high-viscosity droplets in a low-viscosity fluid. The microfluidic capillary device has a common co-flow structure with its exit connecting to a wider tube. Elongated droplets of the low-viscosity fluid are first encapsulated by the high-viscosity fluid in the co-flow structure. As the elongated low-viscosity droplets flow through the exit, which is treated to be wetted by the low-viscosity fluid, phase inversion is then induced by the adhesion of the low viscosity droplets to the tip of the exit, which results in the subsequent inverse encapsulation of the high-viscosity fluid. The size of the resultant high-viscosity droplets can be adjusted by changing the flow rate ratio of the low-viscosity fluid to the high-viscosity fluid. We demonstrate several typical examples of the generation of high-viscosity droplets with a viscosity up to 11.9 Pas, such as glycerol, honey, starch, and polymer solution. The method provides a simple and straightforward approach to generate monodisperse high-viscosity droplets, which may be used in a variety of droplet-based applications, such as materials synthesis, drug delivery, cell assay, bioengineering, and food engineering.

A phase-inversion co-flow device is demonstrated to generate monodisperse high-viscosity droplets above 1 Pas, which is difficult to realize in droplet microfluidics.

反相共流微流控毛细管装置制备高粘度水滴的方法

The generation of monodisperse droplets with high viscosity has always been a challenge in droplet microfluidics. Here, we demonstrate a phase-inversion ...

Microfluidic Preparation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators

This paper focuses on the microfluidic process (and its parameters) to prepare actuating particles from liquid crystalline elastomers. The preparation usually consists in the formation of droplets containing low molar mass liquid crystals at elevated temperatures. Subsequently, these particle precursors are oriented in the flow field of the capillary and solidified by a crosslinking polymerization, which produces the final actuating particles. The optimization of the process is necessary to obtain the actuating particles and the proper variation of the process parameters (temperature and flow rate) and allows variations of size and shape (from oblate to strongly prolate morphologies) as well as the magnitude of actuation. In addition, it is possible to vary the type of actuation from elongation to contraction depending on the director profile induced to the droplets during the flow in the capillary, which again depends on the microfluidic process and its parameters. Furthermore, particles of more complex shapes, like core-shell structures or Janus particles, can be prepared by adjusting the setup. By the variation of the chemical structure and the mode of crosslinking (solidification) of the liquid crystalline elastomer, it is also possible to prepare actuating particles triggered by heat or UV-vis irradiation.

This article describes the microfluidic process and parameters to prepare actuating particles from liquid crystalline elastomers. This process allows the preparation of actuating particles and the variation of their size and shape (from oblate to strongly prolate, core-shell, and Janus morphologies) as well as the magnitude of actuation.

液晶弹性体致动器的微流控制备

This paper focuses on the microfluidic process (and its parameters) to prepare actuating particles from liquid crystalline elastomers. The preparation ...

Negative Additive Manufacturing of Complex Shaped Boron Carbides

Boron carbide (B4C) is one of the hardest materials in existence. However, this attractive property also limits its machineability into complex shapes for high wear, high hardness, and lightweight material applications such as armors. To overcome this challenge, negative additive manufacturing (AM) is employed to produce complex geometries of boron carbides at various length scales. Negative AM first involves gelcasting a suspension into a 3D-printed plastic mold. The mold is then dissolved away, leaving behind a green body as a negative copy. Resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) is used as a novel gelling agent because unlike traditional hydrogels, there is little to no shrinkage, which allows for extremely complex molds to be used. Furthermore, this gelling agent can be pyrolyzed to leave behind ~50 wt% carbon, which is a highly effective sintering aid for B4C. Due to this highly homogenous distribution of in situ carbon within the B4C matrix, less than 2% porosity can be achieved after sintering. This protocol highlights in detail the methodology for creating near fully dense boron carbide parts with highly complex geometries.

A method called negative additive manufacturing is used to produce near fully dense complex shaped boron carbide parts of various length scales. This technique is possible via the formulation of a novel suspension involving resorcinol-formaldehyde as a unique gelling agent that leaves behind a homogenous carbon sintering aid after pyrolysis.

复合型碳化硼的负添加剂制造

Boron carbide (B4C) is one of the hardest materials in existence. However, this attractive property also limits its machineability into complex shapes for ...

Accumulation and Analysis of Cuprous Ions in a Copper Sulfate Plating Solution

Knowledge of the behavior of cuprous ions (monovalent copper ion: Cu(I)) in a copper sulfate plating bath is important for improving the plating process. We successfully developed a method to quantitatively and easily measure Cu(I) in a plating solution and used it for evaluation of the solution. In this paper, a quantitative absorption spectrum measurement and a time-resolved injection measurement of Cu(I) concentrations by a color reaction are described. This procedure is effective as a method to reproduce and elucidate the phenomenon occurring in the plating bath in the laboratory. First, the formation and accumulation process of Cu(I) in solution by electrolysis of a plating solution is shown. The amount of Cu(I) in the solution is increased by electrolysis at higher current values &#8203;&#8203;than the usual plating process. For the determination of Cu(I), BCS (bathocuproinedisulfonic acid, disodium salt), a reagent that selectively reacts with Cu(I), is used. The concentration of Cu(I) can be calculated from the absorbance of the Cu(I)-BCS complex. Next, the time measurement of the color reaction is described. The color reaction curve of Cu(I) and BCS measured by the injection method can be decomposed into an instantaneous component and a delay component. By analysis of these components, the holding structure of Cu(I) can be clarified, and this information is important when predicting the quality of the plating film to be produced. This method is used to facilitate the evaluation of the plating bath in the production line.

Here, accumulation of cuprous ions in a copper sulfate plating solution in a model experiment and an analysis based on quantitative measurements are described. This experiment reproduces the accumulation process of cuprous ions in the plating bath.

硫酸铜镀液中铜离子的积累与分析

Knowledge of the behavior of cuprous ions (monovalent copper ion: Cu(I)) in a copper sulfate plating bath is important for improving the plating process. ...

Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry

On-surface synthesis has recently been regarded as a promising approach for the generation of new molecular structures. It has been particularly successful in the synthesis of graphene nanoribbons, nanographenes and intrinsically reactive and instable, yet attractive species. It is based on the combination of solution chemistry aimed at preparation of appropriate molecular precursors for further ultra-high vacuum surface assisted transformations. This approach also owes its success to an incredible development of characterization techniques, such as scanning tunneling/atomic force microscopy and related methods, which allow detailed, local characterization at atomic scale. While the surface-assisted synthesis can provide molecular nanostructures with outstanding precision, down to single atoms, it suffers from basing on metallic surfaces and often limited yield. Therefore, the extension of the approach away from metals and the struggle to increase productivity seem to be significant challenges toward wider applications. Herein, we demonstrate the on-surface synthesis approach for generation of non-planar nanographenes, which are synthesized through a combination of solution chemistry and sequential surface-assisted processes, together with the detailed characterization by scanning probe microscopy methods.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>通过溶液和表面化学相结合合成的多孔纳米石墨烯的微观可视化

A combination of solution and surface assisted synthesis opens new directions in the atomically precise synthesis of nanostructures. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) supplemented by non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) enables detailed characterization of newly designed and generated carbon-based nano-objects.