作者非常感谢来自该斯科茨奇迹格罗公司在该设施的资金支持。我们也欣赏到托罗有限公司与提供灌溉控制器的援助。在这个项目的早期阶段的愿景和规划由已故博士克里斯Steigler也表示感谢。作者还要感谢北斯坦利女士的样品制备和分析技术援助。

1，选址<ol><li>找到具有均匀3-4％的坡度原状土的适宜尺寸的区域。 </li><li>进行地形测量，并划定一个区域，其平均3.7±0.5％坡度约10米×百米。 </li><li>除以10米x百米面积为三部分，每个大约为10米×33.3米（ 图1）。 </li><li>细分每个块到8场图，宽各4.1米8.2米长。 </li><li>识别和记录土系目前在研究领域。注：此位置有博纳维尔系列精细的沙壤土，但其他土系和纹理都可以使用。 </li></ol> 2，挡土墙施工<ol><li>在该地块的低端切30厘米，宽30厘米深的沟。 </li><li>剪下20厘米，宽1.2米深的沟10 cm的情节边缘提供了延伸到粘土地基顺利垂直边缘。 </li><li>建造和安装临时的木制形式在沟内s到保持打开。 </li><li>移除土壤相邻的形式下坡一侧76厘米土壤表面以下的深度，在该地块的低端。保证的0.5％的最小斜率离曲线的距离的约30μm，以提供足够的排水。 </li><li>删除临时表和建立一个钢筋混凝土挡土墙。 <ol><li>构造木形式的壁的外侧，并使用下面的绘图区域的原状土的内壁。 </li><li>确保墙面延伸到原状土层，以帮助防止未来的运动。 </li><li>组装沟道排水两部分的每个情节与端盖在每一端和低端底部放漏。轴封采用硅胶所有关节，然后拧紧接头一起按照制造商的建议。 </li><li>胶水和螺丝有10厘米直径的PVC 90°侧房和排出管60厘米长的口。放置在组装漏具体的形式，并将其固定，使顶部边缘是在两个方向上和1.27厘米土壤表面以下，在情节的低端（ 图2）的水平。盖上临时塑料盖排水，保持了湿混凝土。 </li><li>倒4000英镑测试预拌混凝土为使用振动适量去除空洞的形式。 <ol><li>当表格满，镘刀的上表面，形成一个光滑的表面和圆的边缘。临时塑料盖的排水渠应该被删除，让最后面的准备。 </li><li>确保成品混凝土表面与在该图底部的土壤表面的水平，并且具有1.27厘米坡到漏极。 </li><li>确保，在漏极的下坡一侧，具体有1.27厘米坡离排水，以防止水回流到下水道。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>形式倒钢筋混凝土垫块（1.2米宽，1.8米长，15厘米厚）乙elow每个漏流出。垫必须具有0.5％坡度远离墙壁和衬垫的顶部必须30厘米排水口的底部之下。 </li><li>提供挡土墙每片上面的侧防风雨的电源插座（110/120五）准备仪器。 </li></ol> 3，安装仪表<ol><li>削减排放管与混凝土墙齐平。 </li><li>安装一个长1.2米ħ水槽立刻漏流出下方。 <ol><li>固定水槽使用相应的具体锚和螺丝是肯定的水槽是从侧面平到另一边的墙上。 </li><li>支持水槽带有一个可调节的不锈钢支架前，使用调整级单位均向两边和从前向后。密封的水槽和混凝土浴缸和瓷砖密封胶之间的关节。 </li></ol></li><li>安装在每个垫流量计。定位附近的水槽的末端，以减少流量计管子的长度需要。 </li><li>安装在便携式采样器在每个垫。根据需要，以减少管的所需量，以达到取样管定位的采样器。注意：可能需要将采样放在底座上，以防止凹部可保持水在取样管上。 </li><li>设计，制作，安装不锈钢覆盖了墙壁和水槽，以防止沉淀的进入沟槽排水渠或水槽。 </li></ol> 4，绘图区准备<ol><li>填充和夯实任何微小的空隙上使用原生表土从邻近场区围墙的上坡侧。 </li><li>用小手扶开沟机切10厘米，宽30厘米深的沟上的所有地块的其余三面。 <ol><li>将40厘米0.10毫米厚的透明塑料宽的长条垂直的沟，以防止地块之间的水横向移动。 </li><li>安装灌溉管和头上。在4.1米2安装六个头间距为每个情节。 </li><li>回填，并用手轻轻夯实所有壕沟。丘土成5厘米高30厘米宽的小平台在沟槽区域，以防止地块之间的地表水的横向运动。 </li><li>调整灌溉头在护堤地区的土壤高度的顶部。 </li></ol></li><li>构建一个导流沟，防止上坡水才能上图<ol><li>使用一个盒子刀片切割的V形通道约20厘米深的中心为2米的对面。注：通道的中心应该是在绘图区的高侧约125米以上，并应在所有地块的上侧延伸。 </li><li>切斜沟在通道的底部。注意：为了确保良好的排水性，沟槽底部应为30厘米沟道底部下面的高点在每块上面的中心点和具有0.5％将各块的每个端部的最小斜率。海沟底部必须用手平滑和调查的必要以保证均匀的斜坡。 </li><li>添加5厘米洗涤6-9毫米豆形砾石的到沟槽的底部。 </li><li>广场上的砾石表面有15厘米直径的开槽排水管线，并填写与更多6-9毫米碎石沟槽。 </li><li>根据需要在两端和情节的路由排水块之间排出下方挡土墙的位置切沟。用直径15厘米的普通波纹排水管线和回填这些壕沟挖出的泥土。覆盖着一层大5-15厘米直径的牛市岩沟和通道区。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5，种植和初始径流事件<ol><li>手耙地块，以确保在准备草皮安装苗床平整均匀坡度。 </li><li>衡量并采取高度测量在距离文档中使用标准的测量设备各小区的斜率为0，1.5，3.0，4.6，6.1，和7.6米的墙​​沿中线每个情节。 </li><li>测量DEP日表土在每个小区4单元通过插入直径为2.54cm土壤探头插入土壤中，直到粘土地基纹理遇到的。 </li><li>植物SOD生长在一个类似质地的土壤。注：在本机构，成熟的“罗利”圣Augustinegrass（ 钝secundatum [沃特] Kuntze）使用。然而，基于位置，天气，和实验设计的考虑，可以使用其他草。所有地块可能会在同一时间被sodded或在目前的情况下，12个地块（图4中的每个块）种植于2012年8月8日，其余12个地块种植在2012年9月12日。 </li><li>创建径流事件<ol><li>以水表初始读数和测量所有地块的土壤水分含量。 <ol><li>从位于每个小区的开头的阀门盒中取出盖子和记录初始水表读数为每个24地块。 </li><li>使用便携式手持湿度探头，测量和记录土壤MO每个小区的isture内容。注：对于初步鉴定，4测量每块地采取（1测量每个小区的每个象限）用长7.5厘米的探针。然而，测量用仪器的数量，探针的长度和类型也可以根据具体的研究目的而变化。 </li></ol></li><li>计划流量计和采样器来测量流量，并根据需要采集样本。注意：收集750毫升样品后，每20升流，但其他的样品量和间隔可以适当地使用。 </li><li>操作的灌溉系统，用于在预定的时间，以施加足够的水以使径流。注：20-21毫米适用于4.04厘米的速度沉淀/小时，足以支持这个机制，但是，这一数额可能会根据现场的具体情况而有所不同。 </li><li>录制结束水表读数为每个24地块。操作过程中收集的喷头灌溉水样。标签和运输径流样品送到实验室进行分析。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6，样品分析<ol><li>通过直接浸入探针进入样品测量水样品的电导率和pH值。然后筛选50毫升的每个子样本水样，通过在准备化学分析0.7微米的玻璃微纤维过滤器。 </li><li>测量采用美国环保局方法415.1 15溶解有机碳（DOC）和总溶解氮（TDN）。 <ol><li>使1000 mg / L标准溶液中加入2.125克干邻苯二甲酸氢钾（1-KOCOC 6 H 4 -2-COOH），以1升容量瓶中。加入约500ml蒸馏水，漩涡以溶解的化学和带来体积的蒸馏水。在冷藏条件下于棕色瓶中商店解决方案。 </li><li>使1000 mg / L标准溶液中加入6.0677克干硝酸钠到1L容量瓶中。加入约500ml蒸馏水，SWIRL以溶解化学，并带来对体积的蒸馏水。 </li><li>使中间体C和了包含浓度的试样中的预期范围，以通过从步骤稀释标准溶液的子样本6.3.1-6.3.2运行Ñ标准。 </li><li>倒入约16毫升的水样进行分析，到24毫升的样品小瓶和一个隔垫和盖覆盖每个。 </li><li>将填充瓶自动进样器托盘保持的是什么位置什么的样品记录。注：在质量保证的目的是一片空白，这两个标准和两个认证的参考标准应每12 个不明后运行。 </li><li>放置在机器的自动进样器托盘和操作自动分析仪下制造商的说明。 </li></ol></li><li>采用美国环保局方法365.1，353.2和350.1，分别在48小时样品采集16-18衡量磷，硝酸盐和氨。 <ol><li>使下列试剂和标准磷分析： <ol><li>使5 N硫酸原液通过缓慢加入70毫升浓硫酸至400 ml，在500毫升的容量瓶中，用蒸馏水。冷却该溶液至室温，用蒸馏水稀释至刻度。 </li><li>使0.3％的钾antimonyltartrate原液。称取0.5克酒石酸锑钾，三水C 8 H 4 K 2 O 12的Sb 2•3H 2 O和溶解在50毫升左右的100毫升容量瓶蒸馏水。将其溶解后，稀释至一定体积的蒸馏水，并储存在4℃下于棕色，玻璃塞瓶中。 </li><li>使钼酸铵的4％溶液溶解4克钼酸铵四水合物，（NH 4）6钼7 O 24•4H 2 O，在100毫升试剂水。商店中的酸，在4℃洗涤塑料瓶。 </li><li>使15％w / w的十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）的原液。溶解将15克的SDS CH 3（CH 2）11 OSO 3钠85毫升蒸馏水。注意：这可能需要轻微搅拌并加热至完全溶解。 </li><li>通过加入2ml的15％SDS的储备溶液至98毫升蒸馏水水作稀释SDS溶液（试剂1）。盖瓶和组合颠倒5-6x。 </li><li> 100毫升色试剂（试剂2）的通过混合上述试剂如下：在20ml的蒸馏水中添加5 NH 2 50毫升SO 4并混合。加入5毫升0.3％酒石酸锑钾溶液，混匀。加入15毫升4％的钼酸铵溶液混匀。加入10毫升15％w / w的SDS溶液，并混合。注意：此溶液可以储存在酸洗涤瓶中，在室温下不超过一个星期。 </li><li>通过溶解0.88克抗坏血酸C 6 H 8 O使抗坏血酸溶液（试剂3）6在50毫升的蒸馏水中。加入0.5毫升15％的SDS和漩涡平缓。注意：此解决方案必须每天准备新鲜。 </li><li>做一个100毫克的P / L的标准溶液中加入0.4393克干燥的KH 2 PO 4到1升容量瓶中。加入约500ml蒸馏水，漩涡以溶解的化学和带来体积的蒸馏水。 </li></ol></li><li>进行以下的试剂和标准硝酸盐分析<ol><li>加25毫升浓磷酸（H 3 PO 4）至150 ml，在250毫升的容量瓶中蒸馏水。冷却至室温，并添加10.0克磺胺（4-NH 2 C 6 H 4 SO 2 NH 2）和溶解。加入0.5克N-（1 -萘基）乙二胺二盐酸盐（C 10 H 7 NHCH 2 CH 2 NH 2•2HCl的），并溶解。加入2毫升浓冲洗液（由仪器厂家专业urer），用蒸馏水稀释至刻度。注意：溶液可以贮存于棕色瓶中长达数周。 </li><li>溶解85克的氯化铵（NH 4 Cl）的和0.1克乙二胺四乙酸二钠（C 10 H 14 N 2的Na 2 O 8•2H 2 O）在约蒸馏水900毫升在1L容量瓶中。通过加入浓氢氧化铵（NH 4 OH）将pH调节至8.5并定容至体积的蒸馏水。 </li><li>把200毫升从6.4.2.2溶液在1L体积并稀释至刻度，用蒸馏水。通过加入浓氢氧化铵（NH 4 OH）将pH调节至8.5。 </li><li>溶解7.218克硝酸钾（KNO 3）在蒸馏水中并稀释至1升加入1 ml的氯仿（CHCl 3中）作为防腐剂。 </li></ol></li><li>进行以下的试剂和标准氨analys是： <ol><li>溶解8克氢氧化钠（NaOH）在125毫升蒸馏水中的250毫升容量瓶中。冷却至室温，加20.75克苯酚（C 6 H 5 OH）和溶解。稀释至刻度，用蒸馏水和存储多达2周棕色瓶在黑暗中。 </li><li>加25毫升含5.25％次氯酸钠溶液加0.5毫升浓探针冲洗​​液为50毫升的容量瓶中的漂白粉溶液。稀释至一定体积的蒸馏水，并混合。 </li><li>在约450毫升500毫升容量瓶中，用蒸馏水溶解25克乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐二水合物（C 10 H 14 N 2的Na 2 O 8•2H 2 O）和2.75克氢氧化钠（NaOH）钠。加入3毫升浓探针冲洗​​液，混匀，并带来体积的蒸馏水。 </li><li>溶解0.075克硝普钠二水合物（ 硫酸钠的Fe（CN）5NO•2H 2 O）溶于100ml蒸馏水中。一DD0.5毫升集中探头清洗液，混匀并储存于棕色瓶中长达1周。 </li><li>使1000 mg / L的氨原液溶解3.819克干燥无水氯化铵（NH 4 Cl）的在500毫升蒸馏水中，稀释至1 L。 </li></ol></li><li>在4毫升样品瓶的地方样本，覆盖每一个隔垫和瓶盖。 </li><li>将充满小瓶的分析保持的是什么位置什么的样品记录。注：为保证质量目的的认证参考标准应每12 个未知之后运行。 </li><li>操作如下供选择的分析制造商的说明分析仪。 </li></ol></li><li>用离子色谱法测量阳离子（钠，钙，镁，钾）。 <ol><li>制备的Na 1,000 mg / L的储备溶液加入2.542克NaCl至1升容量瓶中，并带来对体积的蒸馏水。 </li><li>准备1000 mg / L的储备液钾加入1.9070克氯化钾到1升容量瓶中，并带来对体积的蒸馏水。 </li><li>制备的Mg 1,000 mg / L的储备溶液加入8.3608克的MgCl 2•6H 2 O至1升容量瓶中，并带来对体积的蒸馏水。 </li><li>制备的Ca 1,000 mg / L的储备溶液加入3.6674克氯化钙•2H 2 O至1升容量瓶中，并带来对体积的蒸馏水。 </li><li>制备350 mg / L的工作钠溶液中加入35毫升储备溶液至100ml的容量瓶中，并把与体积的蒸馏水。 </li><li>制备的K为25 mg / L的工作溶液，加入2.5毫升储备溶液至100ml的容量瓶中，定容，用蒸馏水。 </li><li>制备的Mg的25 mg / L的工作溶液，加入2.5毫升储备溶液至100ml的容量瓶中，定容，用蒸馏水。 </li><li>通过准备钙75 mg / L的工作液加入7.5毫升原液到100ml容量瓶中，定容，用蒸馏水。 </li><li>重新过滤径流水样通过0.2微米的玻璃微纤维过滤器。 </li><li>填写样品瓶，以填补样品或标准线和密封用隔垫和瓶盖。 </li><li>将样品瓶中的样品位置的分析跟踪。注：质量保证目的的空白和认证的参考标准应每12 个未知之后运行。 </li><li>操作自动分析仪下制造商的说明。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Fulton, W., Pendall, R., Nguyen, M., Harrison, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Who+sprawls+most?+How+growth+patterns+differ+across+the+U.S.+The+Brookings+Institution+Survey+Series.">Who sprawls most? How growth patterns differ across the U.S. The Brookings Institution Survey Series.</a> http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2001/7/metropolitanpolicy%20fulton/fulton. , (2001).</li><li>White, R. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+much+water+is+'enough'?+Using+PET+to+develop+water+budgets+for+residential+landscapes.">How much water is 'enough'? Using PET to develop water budgets for residential landscapes.</a> Proc. Texas Sec. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 7, 7 (2004).</li><li>Walsh, C. J., Roy, A. H., Feminella, J. W., Cottingham, P. D., Groffman, P. M., Morgan, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+urban+stream+syndrome:+current+knowledge+and+the+search+for+a+cure.">The urban stream syndrome: current knowledge and the search for a cure.</a> J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. 24, 706-723 (2005).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=4R+Plant+Nutrition:+A+Manual+for+Improving+the+Management+of+Plant+Nutrition.">4R Plant Nutrition: A Manual for Improving the Management of Plant Nutrition.</a> International Plant Nutrition Institute. , (2012).</li><li>Miyomoto, S., Chacon, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+salinity+of+urban+turf+area+irrigated+with+saline+water+II.+Soil+factors.">Soil salinity of urban turf area irrigated with saline water II. Soil factors.</a> Landsc. Urban Plan. 77, 28-38 (2006).</li><li>Steele, M. K., Aitkenhead-Peterson, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Urban+soils+of+Texas:+Relating+irrigation+sodicity+to+water-extractable+carbon+and+nutrients.">Urban soils of Texas: Relating irrigation sodicity to water-extractable carbon and nutrients.</a> Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 76, 972-982 (2012).</li><li>Steele, M. K., Aitkenhead-Peterson, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salt+impacts+on+organic+carbon+and+nitrogen+leaching+from+senesced+vegetation.">Salt impacts on organic carbon and nitrogen leaching from senesced vegetation.</a> Biogeochem. 112, 245-259 (2013).</li><li>Washbusch, R. J., Selbig, W. R., Bannerman, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sources+of+phosphorus+in+stormwater+and+street+dirt+from+two+urban+residential+basins.">Sources of phosphorus in stormwater and street dirt from two urban residential basins.</a> National Conference on Tools for Urban Water Resource Management and Protection Proceedings. , (2000).</li><li>Pitt, R., Chen, S., Clark, S. E., Swenson, J., Ong, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compaction's+impacts+on+urban+storm-water+infiltration.">Compaction's impacts on urban storm-water infiltration.</a> J. Irrigation Drainage Eng. 134, 652-658 (2008).</li><li>Kelling, K. A., Peterson, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Urban+lawn+infiltration+rates+and+fertilizer+runoff+losses+under+simulated+rainfall.">Urban lawn infiltration rates and fertilizer runoff losses under simulated rainfall.</a> Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 39, 349-352 (1975).</li><li>Edmondson, J. L., Davies, Z. G., McCormack, S. A., Gaston, K. J., Leake, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+soils+in+urban+ecosystems+compacted?+A+citywide+analysis.">Are soils in urban ecosystems compacted? A citywide analysis.</a> Biol. Lett. 7, 771-774 (2011).</li><li>Cunningham, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+suburban+stream+syndrome:+Evaluating+land+use+and+stream+impairments+in+the+suburbs.">The suburban stream syndrome: Evaluating land use and stream impairments in the suburbs.</a> Phys. Geogr. 30, 269-284 (2009).</li><li>Erickson, J. E., Cisar, J. L., Volin, J. C., Snyder, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparing+nitrogen+runoff+and+leaching+between+newly+established+St.+Augustinegrass+turf+and+an+alternative+residential+landscape.">Comparing nitrogen runoff and leaching between newly established St. Augustinegrass turf and an alternative residential landscape.</a> Crop Sci. 41, 1889-1895 (2001).</li><li>Morton, T. G., Gold, A. J., Sullivan, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+overwatering+and+fertilization+on+nitrogen+losses+from+home+lawns.">Influence of overwatering and fertilization on nitrogen losses from home lawns.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 17, 124-130 (1988).</li><li>O'Dell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+415.1+Organic+carbon,+total+(combustion+or+oxidation).">Method 415.1 Organic carbon, total (combustion or oxidation).</a> Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. , 415.1-415.3 (1983).</li><li>O'Dell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+phosphorus+by+semi+automated+colorimetry.+Environmental+monitoring+systems+laboratory,+Office+of+research+and+development.">Determination of phosphorus by semi automated colorimetry. Environmental monitoring systems laboratory, Office of research and development.</a> U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. , (1993).</li><li>O'Dell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+nitrate+nitrogen+by+semi+automated+colorimetry.+Revision+2.0+Edited+by+JW+O'Dell,+Environmental+monitoring+systems+laboratory.">Determination of nitrate nitrogen by semi automated colorimetry. Revision 2.0 Edited by JW O'Dell, Environmental monitoring systems laboratory.</a> Office of research and development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. , (1993).</li><li>O'Dell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+ammonia+nitrogen+by+semi+automated+colorimetry.+Revision+2.0+Edited+by+JW+O'Dell,+Environmental+monitoring+systems+laboratory.">Determination of ammonia nitrogen by semi automated colorimetry. Revision 2.0 Edited by JW O'Dell, Environmental monitoring systems laboratory.</a> Office of research and development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. , (1993).</li><li>Gobel, P., Dierkes, C., Coldewey, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Storm+water+runoff+concentration+matrix+for+urban+areas.">Storm water runoff concentration matrix for urban areas.</a> J. Contam. Hydrol. 91, 26-42 (2007).</li><li>Vietor, D. M., Provin, T. L., White, R. H., Munster, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Runoff+losses+of+phosphorus+and+nitrogen+imported+in+sod+or+composted+manure+for+turf+establishment.">Runoff losses of phosphorus and nitrogen imported in sod or composted manure for turf establishment.</a> J. Env. Qual. 33, 358-366 (2004).</li></ol>

除了S.凯利作为斯科茨奇迹格罗公司的一名雇员，作者宣称，他们没有竞争的经济利益。

水流过，成，并通过土壤影响很大地形，植被，土壤的物理性质。过分压实土壤和土壤具有较高的粘土含量将展出减渗率和径流增加量。因此，建立这种性质的设施时，应尽一切努力作出使用均匀斜坡原生的土壤，并从所有类型的流量在施工期间，实验区减少压实。另外，从交建筑维护活动压实应最小。这些因素还需要解释从一个给定的实验中的数据，并将它们进行比较，以从其他网站的内容时?...

四个最快速增长，人口密集的都会区都位于美国南部的亚热带气候1。此外，在1982年至1997年间城市化土地的最大百分比变化发生在美国南部1。随着增加市区自带饮用水，其中大部分在夏季2用于户外使用的伴随需求。随着新的建筑，可编程的地面灌溉系统通常安装。不幸的是，这些系统往往编程更加频繁和/或体积超过景观2蒸散量的需求提供灌溉城市园林绿化。这导致显著量由城市园林绿化径流对受纳水体，这有助于内被称为城市流综合征3。城市流综合征的症状包括增加地表径流和侵蚀流动频率，增加nitrogeN（N），磷（P），毒物，和温度除了改变信道的形态，淡水生物和生态系统的处理3。 的氮和磷从农业生态系统中的损失进行了广泛研究，发现为主要依赖于四个因素：营养源，应用速率，施加定时和养分放置4。而较少公布的数据从城市景观的营养场外运动目前存在的，这些校长可直接应用于草坪文化，无论是在家里的草坪，草皮农场，公园或其他绿地。此外，从景观造成径流灌溉不当做法会加剧这些损失。 营养损失可以通过灌溉水质量得到进一步改变。在美国西南部地区往往更多地利用盐水或苏打水为家的草坪和城市景观5,6灌溉。的化学组成灌溉水可显著改变土壤化学引起的碳，氮，钙，和其它阳离子的释放到径流水。最近的工作表明，在提取的水的增加的吸收钠比（SAR）的碳（C）和氮（N），从圣Augustinegrass剪辑，黑麦草草屑和其它有机材料7浸出的量显著增加。此外，从休闲草坪土壤中提取水的土壤碳，氮，磷损失显著与灌溉水的化学成分6相关。 Washbusch 等 。研究城市径流的麦迪逊，威斯康星，发现草坪是总磷8的最大贡献者。此外，他们还发现，在“土街”的总磷的25％来源于树叶和草屑。在典型的农村环境，叶屑落到地上，然后慢慢分解释放营养物质返回到S油的环境。然而，在城市环境中，显著大量营养丰富的树叶和草屑的可能下降或要洗手或吹向hardscapes，如车道，人行道和车行道，然后使他们的方式走上街头，他们贡献“街头污垢” ，其中大部分被直接冲成接收水道。 城市景观的土壤往往是不安和建设，这也可以提高径流量减少导致入渗率9时非常密实。克林和彼得森报道，双方的总径流量和家庭草坪径流营养盐的浓度从草坪是压实，或有严重由于以前施工活动10扰动土壤剖面增加。埃德蒙森等 。另一方面，发现，相对于周围农业土壤中Leic的都市和郊区区域城市土壤较少压实酯，英国11。他们将此归因于用于重型农业机械，但他们也指出，草坪产生了较大的土壤容重比下的树木和灌木的土壤这是由于草刈割和更大的人践踏。 这样看来，在很多情况下，城市和郊区流综合征是显著通过径流和点源排放3,12影响。而点源可以通过许可证和回收进行操作，需要更多的研究，开发和测试的最佳管理方法用于家庭草坪的建立和管理，以减少营养损失径流。在这方面，过去的研究工作往往被沿海地区，那里有高含砂量的土壤中，由于涉及到淋溶和径流营养物质损失沿海水域的影响的关注中心。然而，很沙质土壤中工作时，必须有陡坡和高降雨率，能够属忒任何径流13,14。与此相反，许多在美国中部的土壤是织纹细腻，并有导致从哪怕是很小的降雨事件显著金额径流低渗透率。因此，它被期望的设计和建造上的原生土壤和坡度典型的住宅景观中可能出现的的径流设施。 本文介绍了一个1000 平方米的设施包括24个独立33.6米2场地块为在比较小的时间分辨率，并同时收集径流水子样本在选择的体积或时间间隔测量和定量测量总径流量的设计，结构和功能的径流水的化学成分。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="778">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Flow meter</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Model 4230</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Bubbling flow meter that measures and records water flow through flume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Portable Sampler</td>
			<td>Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td>Model 6712</td>
			<td>Works in conjunction with the flow meter to collect water samples at predetermined intervals.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flow Link Software to collect data</td>
			<td>Teledyne Isco</td>
			<td>Ver 5.0</td>
			<td>Allows communication between flow meter and computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pre-sloped trench drain</td>
			<td>Zurn Industries, LLC</td>
			<td>Z-886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Irrigation Controller</td>
			<td>Toro Company</td>
			<td>VP Satellite</td>
			<td>Controls irrigation to each plot individually</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electric Valves</td>
			<td>Hunter</td>
			<td>2.5 cm PGV</td>
			<td>Opens or closes water flow to individual plots based on signal from irrigation controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Spray nozzles</td>
			<td>RainBird</td>
			<td>HE-Van 12</td>
			<td>Sprays irrigation water in predetermined pattern and rate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Irrigation heads</td>
			<td>Hunter</td>
			<td>Pro Spray 4</td>
			<td>4 inch pop up spray heads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 inch slotted drain pipe</td>
			<td>Advanced Drainage Systems</td>
			<td>6410100</td>
			<td>single wall corregated HDPE - slotted</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 inch plain drain pipe</td>
			<td>Advanced Drainage Systems</td>
			<td>6400100</td>
			<td>single wall corregated HDPE - plain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Filter Paper</td>
			<td>Whatman GF/F</td>
			<td>1825-047</td>
			<td>47mm diameter, binder-free, glass microfiber filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pH Meter</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>Accumet XL20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Combination pH probe</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-620-130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Automatic Temperature Compensating Probe</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-602-19</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Electrical conductivity probe</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-620-100</td>
			<td>Cell constant of 1.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">&#160;TOC-VCSH with total nitrogen unit TMN-1</td>
			<td>Shimadzu Corp</td>
			<td>TOC-VCSH with TMN-1</td>
			<td>dissolved C and N analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Smartchem 200</td>
			<td>Unity Scientific</td>
			<td>200</td>
			<td>Discrete Analyzer for P measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ICS 1000</td>
			<td>Dionex</td>
			<td>ICS 1000</td>
			<td>Ion Chromatography for Ca, Mg, K and Na measurment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Portable Soil Moisture Meter</td>
			<td>Spectrum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">FieldScout TDR 300</td>
			<td>7.5 cm long probes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Totallizing Water Meters</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Badger</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">3/4 inch water meters</td>
			<td>standard homeowner water meters</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design and construction of an urban runoff research facility

随着城市人口的增加，所以确实灌溉城市园林绿化的面积。在市区夏季用水可以2-3倍的冬季底线用水由于对园林灌溉需求增加。不当的灌溉方法，大降水事件可能造成的城市景观具有潜力进行营养物和沉积物进入当地溪流和湖泊，他们可能会导致水体富营养化径流。 1000 平方米设施构建了由24个独立33.6米2场图，每个配备用于测量总径流量随着时间的推移和收藏径流子样本的选取时间间隔从模拟城市景观的径流水化学成分的定量分析。从所述第一和第二试验的径流体积过的变异性（CV）的系数为38.2和28.7％的值，分别为。均小于10％，径流pH值，EC和两个试验钠浓度的CV值。 Concentratio商务部的NS，TDN，唐，PO4-P，K +，Mg 2 +的 ，和钙有CV值小于这两项试验的50％。总体而言，在该设施草皮安装之后进行测试的结果表明：重复对径流体积和化学成分之间的良好的均匀性。大地块大小足以包含许多自然变化，因此提供了更好的模拟城市景观生态系统。

情节特点 在所有24个地块的平均坡度为3.7％，并从小区17低3.2％至4.1％，为2地块（ 表1）高。平均耕层厚度为36公分，从25.0公分，24地块的低范围到51.5厘米积10（ 表1）高。 径流量 从2012年8月9日一审径流量的均值为213.5 L和从95.6升的低到高的391Ł不等，变异系数为38.2％（简历）（ 表2）。但是应当指出的是，以该死的前，这些图已?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility at JoVE.com

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

本文介绍了一个1000 平方米的设施包括配备从测量总径流量随着时间的推移和收藏径流子样本的选取时间间隔为化学成分的定量分析在径流水24个人33.6米2场图的设计，建设和功能模拟家庭草坪。

设计一个城市径流研究设施的建设

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

design-and-construction-of-an-urban-runoff-research-facility

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Civil Engineering

Environment

Unit 1

Leveling

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

13.0K 次观看.  Texas A&M University. 本文介绍了一个1000 平方米的设施包括配备从测量总径流量随着时间的推移和收藏径流子样本的选取时间间隔为化学成分的定量分析在径流水24个人33.6米2场图的设计，建设和功能模拟家庭草坪。 

视频: Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes and soil organic matter formation to small-scale stable-isotope biomarker probing. Coupling multiple stable isotopes such as 13C with 15N, 18O or&#160;2H has the potential to reveal even more information about complex stoichiometric relationships during biogeochemical transformations. Isotope labeled plant material has been used in various studies of litter decomposition and soil organic matter formation1-4. From these and other studies, however, it has become apparent that structural components of plant material behave differently than metabolic components (i.e. leachable low molecular weight compounds) in terms of microbial utilization and long-term carbon storage5-7. The ability to study structural and metabolic components separately provides a powerful new tool for advancing the forefront of ecosystem biogeochemical studies. Here we describe a method for producing 13C and 15N labeled plant material that is either uniformly labeled throughout the plant or differentially labeled in structural and metabolic plant components.
Here, we present the construction and operation of a continuous 13C and 15N labeling chamber that can be modified to meet various research needs. Uniformly labeled plant material is produced by continuous labeling from seedling to harvest, while differential labeling is achieved by removing the growing plants from the chamber weeks prior to harvest. Representative results from growing Andropogon gerardii Kaw demonstrate the system&#39;s ability to efficiently label plant material at the targeted levels. Through this method we have produced plant material with a 4.4 atom%13C and 6.7 atom%15N uniform plant label, or material that is differentially labeled by up to 1.29 atom%13C and 0.56 atom%15N in its metabolic and structural components (hot water extractable and hot water residual components, respectively). Challenges lie in maintaining proper temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration,&#160;and light levels in an airtight 13C-CO2 atmosphere for successful plant production. This chamber description represents a useful research tool to effectively produce uniformly or differentially multi-isotope labeled plant material for use in experiments on ecosystem biogeochemical cycling.

Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling

This method explains how to build and operate a continuous 13C and 15N isotope labeling chamber for uniform or differential plant tissue labeling. Representative results from metabolic and structural labeling of Andropogon gerardii are discussed.

设计一个连续和操作<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; C和<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt;Ñ贴标商会统一或差分，代谢和结构，植物同位素标记

Tracing rare stable isotopes from plant material through the ecosystem provides the most sensitive information about ecosystem processes; from CO2 fluxes ...

科研

环境科学

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of antecedent soil moisture content on the fate and transport of surface applied commercial urea, a common form of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, following a rainfall event that occurs within 24&#160;hr&#160;after fertilizer application. Although urea is assumed to be readily hydrolyzed to ammonium and therefore not often available for transport, recent studies suggest that urea can be transported from agricultural soils to coastal waters where it is implicated in harmful algal blooms. A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall across packed soil boxes that had been prewetted to different soil moisture contents. By controlling rainfall and soil physical characteristics, the effects of antecedent soil moisture on urea loss were isolated. Wetter soils exhibited shorter time from rainfall initiation to runoff initiation, greater total volume of runoff, higher urea concentrations in runoff, and greater mass loadings of urea in runoff. These results also demonstrate the importance of controlling for antecedent soil moisture content in studies designed to isolate other variables, such as soil physical or chemical characteristics, slope, soil cover, management, or rainfall characteristics. Because rainfall simulators are designed to deliver raindrops of similar size and velocity as natural rainfall, studies conducted under a standardized protocol can yield valuable data that, in turn, can be used to develop models for predicting the fate and transport of pollutants in runoff.

A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall to packed soil boxes in a study of the fate and transport of urea, a nonpoint source environmental contaminant. Under uniform soil and rainfall conditions, antecedent soil moisture content exerted strong control over urea loss in surface runoff.

一个协议，用于开展降雨模拟研究土壤径流

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most experiments examine only two or a few levels of CA concentration and a single soil type, but if CA can be varied as a gradient from subambient to superambient concentrations on multiple soils, we can discern whether past ecosystem responses may continue linearly in the future and whether responses may vary across the landscape. The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility applies a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 CA gradient to Blackland prairie plant communities established on lysimeters containing clay, silty clay, and sandy soils. The gradient is created as photosynthesis by vegetation enclosed in in temperature-controlled chambers progressively depletes carbon dioxide from air flowing directionally through the chambers. Maintaining proper air flow rate, adequate photosynthetic capacity, and temperature control are critical to overcome the main limitations of the system, which are declining photosynthetic rates and increased water stress during summer. The facility is an economical alternative to other techniques of CA enrichment, successfully discerns the shape of ecosystem responses to subambient to superambient CA enrichment, and can be adapted to test for interactions of carbon dioxide with other greenhouse gases such as methane or ozone.

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility creates a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 linear carbon dioxide gradient in temperature-controlled chambers housing grassland plant communities on clay, silty clay, and sandy soil monoliths. The facility is used to determine how past and future carbon dioxide levels affect grassland carbon cycling.

一个外线<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;浓度梯度用于测试CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;浓度与土壤对草地生态系统功能的影响

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

Spotting Cheetahs: Identifying Individuals by Their Footprints

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is Africa's most endangered large felid and listed as Vulnerable with a declining population trend by the IUCN1. It ranges widely over sub-Saharan Africa and in parts of the Middle East. Cheetah conservationists face two major challenges, conflict with landowners over the killing of domestic livestock, and concern over range contraction. Understanding of the latter remains particularly poor2. Namibia is believed to support the largest number of cheetahs of any range country, around 30%, but estimates range from 2,9053 to 13,5204. The disparity is likely a result of the different techniques used in monitoring.
Current techniques, including invasive tagging with VHF or satellite/GPS collars, can be costly and unreliable. The footprint identification technique5 is a new tool accessible to both field scientists and also citizens with smartphones, who could potentially augment data collection. The footprint identification technique analyzes digital images of footprints captured according to a standardized protocol. Images are optimized and measured in data visualization software. Measurements of distances, angles, and areas of the footprint images are analyzed using a robust cross-validated pairwise discriminant analysis based on a customized model. The final output is in the form of a Ward's cluster dendrogram. A user-friendly graphic user interface (GUI) allows the user immediate access and clear interpretation of classification results.
The footprint identification technique algorithms are species specific because each species has a unique anatomy. The technique runs in a data visualization software, using its own scripting language (jsl) that can be customized for the footprint anatomy of any species. An initial classification algorithm is built from a training database of footprints from that species, collected from individuals of known identity. An algorithm derived from a cheetah of known identity is then able to classify free-ranging cheetahs of unknown identity. The footprint identification technique predicts individual cheetah identity with an accuracy of &gt;90%.

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is an iconic, endangered species, but conservation efforts are challenged by habitat shrinkage and conflict with commercial farmers. The footprint identification technique, a robust, accurate and cost-effective image classification system, is a new approach to monitoring cheetahs.

通过他们的足迹识别个体：合模猎豹

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is Africa's most endangered large felid and listed as Vulnerable with a declining population trend by the IUCN1. It ranges ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Rearing and Long-Term Maintenance of Eristalis tenax Hoverflies for Research Studies

With an estimated 6000 species worldwide, hoverflies are ecologically important as alternative pollinators to domesticated honeybees. However, they are also a useful scientific model to study motion vision and flight dynamics in a controlled laboratory setting. As the larvae develop in organically polluted water, they are useful models for investigating investment in microbial immunity. While large scale commercial breeding for agriculture already occurs, there are no standardized protocols for maintaining captive populations for scientific studies. This is important as commercial captive breeding programs focusing on mass output during peak pollination periods may fail to provide a population that is consistent, stable and robust throughout the year, as is often needed for other research purposes. Therefore, a method to establish, maintain and refresh a captive research population is required. Here, we describe the utilization of an artificial hibernation cycle, in addition to the nutritional and housing requirements, for long term maintenance of Eristalis tenax. Using these methods, we have significantly increased the health and longevity of captive populations of E. tenax compared to previous reports. We furthermore discuss small scale rearing methods and options for optimizing yields and manipulating population demographics.

Rearing and Long-Term Maintenance of Eristalis tenax Hoverflies for Research Studies

The overall goal of these procedures is to establish, maintain and refresh a captive population of Eristalis tenax in a research setting.

研究性学习的Eristalis 管Hoverflies 的饲养和长期维护

With an estimated 6000 species worldwide, hoverflies are ecologically important as alternative pollinators to domesticated honeybees. However, they are ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves (i.e., mussels, oysters, and clams) presents new challenges. Quantitative data on the feeding behavior of suspension-feeding mollusks is necessary to determine important ecosystem interactions of offshore shellfish farms, including their carrying capacity, the competition with the zooplankton community, the availability of trophic resources at different depths, and the deposition to the benthos. The biodeposition method is used to quantify feeding variables in suspension-feeding bivalves in a natural setting and represents a more realistic proxy than laboratory experiments. This method, however, relies upon a stable platform to satisfy the requirements that water flow rates supplied to the shellfish remain constant and the bivalves are undisturbed. A flow-through device and process for using the biodeposition method to quantify the feeding of bivalve mollusks were modified from a land-based format for shipboard use by building a two-dimensional gimbal table around the device. Planimeter data reveal a minimal pitch and yaw of the chambers containing the test shellfish despite boat motion, the flow rates within the chambers remain constant, and operators are able to collect the biodeposits (feces and pseudofeces) with sufficient consistency to obtain accurate measurements of the bivalve clearance, filtration, selection, ingestion, rejection, and absorption at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

A flow-through device for using the biodeposition method to quantify filtration and feeding behavior of bivalve mollusks was modified for shipboard use. A two-dimensional gimbal table built around the device isolates the apparatus from boat motion, thereby allowing the accurate quantification of bivalve filtration variables at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

海上双壳贝类悬浮饲料定量装置的设计与应用

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves ...

Construction of a Low-cost Mobile Incubator for Field and Laboratory Use

Incubators are essential for a range of culture-based microbial methods, such as membrane filtration followed by cultivation for assessing drinking water quality. However, commercially available incubators are often costly, difficult to transport, not flexible in terms of volume, and/or poorly adapted to local field conditions where access to electricity is unreliable. The purpose of this study was to develop an adaptable, low-cost and transportable incubator that can be constructed using readily available components. The electronic core of the incubator was first developed. These components were then tested under a range of ambient temperature conditions (3.5 &#176;C - 39 &#176;C) using three types of incubator shells (polystyrene foam box, hard cooler box, and cardboard box covered with a survival blanket). The electronic core showed comparable performance to a standard laboratory incubator in terms of the time required to reach the set temperature, inner temperature stability and spatial dispersion, power consumption, and microbial growth. The incubator set-ups were also effective at moderate and low ambient temperatures (between 3.5 &#176;C and 27 &#176;C), and at high temperatures (39 &#176;C) when the incubator set temperature was higher. This incubator prototype is low-cost (&lt; 300 USD) and adaptable to a variety of materials and volumes. Its demountable structure makes it easy to transport. It can be used in both established laboratories with grid power or in remote settings powered by solar energy or a car battery. It is particularly useful as an equipment option for field laboratories in areas with limited access to resources for water quality monitoring.

This paper describes a method for building an adaptable, low-cost and transportable incubator for microbial testing of drinking water. Our design is based on widely available materials and can operate under a range of field conditions, while still offering the advantages of higher-end laboratory-based models.

建造供野外和实验室使用的低成本移动孵化器

Incubators are essential for a range of culture-based microbial methods, such as membrane filtration followed by cultivation for assessing drinking water ...

Combining Eye-tracking Data with an Analysis of Video Content from Free-viewing a Video of a Walk in an Urban Park Environment

As individuals increasingly live in cities, methods to study their everyday movements and the data that can be collected becomes important and valuable. Eye-tracking informatics are known to connect to a range of feelings, health conditions, mental states and actions. But because vision is the result of constant eye-movements, teasing out what is important from what is noise is complex and data intensive. Furthermore, a significant challenge is controlling for what people look at compared to what is presented to them.
The following presents a methodology for combining and analyzing eye-tracking on a video of a natural and complex scene with a machine learning technique for analyzing the content of the video. In the protocol we focus on analyzing data from filmed videos, how a video can be best used to record participants&#39; eye-tracking data, and importantly how the content of the video can be analyzed and combined with the eye-tracking data. We present a brief summary of the results and a discussion of the potential of the method for further studies in complex environments.

The objective of the protocol is to detail how to collect video data for use in the laboratory; how to record eye-tracking data of participants looking at the data and how to efficiently analyze the content of the videos that they were looking at using a machine learning technique.

将眼动追踪数据与从自由观看城市公园环境中的步行视频中获得的视频内容进行分析

As individuals increasingly live in cities, methods to study their everyday movements and the data that can be collected becomes important and valuable. ...

Sampling Soils in a Heterogeneous Research Plot

Soils are highly heterogeneous. In general, the number of soil samples required for soil research has always been determined arbitrarily and the associated accuracy is unknown. Here, we present a detailed protocol for efficient and clustered soil sampling in a research plot and, relying on a pilot sampling using this design, for demonstrating soil spatial heterogeneity and informing reasonable sample sizes and associated accuracy for future study. The protocol mainly comprises four steps: sampling design, field collection, soil analysis, and geostatistical analysis. The step-by-step procedure is modified according to former publications. Two examples will be presented to demonstrate contrasting spatial distributions of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under different management practices. In addition, we present a strategy to determine the sample size requirement (SSR) given a certain level of accuracy based on the plot-level coefficient of variation (CV). The field sampling protocol and the quantitative determination of the sample size will assist researchers in seeking feasible sampling strategies to meet research needs and resources' availability.

The traditional soil-sampling procedure determines the number of soil samples arbitrarily. Here, we provide a simple yet efficient clustered soil-sampling design to demonstrate soil spatial heterogeneity and quantitatively determine the number of soil samples required and the associated sampling accuracy.