我们想感谢脑产品有限责任公司提供的设备，专业知识，并帮助生产这项工作。我们还要感谢格林斯宾塞，英国诺丁汉大学，协助生产的视频。我们也感谢工程和物理科学研究理事会（EPSRC），E​​P/J006823/1和英国诺丁汉大学为这项研究提供资金。

1。准备实验装置<ol><li>主体的到来之前设立的脑电图设备扫描仪操作员将坐在在中控室。笔记本电脑连接脑电图硬件，如在图1中示出。注:从外围设备和磁共振扫描仪的所有触发器必须有脑电图系统被检测到的持续时间超过200微秒。 </li><li>刺激计算机设置，在本研究中，我们使用一个视觉刺激，在每个刺激周期的开始和结束的标记读入的BrainVision录放影机。 </li><li>确保的工作区，用于记录的数据被设置为最高时间分辨率和正确的过滤器设置。对于大多数研究交流耦合0.016-250赫兹的过滤器是最佳的，虽然直流耦合或较高的低通滤波器（1千赫）可能需要超低频或高频神经元的信号，如果还分别。 </li><li>检查从S标记罐头和刺激呈现证实，他们正在正确地记录脑电图系统。开启使用BrainVision录像机控制面板，扫描仪和脑电图时钟同步。然后检查是否同步成功，如果设置是正确的绿色图标和"同步"点会出现。 </li><li>设置在常规的方式，在这里我们用身体传输射频线圈和一个32通道的头接收射频线圈的磁共振扫描仪。如果可能的话，最好是使用的头部大小的发射线圈的EEG帽和相关电缆的RF加热的风险降至最低。然而，在大多数扫描仪上，头部发射线圈不能一起使用一个多元素的接收线圈，从而导致次优的fMRI数据采集（特别是并行成像加速是不可能的）。我们使用这个特定的头接收线圈，因为它集成了一个接入端口允许从脑电帽的电缆沿直线路径上运行SCANNER。 </li><li>确保设立的MR序列运行。 fMRI的序列必须使用切片TR是脑电时钟周期（200微秒）的倍数。如果使用飞利浦MR系统飞利浦时序可以使用计算器，以确定可能的切片和TR组合。 </li><li>进行最后一次检查，所有设备都记录如预期。 </li></ol> 2。主题到达<ol><li>要求受测者到达干净的头发和穿着舒适，非金属服装。 </li><li>课题实验的目的，会发生什么解释。 </li><li>要求受测者填写表格，用于建立，有没有禁忌症的MR扫描，同意参与实验的主题。检查的形式，然后再继续。在这项研究中已获得了当地伦理委员会的批准，所有受试者的知情同意。 </li><li>测量头围，并选择应用程序ropriately大小的上限（ 即大于头部大小可用最小的上限）。帽放置在头的前面的头开始向后拉。正确定位套，使得锆电极选址鼻根和枕外隆凸尖之间的半路上，也为中心的左右。 </li><li>连接电极的头部移动的头发的方式，应用酒精和然后Abralyte凝胶。 ECG电极连接到基座的背面使用类似的方法来用于帽电极。此电极用于测量心跳。后面的基础上，定位于建议的R峰在心电图中的跟踪，以及受舒适的噪声使信号最大化。 </li><li>触点上，以减少电极的阻抗小于10kΩ（不包括在每个电极的内部电阻的电阻）的头。 ，心电图和EOG阻力可能会更高信号是强大和良好的CONNE的ctions可能很难实现，但必须保持低于50KΩ。 </li><li>检查通过目视检查显示器屏幕上的数据，的脑电数据质量是令人满意的。 </li></ol> 3。拍摄的MR扫描仪之外 （可选:只需要如果你想比较EEG数据质量，从内部和外部的MR扫描仪） <ol><li>设置以外的扫描仪（在低磁场的位置）上介绍的装置和脑电图设备。确保建立尽可能类似内使用磁共振扫描仪（特别是主体应该是仰卧和刺激呈现一个类似的过程，应使用）。 </li><li>进行实验，以在扫描仪内部的（见第4节）所用的类似的方式来记录数据。 </li></ol> 4。设置主题里面的MR扫描仪<ol><li>让拍摄对象，而你坐在成立脑电图球菌pment在MR扫描室。 </li><li>放大器进入屏蔽室，并把它放在桌子上的扫描仪后面的。将放大器的很长的光纤电缆。通过光纤电缆通过波导和它附加到BrainAmp USB适配器在控制室的（ 图1）。 </li><li>注册病人在磁共振扫描仪，病人的数据基础。 </li><li>以学科进入房间，并要求他们躺在扫描仪上的床。 </li><li>就此课题耳塞，头戴式耳机和通话按钮，并确保他们的舒适。 </li><li>在对象的头部，将头线圈。脑电图电缆必须离开头线圈沿最短路径。垫主体的头部，尽量减少头部运动。 </li><li>移动扫描仪的主体插入孔，确保电极FP1和Fp2在z方向上的MR扫描仪等中心点。这通常是通过使这两个电极的光，用于到位置t他之前受到他们进入孔。 </li><li> EEG帽连接到放大器的上面的扫描仪后端。确保有没有电线回路在脑电图引线（因为这些可能导致射频加热，也造成较大的脑电图文物被诱导）和布线孤立尽可能从磁共振扫描仪，振动，在这里我们使用悬臂梁实现这种隔离。 </li></ol> 5。扫描仪内部的记录<ol><li>从控制台室，谈话的主题，以确认他们能听到扫描仪操作员都OK。 </li><li>第二个实验者开始嘈杂电极脑电监测，检查的痕迹，以及在屏幕下方的绿色"同步"点。 </li><li>可以看出，在记录的低温泵的效果清晰（参见图2）。因此，关闭这些泵在数据​​采集过程中，按照制造商的指引。 </li><li>让拍摄对象移动他们的头一个SMALL金额。保持头部的重要性仍然可以看出，从大的电压脑电图记录中，小头运动的结果。 </li><li>测试记录的神经元活动，让景物打开和关闭他们的眼睛。寻找为枕部阿尔法活动。这将测试是否正在测量生理信号，而不是噪音。如果一个alpha信号不能被视为一个主题（发生在某些科目）有可能进行一个短期的实验范式没有磁共振扫描仪运行和测试神经元的活动，平均诱发电位。 </li><li>寺庙尤其是在电极上的原始数据（参见图2）可以清楚地看出，在脉冲工件。使用心电图一丝纠正这件神器实时使用RecView（或后处理软件包）。 </li><li>只要每个MRI扫描开始梯度将导致大量文物中的脑电数据。 </li><li>瓦连接功能磁共振成像实验准备开始-刺激呈现系统处于就绪状态-然后开始保存的脑电数据所示的步骤。 </li><li>立即开始实验，检查从刺激呈现的标记和MR扫描仪，可以看出，在BrainVision录像机。在这里，刺激由100％对比度满场的径向棋盘。逆转率是2 Hz的频率，使得诱发反应，会发生每500毫秒，脑电图的文件被放置在一个标记，在每个图像反转。 </li><li>脑电图数据的质量将会很差，但它可以被清理，无论是上线在RecView或在后处理过程。为了使加工过的食品的梯度校正工作，而不会损害神经元的信号的记录，必须不被锁定刺激呈现的TR，刺激重复频率不能等于切片的重复频率。 </li><li>瓯梯度加工过的食品，必须进行校正吨脉冲赝象校正前（ 见图3和图4）。数据可能被分割的刺激呈现，并与众多的技术分析，其中最简单的平均调查诱发反应（ 见图6）。 </li></ol> 6。述职的主题<ol><li>一旦扫描完成后，标的扫描仪和帮助他们起飞的脑电帽。 </li><li>让他们洗头。 </li><li>他们现在是自由离开。 </li></ol> 7。在实验结束清理<ol><li>收拾脑电图设备所要求的实验室。如果MR制造商需要确保在每个会话结束时被拔掉，而不是左连接到扫描电子同步硬件。 </li><li>最后，脑电图帽也必须清洗。要做到这一点，帽浸泡在水中（通常约5分钟）或水和消毒液的混合物（根据相关的病原谱和消毒帽制造商推荐的消毒剂应选择曝光时间和消毒剂浓度消毒剂生产商必须遵循的准则。）。然后用牙刷清洁干净，残留的凝胶。完全清洁帽盖，以确保适当的性能，随后使用时，这是非常重要。 </li></ol> 8。分析<ol><li>在这里，实时脑电图分析已经证明，但是它也可能，通常需要进行后处理的脑电数据。这可以通过在多个分析软件包，如脑产品分析器2或EEGLAB的。 </li><li>可以使用各种方法，例如:平均工件减法18,19（通常用于梯度校正通常用于脉冲伪影校正），独立分量分析20,21梯度和脉冲伪影校正</s&gt;或最优基组22（脉冲神器校正）。 </li><li>数据然后可以在时域或频域分析，来看看诱发反应和持续振荡活动。 </li><li>在这里，我们记录了用脑的产品体系，以获取信息所需的脉冲神器校正心电图跟踪。在标准设置中，心电图跟踪记录，通过放置在一个专用的电极的主体的背面。在我们的实验室中，我们使用一个非标准的解决方案，它采用了vectrocardiogram，产生的心脏跟踪（这个解决方案仅适用于飞利浦生理监测设备）。我们已经发现，这可能是有用的，如果无法获得干净的轨迹，使用常规心电图设置。 </li></ol>

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这篇文章的生产脑产​​品有限责任公司主办。皮耶路易吉Castellone是雇员脑产品有限责任公司，该公司生产了本文中使用的一些工具和软件。

由于扫描仪的所有房间的物理布局的一般建议是不同的，我们认识到，你可能无法定位脑电放大器的磁铁孔之外。在这种情况下，一个很好的折衷办法是厚的橡胶垫，以便将放大器的去耦从扫描仪中尽可能多的可能的振动。如果你发现梯度伪影校正工作做得不好，然后检查之间的时间量或分片标记，因为它很可能在这种情况下，TR已经输入到MR控制台是不是恰恰正在生成的TR 。在这种情况下，您需要联系相关的磁共振扫描仪制造商以获得进一步的帮助。 在同步功能磁共振成像的脑电数据采集的过程中，最重要的步骤是那些采取措施，确保所有外部噪声源（ 如 cyrocooler泵和振动的脑电图设备）已降到。分配瓦特最优梯度伪影校正是重要的，以确保EEG和MR扫描仪时钟是同步的，切片TR是扫描仪时钟周期的倍数，并且被摄对象的最佳位置。为了确保最佳的脉冲神器修正许多技术需要一个干净的心脏跟踪其中R峰可以检测，我们建议，这是可以最好地实现使用一个VCG，虽然它也可以与定位的心电图导联。如果使用心电图，然后建议放置在后面的基础上，以最大限度地提高信号噪声比与额外的好处，这是一个更简单的站点访问比在心脏23附近的位置的R峰。定位心电图铅以及导致随时间变化的梯度神器被添加到跟踪呼吸运动伪影，由于铅对胸部的结果。由于没有工作模板变性，这可能会导致在跟踪饱和和/或梯度伪影校正因此不推荐使用。 一般讨论 EEG-fMRI的是一个强大的工具，可以结合功能磁共振成像具有高空间分辨率的高时空分辨率的脑电研究脑功能。至目前为止，一些研究已经用这种多模态的方法，以便更好地理解大脑功能。 EEG-fMRI的已经应用到健康志愿者，以调查振荡节奏（脑电图）和血氧反应（使用粗体的fMRI）， 如 2,3之间的相关性。它也被用来研究是否诱发的信号的特性可以解释BOLD信号的差别，在试试行4,5。在临床研究中，主要使用的技术一直在探讨的焦点本来就很难本地化，非侵入性的6,7间期癫痫样放电。这些例子表明这种多模态成像的力量ING工具。不过，为使这种现象的研究，重要的是获得尽可能好的品质，EEG和MRI数据。为了实现这一目标内的MR扫描仪，它是重要的最佳实验设置和选择最合适的分析方法。优化分析方法将在一定程度上取决于研究问题的兴趣，将用于校正方法去除文物。例如，在记录过程中所发生的变动的大小和数量将决定算法用于除去梯度工件的最有效组合。然而，最佳实验装置EEG和fMRI的硬件是相对独立于特定的研究问题。因此，这里所概述的指引一般价值，并在实验中使用不同的脑电图和磁共振扫描仪硬件比我们可以遵循。 在这里，我们已经证明shoul的采集方法D是其次，以获得高质量的EEG和fMRI的数据。我们使用了视觉刺激的基础上以前使用的刺激范式24。然而，用于数据采集的相同的技术可以被应用，而不管用来刺激大脑的活动还范式。当选择的范式，应该指出的是EEG数据的质量时，在磁共振（MR）环境内记录与目前的技术（这里描述的）提供给用户仍然可被研究对大脑的活动中放置一定的局限性，可以实现:有特别困难记录脑电活动低（&lt;5赫兹）和高频（&gt; 80赫兹）频段的剩余脉冲和梯度文物可能驻留。此外，必须小心选择范式时，使拍摄对象移动的可能性最小化到任务有关。这是一个问题，因为运动伪影的脑电数据往往难以正确和小文物难以辨认清楚，虽然他们仍可能支配神经信号。这些运动伪影，可能会导致虚假的，但合理的相关用fMRI数据17。 同时EEG-fMRI的后处理方法有很多，这样的讨论是这项工作的范围之外。正如前面所提到的梯度脉冲工件使用了一些技术，其中包括平均工件减法18,19，独立分量分析20,21可以被删除，最优基组22和波束形成器25。通常情况下可以采用这些方法的组合可能23的性能的方法是依赖于因素，例如在磁场强度和所使用的范式。最佳的后处理方法为特定研究也将依赖于从数据中提取信号，不管是振荡的节奏或诱发电位可能有一定影响力的宝ST处理方法。 虽然有相当多的去针对改进的数据采集和分析方法，同时EEG-fMRI的研究，它已经可以使用这里描述的技术，回答重要的神经科学问题需要相结合的高空间分辨率的功能磁共振成像和良好的时间分辨率的脑电图。

同时脑电图（EEG）和功能磁共振成像（fMRI）允许脑电图结合功能磁共振成像具有高空间精度良好的时间分辨率。有许多方法，其中的数据可以结合这两种模式1，但都依靠高质量的EEG和fMRI数据收购。至目前为止，已同步EEG-fMRI的振荡节奏（脑电图）和血氧响应（使用血氧水平依赖（BOLD）fMRI）技术，例如 2,3之间的相关性研究。它也被用来研究是否诱发的信号的特征可以解释的BOLD信号的方差在试试行4,5。在临床研究中，主要使用的技术已经调查疫源间期癫痫样放电，它可以帮助手术规划，目前很难进行本地化的非侵入性6,7。为了实现EEG和fMRI数据的融合，这是所需的，这是必不可少的高质量的数据，从两种模式。然而，脑电同步功能磁共振成像期间获得的数据由几个构件，其中包括的梯度加工过的食品（由于fMRI的所需磁场的变化），脉冲加工过的食品（与心动周期）和移动构件（在强烈的变动产生的影响扫描仪，以及肌肉活动）的磁场。这些文物的神经活动明显大于利息，因此减少（源）和修正的文物（通过后期处理），都需要启用同步EEG-fMRI的成功实施。 目前可用于校正的梯度脉冲的工件后处理方法需要在数据采集过程中，为了生产高品质的脑电数据多项准则被满足。在过去的十年中，选择IMAL实验设置录制高品质的数据已经演变为我们了解文物8-10有所改善的原因，我们已经学会了如何修改实验方法，以减少工件在源11,12及改善后处理校正算法的性能。这些发展包括改善梯度波形的采样通过扫描时钟同步13,14和使用提供一个15,16 vectocardiogram到一个更清洁的心脏比传统的心电图的痕迹。来自四个电极放置在胸部与严格的低通滤波器14-16的vectocardiogram跟踪。因此跟踪梯度工件相对不受影响，是不敏感的血液流量神器使R-峰值检测更容易。然而，设施录制vectocardiogram的，是不是所有核磁共振成像扫描仪，因此将只能简要地提到这个STUDY。文物和严格的清洗数据的最小化的重要性已经强调了最近的示威运动伪影的脑电数据记录在与BOLD活动感兴趣的任务无关，产生杂散的结果，如果不小心整个实验过程中17。 这里介绍的方法获得高质量的EEG和fMRI数据同时使用MR硬件和被广泛使用的脉冲序列，随着商业提供的脑电图设备代表了当前的最佳方法。的实施所建议的采集方法，结合使用适当的后处理方法，将产生的EEG和fMRI数据，可用于回答了一些重要的神经科学问题。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3T MR scanner</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Here we use a Philips Achieva but any MR scanner should work.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BrainVision Recorder</td>
			<td>Brain Products GmbH</td>
			<td>BP-00010</td>
			<td>1st License item</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BrainVision RecView</td>
			<td>Brain Products GmbH</td>
			<td>BP-00051</td>
			<td>basis module</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BrainAmp MR plus</td>
			<td>Brain Products GmbH</td>
			<td>BP-01840</td>
			<td>single amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BrainAmp USB Adapter</td>
			<td>Brain Products GmbH</td>
			<td>BP-02041</td>
			<td>BUA64</td>
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			<td>SyncBox</td>
			<td>Brain Products GmbH</td>
			<td>BP-02675</td>
			<td>SyncBox complete</td>
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			<td>Fibre Optic cables and USB connectors</td>
			<td>Brain Products GmbH</td>
			<td>BP-02300 (FOC5) BP-02310 (FOC20) BP-02042 USB2 Cable)</td>
			<td>These come with the above listed equipment.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BrainCap MR</td>
			<td>EASYCAP GmbH</td>
			<td>BP-03000-MR</td>
			<td>32 channel EEG cap for use in MR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Abralyte 2000 conductive Gel</td>
			<td>Brain Products GmbH</td>
			<td>FMS-060219</td>
			<td>Conductive and abrasive gel to connect electrodes to scalp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl Alcohol BP</td>
			<td>Brain Products GmbH</td>
			<td>FMS-060224</td>
			<td>To be applied before Abralyte Gel. Isopropylalcohol 70% (60 ml)-for degreasing the skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton tipped swab</td>
			<td>Brain Products GmbH</td>
			<td>FMS-060234</td>
			<td>For application of Abralyte and Isopropyl Alcohol. Cotton Swabs Non-sterile, 100 pieces</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

best current practice for obtaining high quality eeg data during simultaneous fmri

同时EEG-fMRI的允许脑电图结合功能磁共振成像具有高空间精度良好的时间分辨率。这两种模式的数据可以多种方式结合，但全部依靠高质量的EEG和fMRI数据采集。脑电图同步功能磁共振成像期间获得的数据会受到一些文物，包括梯度加工过的食品（由于变化的磁场梯度磁共振成像所需），脉冲加工过的食品（心脏循环）和运动工件（在强磁场变动产生领域的扫描仪，和肌肉的活动）。为成功纠正的梯度和脉冲文物的后处理方法需要大量的数据采集过程中得到满足的标准。 EEG-fMRI的过程中尽量减少头部运动也是必要的限制代文物。 之间的相互作用的射频（RF）脉冲所需的MRI和日Ë脑电图硬件可能发生，可能会导致加热。这仅仅是一个重大的风险，如果不满意的安全指引。因此，硬件设计和设置，以及精心挑选的，其中MR序列运行与脑电图的硬件目前必须予以考虑。 执行同步EEG-fMRI实验时，上述问题突出的实验协议的选择的重要性。根据以往的研究中，我们描述一个最理想的实验设置。这提供了高品质的脑电数据同步功能磁共振成像过程中使用商用时脑电图和磁共振成像系统，安全风险最小化的主题。我们演示了这套EEG-fMRI实验中，使用一个简单的视觉刺激。然而，可以使用更复杂的刺激。在这里，我们展示的EEG-fMRI的设置使用人脑产品有限责任公司（德国Gilching）MRplus，32通道脑电系统结合一个最佳，荷兰飞利浦Achieva（）3T磁共振扫描仪，虽然许多技术转移到其他系统。

图3示出了已被执行时，没有伪影校正预期的信号质量。很显然，任何神经细胞的活动被遮住， 如图3C所示，梯度工件发生在切片采集的频率的谐波在fMRI的序列，覆盖了整个频率范围内的记录的不同的频率， 图4显示了脉冲工件显示一次梯度神器已被删除，使用后的处理方法分析2（版本2.0.2）平均神器减法。很显然，有相当大的空间变化，这件神器，O1，这种视觉实验的兴趣的渠道之一，显示一个特别大的脉冲神器。此构件有一个较低的频率比渐变工件（主要是低于10赫兹- 图4C），被链接到的心脏活动图5显示了<html>脑电图数据的质量进行检测，后可达到渐变和脉冲神器校正;脉冲神器已得到纠正使用神器平均减法分析仪2和R峰的心脏波形心电图跟踪。很明显，剩余的信号的幅度小得多，因此，神经元的信号不再被遮挡，如图图6和7中得到的诱发反应。 图6显示了一个典型的平均值在所有300刺激产生的诱发反应。但是，这种反应的变异跨块可以在图7中可以看出，这是天然的和不可预测的变化可被用于询问的BOLD和脑电的响应之间的相关性已被执行的同时进行录音时，在神经元的反应。 s/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig1highres.jpg"SRC ="/ files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig1.jpg"/&gt; 图1。脑电图设备之间所需的硬件，如在协议中所述的连接设置。示意图<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">点击此处查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="4.5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig2.jpg" /> 图2。静卧（红色）和关闭（黑色）代表在信道（P7）与低温泵对被摄对象采集的信号的傅立叶变换。 <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="2.5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig3.jpg" /> <strong&gt;的图3。10秒的原始脑电数据期间并发MRI记录 16个不同的通道（A）;重点奥兹（B）的数据5秒;相关傅里叶变换（C） <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">点击此处查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="2.5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig4highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig4.jpg" /> 10秒的脑电数据记录在16个不同的信道过程中的并行磁共振成像后，用原子吸收光谱法对16个不同的信道（A）的梯度加工过的食品校正所示;重点盎司（B），5秒的数据;与相关联的付里叶变换（C图4。 </stroNG&gt;） <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">点击这里查看大图</a> 。 <img alt="图5" fo:content-width="2.4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig5highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig5.jpg" /> 图5。十 秒脑电数据记录并发功能磁共振成像期间on16不同的渠道，后显示梯度和脉冲加工过的校正，采用原子吸收光谱法（A）;重点奥兹（B）的数据5秒;相关傅里叶变换（C） <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">点击此处查看</a> 。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">更大的数字</a> 。 图6。平均脑电图诱发反应（300个平均值）的通道01和02（ 左 ）和P120（ 右 ） 的关联的地形图。 <img alt="图7" fo:content-width="4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig7highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50283/50283fig7.jpg" /> 图7。跨通道O1（反应平均在30秒内块）块诱发反应的变化。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI at JoVE.com

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

同时脑电图（EEG）和功能磁共振成像（fMRI）是一个功能强大的神经影像学工具。然而，核磁共振成像扫描仪的内部形成了一个困难的环境下，扫描仪内经营脑电图设备时，必须考虑的脑电数据记录和安全。在这里，我们提出了一个优化的EEG-fMRI数据采集协议。

获得高质量的脑电数据在同步功能磁共振成像的当前最佳实践

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

best-current-practice-for-obtaining-high-quality-eeg-data-during

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

32.3K 次观看.  University of Nottingham. 同时脑电图（EEG）和功能磁共振成像（fMRI）是一个功能强大的神经影像学工具。然而，核磁共振成像扫描仪的内部形成了一个困难的环境下，扫描仪内经营脑电图设备时，必须考虑的脑电数据记录和安全。在这里，我们提出了一个优化的EEG-fMRI数据采集协议。

视频: Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Method for Simultaneous fMRI/EEG Data Collection during a Focused Attention Suggestion for Differential Thermal Sensation

In the present work, we demonstrate a method for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data. In our setup, EEG data are collected using a high-density 256-channel sensor net. The EEG amplifier itself is contained in a field isolation containment system (FICS), and MRI clock signals are synchronized with EEG data collection for subsequent MR artifact characterization and removal. We demonstrate this method first for resting state data collection. Thereafter, we demonstrate a protocol for EEG/fMRI data recording, while subjects listen to a tape asking them to visualize that their left hand is immersed in a cold-water bath and referred to, here, as the cold glove paradigm. Thermal differentials between each hand are measured throughout EEG/fMRI data collection using an MR compatible temperature sensor that we developed for this purpose. We collect cold glove EEG/fMRI data along with simultaneous differential hand temperature measurements both before and after hypnotic induction. Between pre and post sessions, single modality EEG data are collected during the hypnotic induction and depth assessment process. Our representative results demonstrate that significant changes in the EEG power spectrum can be measured during hypnotic induction, and that hand temperature changes during the cold glove paradigm can be detected rapidly using our MR compatible differential thermometry device.

We present a protocol for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data, and synchronized MR clock signal recording. We demonstrate this method using a unique paradigm whereby subjects receive &#x2018;cold glove&#x2019; instructions during scanning, and EEG/fMRI data are recorded along with hand temperature measurements both before and after hypnotic induction.

微分热感集中注意建议期间同步 fMRI/EEG 数据收集方法

In the present work, we demonstrate a method for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data. In our setup, EEG data are collected using a high-density ...

科研

行为学

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric currents through the scalp. This constant electric current induces shifts in neuronal membrane excitability, resulting in secondary changes in cortical activity. Although tDCS has most of its neuromodulatory effects on the underlying cortex, tDCS effects can also be observed in distant neural networks. Therefore, concomitant EEG monitoring of the effects of tDCS can provide valuable information on the mechanisms of tDCS. In addition, EEG findings can be an important surrogate marker for the effects of tDCS and thus can be used to optimize its parameters. This combined EEG-tDCS system can also be used for preventive treatment of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal peaks of cortical excitability, such as seizures. Such a system would be the basis of a non-invasive closed-loop device. In this article, we present a novel device that is capable of utilizing tDCS and EEG simultaneously. For that, we describe in a step-by-step fashion the main procedures of the application of this device using schematic figures, tables and video demonstrations. Additionally, we provide a literature review on clinical uses of tDCS and its cortical effects measured by EEG techniques.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown initial therapeutic effects in several neurological conditions. The main mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects is the modulation of cortical excitability. Therefore, online monitoring of cortical excitability would help guide stimulation parameters and optimize its therapeutic effects. In the present article we review the use of a novel device that combines simultaneous tDCS and EEG monitoring in real time.

同时脑电图监测在经颅直流电刺激

Transcranial  direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric  currents through the scalp. This constant electric current ...

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal human walking. Part of this evidence encompasses studies, including our previous work, demonstrating that gait kinematics and limb coordination during treadmill walking can be inferred from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) with reasonably high decoding accuracies. These results provide impetus for development of non-invasive brain-machine-interface (BMI) systems for use in restoration and/or augmentation of gait- a primary goal of rehabilitation research. To date, studies examining EEG decoding of activity during gait have been limited to treadmill walking in a controlled environment. However, to be practically viable a BMI system must be applicable for use in everyday locomotor tasks such as over ground walking and turning. Here, we present a novel protocol for non-invasive collection of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (electromyography (EMG)), and whole-body kinematic data (head, torso, and limb trajectories) during both treadmill and over ground walking tasks. By collecting these data in the uncontrolled environment insight can be gained regarding the feasibility of decoding unconstrained gait and surface EMG from scalp EEG.

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Development of an effective brain-machine-interface (BMI) system for restoration and rehabilitation of bipedal locomotion requires accurate decoding of user's intent. Here we present a novel experimental protocol and data collection technique for simultaneous non-invasive acquisition of neural activity, muscle activity, and whole-body kinematics during various locomotion tasks and conditions.

同时头皮脑电图（EEG），肌电图（EMG）和全身分部惯性录制多模态神经解码

Recent  studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal  human walking. Part of this evidence  encompasses studies, ...

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and signal processing make it possible to exploit information from other imaging modalities like structural MRI that provide high spatial resolution to overcome this constraint1. This is especially useful for investigations that require high resolution in the temporal as well as spatial domain. In addition, due to the easy application and low cost of EEG recordings, EEG is often the method of choice when working with populations, such as young children, that do not tolerate functional MRI scans well. However, in order to investigate which neural substrates are involved, anatomical information from structural MRI is still needed. Most EEG analysis packages work with standard head models that are based on adult anatomy. The accuracy of these models when used for children is limited2, because the composition and spatial configuration of head tissues changes dramatically over development3.&#160;
In the present paper, we provide an overview of our recent work in utilizing head models based on individual structural MRI scans or age specific head models to reconstruct the cortical generators of high density EEG. This article describes how&#160;EEG recordings are acquired, processed, and analyzed with pediatric populations at the London Baby Lab, including laboratory setup, task design, EEG preprocessing, MRI processing, and EEG channel level and source analysis.&#160;

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in estimating the cortical sources of scalp measured electrical activity for cognitive neuroscience experiments. This article describes how high density EEG is acquired and how recordings are processed for cortical source estimation in children from the age of 2 years at the London Baby Lab.

高密度的脑电图记录在儿童的皮质来源分析

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp to manipulate cortical excitability and, consequently, behavior and brain function. In the last decade, numerous studies have addressed short-term and long-term effects of tDCS on different measures of behavioral performance during motor and cognitive tasks, both in healthy individuals and in a number of different patient populations. So far, however, little is known about the neural underpinnings of tDCS-action in humans with regard to large-scale brain networks. This issue can be addressed by combining tDCS with functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG).
In particular, fMRI is the most widely used brain imaging technique to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and motor functions. Application of tDCS during fMRI allows analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral tDCS effects with high spatial resolution across the entire brain. Recent studies using this technique identified stimulation induced changes in task-related functional brain activity at the stimulation site&#160;and also in more distant brain regions, which were associated with behavioral improvement. In addition, tDCS administered during resting-state fMRI allowed identification of widespread changes in whole brain functional connectivity.
Future studies using this combined protocol should yield new insights into the mechanisms of tDCS action in health and disease and new options for more targeted application of tDCS in research and clinical settings. The present manuscript describes this novel technique in a step-by-step fashion, with a focus on technical aspects of tDCS administered during fMRI.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique. It has successfully been used in basic research and clinical settings to modulate brain function in humans. This article describes the implementation of tDCS and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to investigate the neural basis of tDCS effects.

经颅直流电刺激和同步功能磁共振成像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

Topographical Estimation of Visual Population Receptive Fields by fMRI

Visual cortex is retinotopically organized so that neighboring populations of cells map to neighboring parts of the visual field. Functional magnetic resonance imaging allows us to estimate voxel-based population receptive fields (pRF), i.e., the part of the visual field that activates the cells within each voxel. Prior, direct, pRF estimation methods1 suffer from certain limitations: 1) the pRF model is chosen a-priori and may not fully capture the actual pRF shape, and 2) pRF centers are prone to mislocalization near the border of the stimulus space. Here a new topographical pRF estimation method2 is proposed that largely circumvents these limitations. A linear model is used to predict the Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) signal by convolving the linear response of the pRF to the visual stimulus with the canonical hemodynamic response function. PRF topography is represented as a weight vector whose components represent the strength of the aggregate response of voxel neurons to stimuli presented at different visual field locations. The resulting linear equations can be solved for the pRF weight vector using ridge regression3, yielding the pRF topography. A pRF model that is matched to the estimated topography can then be chosen post-hoc, thereby improving the estimates of pRF parameters such as pRF-center location, pRF orientation, size, etc. Having the pRF topography available also allows the visual verification of pRF parameter estimates allowing the extraction of various pRF properties without having to make a-priori assumptions about the pRF structure. This approach promises to be particularly useful for investigating the pRF organization of patients with disorders of the visual system.

It is important to obtain unbiased estimates of visual population receptive fields (pRFs) by functional magnetic resonance imaging. We use mild regularization constraints to estimate pRF topography without a-priori assumptions about pRF shape, allowing us to choose specific pRF models post-hoc. This is particularly advantageous in subjects with visual-pathway lesions.

人口视觉感受野由功能磁共振成像地形估计

Visual cortex is retinotopically organized so that neighboring populations of cells map to neighboring parts of the visual field. Functional magnetic ...

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced version of the task using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Recently, it has been shown that fNIRS can accurately record functional brain activities equivalent to those concurrently recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging for classic psychophysical tasks and simple finger tapping paradigms. However, an often quoted benefit of fNIRS is that the technique allows for studying neural mechanisms of complex, naturalistic behaviors that are not possible using the constrained environment of fMRI. Our goal was to extend the findings of previous studies that have shown high correlation between concurrently recorded fNIRS and fMRI signals to compare neural recordings obtained in fMRI procedures to those separately obtained in naturalistic fNIRS experiments. Specifically, we developed a modified version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) to be compatible with both fMRI and fNIRS imaging procedures. In this methodology we explain the modifications to the software and hardware for compatibility with each technique as well as the scanning and calibration procedures used to obtain representative results. The results of the study show a task-related increase in oxyhemoglobin in both modalities and demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the findings of fMRI using fNIRS in a naturalistic task. This technique represents a methodology to compare fMRI imaging paradigms which utilize a reduced-world environment to fNIRS in closer approximation to naturalistic, full-body activities and behaviors. Further development of this technique may apply to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease, late states of dementia, or those with magnetic susceptibility which are contraindicated for fMRI scanning.

We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI.

的fNIRS功能磁共振成像测量验证过程中一个自然主义任务

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

感觉和运动脑区与运动同步和肌电图监测功能近红外光谱在运动任务

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS)

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to integrate cognitive neural processes. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) holds the promise to elucidate the causal link between specific frequencies of oscillatory brain activity and cognitive processes. Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recording during tACS would offer an opportunity to directly explore immediate neurophysiological effects of tACS. However, it is not trivial to measure EEG signals during tACS, as tACS creates a huge artifact in EEG data. Here we explain how to set up concurrent tACS-EEG experiments. Two necessary considerations for successful EEG recording while applying tACS are highlighted. First, bridging of the tACS and EEG electrodes via leaking EEG gel immediately saturates the EEG amplifier. To avoid bridging via gel, the viscosity of the EEG gel is the most important parameter. The EEG gel must be viscous to avoid bridging, but at the same time sufficiently fluid to create contact between the tACS electrode and the scalp. Second, due to the large amplitude of the tACS artifact, it is important to consider using an EEG system with a high resolution analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. In particular, the magnitude of the tACS artifact can exceed 100 mV at the vicinity of a stimulation electrode when 1 mA tACS is applied. The resolution of the A/D converter is of importance to measure good quality EEG data from the vicinity of the stimulation site. By following these guidelines for the procedures and technical considerations, successful concurrent EEG recording during tACS will be realized.

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation tACS

In this article we explain how to set up a concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation and EEG experiment.

并行脑电图记录在经颅交流电刺激（TACS）

Oscillatory brain activities are considered to reflect the basis of rhythmic changes in transmission efficacy across brain networks and are assumed to ...

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations. TACS employs frequency-specific stimulation of the human brain through current applied to the scalp with surface electrodes. Most current knowledge of the technique is based on behavioral studies; thus, combining the method with brain imaging holds potential to better understand the mechanisms of tACS. Because of electrical and susceptibility artifacts, combining tACS with brain imaging can be challenging, however, one brain imaging technique that is well suited to be applied simultaneously with tACS is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In our lab, we have successfully combined tACS with simultaneous fMRI measurements to show that tACS effects are state, current, and frequency dependent, and that modulation of brain activity is not limited to the area directly below the electrodes. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with visual task fMRI studies, which can lend to understanding oscillatory brain function as well as the effects of tACS on the brain.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations, though its effects are not completely understood. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with functional magnetic resonance imaging, which can increase understanding oscillatory brain function and effects of tACS.