这项工作是支持的EFRI-MC3:＃1137237授予SVS和JTG

所有的任务是根据提交给克利夫兰诊所基金会的机构审查委员会（IRB）批准的方案进行。知情同意过程与之前的所有研究活动每位患者进行的。在本实施例中，对象符合研究标准已经有立体脑电图（SEEG）植入发作电极被选择。该项目的主题讨论，他们同意参加。 1，患者登记<ol><li>评估患者的难治性癫痫，考虑颅内电极植入。如果患者是一个很好的候选者的侵入性手术，分析患者的MRI，PET和MEG连同检取病理为了优化电极的放置。临床队进行的所有评价，也没有决策为研究目的进行。 。 </li><li>确定符合条件的患者为研究对象subsequeNT以评估用于植入和验证每根据纳入/排除标准的核准IRB协议的患者。 注:这是在病人的最佳利益，包括受试者的入选标准的光环。患者的光环能够通知他们即将有癫痫发作的研究人员;让研究人员和患者及时采取必要的防范措施（按检警报，通知医护人员和拉动所有设备的出路）。然而，如果受试者招募不具有一个光环，确保病人输入装置可容易地从病人区域和除去人员知悉的研究设备和协议。 </li><li>获得前按照内部评级法的任何研究活动的知情同意。在知情同意书，解释的研究，强调参与是完全自愿的，并绝不会影响到患者的临床护理。在大多数情况下，在那里，我没什么直接造福于患者，并愿意参加利他。 </li><li>保持尊重病人的权利和隐私，在任何时候。提醒的是，他们的信息将保持匿名和保密的病人，他们可能不再参与研究下，在没有结果的任何时间。 </li><li>有患者签名并注明日期的知情同意，如果他或她明白并同意参与这项研究。离开一个副本留在患者审查;他们应该有任何问题或疑虑，鼓励病人接触的PI。 </li></ol> 2，行为制度的建立<ol><li>使设备进入房间之前，请确保没有在病人的房间有足够的空间，并获得必要的出口（2）。 </li><li>检查所有的设备和电线准备加快设立。的行为的系统，包括FDA批准的机器人臂（其允许受续ROL任务过程中一个游标）时，一台笔记本电脑来控制行为的程序，用于呈现刺激的任务，监视器和数据采集系统存储的电生理和行为数据。 注:进行必要的修改，以满足自己的研究特定需求。例如，使用一个按钮箱为患者接口，而不是机械手臂。 </li><li>如果患者目前没有定位在适合完成任务，协助病人躺椅（或床上）武器的方式，他们应该有癫痫发作。 注:这是一个好主意，讨论研究设计，设备等方面与监控单元的所有成员，告知是怎么回事，如何组将与患者互动它们，以及任何可能出现的问题，可能会出现。 </li><li>当患者准备好，把行为系统进入室内，并开始启动了行为系统和机械臂。 </li><li>连接数字事件导标从行为的计算机的电采集系统的直流通道输出在阶数r到时间锁定记录，SEEG信号以行为事件标记。 注:在本中心有指定用于研究目的，不与临床采集系统干扰的独立电采集系统。然而，有可能通过使用适当的人员的工作使用临床采集系统。应该尽一切努力不破坏临床收购。 </li><li>校准机器人臂和定位它，使得运动的范围是舒适的患者。如果使用其他接口设备，确保设备的正常运行，而被定位为舒适的主题使用。 </li><li>当使用机械臂，确保紧急停止按钮是由研究人员在整个行为的任务很方便。在癫痫发作的情况下，紧急停止按钮压和设备被拉动远离病人，使得它们不伤害自己。此外，我们不要用尼龙搭扣绑带来与机器人系统，方便拆卸的情况下发作时病人。 请注意:在本实施例中，该行为钻机的并行端口连接到使用并行端口电缆的采集系统的数字输入端口。额外的模拟信号，例如机器臂的X和Y位置被同时记录。 </li></ol> 3，行为的任务<ol><li>解释在完成接口装置的钻机设置和校准的下列任务给患者。 </li><li>使用类似于儿童卡片游戏"战争"的行为的任务。要求患者做赌注为他们的卡是否大于该计算机的网卡。下注的选择是根据病人的感受他们的卡的相对价值。简化吨问用于随后的分析，通过只使用一个适合的卡和限制到甲板上的2，4，6，8和10的编号卡。 </li><li>显示屏幕为350毫秒一个固定的提示。保证患者拥有光标移到固定标记为启动该任务。 </li><li>显示刺激1000毫秒。让病人看到自己的卡与计算机的网卡旁边朝下。 </li><li>继卡消失，显示一展身手线索（&lt;5000毫秒），显示两个选项，让患者要么赌5美元20美元，根据他们的卡。让患者通过使用机器人手臂，在他们所选择的投注将光标移动到放置赌注。从试验随机下注的位置审判，以确保没有基于位置的偏差。 </li><li>之后下注已选定，注意到一个250 - 500毫秒的延迟（黑屏），其次是计算机的网卡的启示（1,000 - 1,250毫秒）。观察结果（1,000毫秒），审判是否是赢，输或绘制和有多少是赢了还是输。 </li><li>让病人练习，直到他们有信心在他们的表现，并没有问题。 </li></ol> 4，数据采集<ol><li>记录数据时，病人已准备就绪，并验证的研究（或临床）采集系统的设置进行适当选择。 </li><li>关掉房间的灯和电视，以保持背景噪音降至最低的录制过程中。此外，询问病人的行为，如窃听他们的脚，说话或摇动双腿不要。 </li><li>开始执行任务，并记录病人执行任务。询问受试者以执行任务30分钟。机械臂系统的取样速率是1千赫，而SEEG记录系统是2千赫。 注:此时间可能是其他范式的不同。 </li></ol> 5，数据分析<ol><li>首先，去识别记录SEEG数据，以确保患者的Informa的重刑仍然是保密的，他/她的数据是匿名提交。 </li><li>获得从术后CT和术前MRI的电极位置的坐标。 </li><li>对齐的神经生理记录与从行为任务利益数字时间戳记。 </li><li>应用信号分析方法来分析该事件相关的大脑活动的调制。 请注意:在本研究中，有关SEEG信号事件的功率谱密度（PSD），使用Chronux multitaper工具箱26,27进行了计算。每次试验数据相对于相关事件（时间零）对准，并且所计算的PSD进行归一化在每个频率窗口相对于所述基线的PSD。 </li></ol>

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作者没有冲突披露。

在这里，我们提出了进行颅内电生理研究在人类身上，因为他们搞了一个行为的任务的方法。该方法及其简单的排列组合是研究人体运动和认知非常重要。虽然本质上存在优点和缺点的任何技术，从颅内电极记录具有比其它电生理和成像技术的优点。两个主要的优点是，收集的高质量数据以更好地控制和行为任务设计的能力。 颅内电极记录有许多优于使用过程中的行为任务?...

癫痫是最常见的脑疾病之一，其特征在于，从神经元的组过度放电导致慢性复发性癫痫发作。癫痫会影响全球约5000万人，所有个人癫痫大约有40％无法完全通过药物治疗控制1顽固性癫痫发作。手术可能导致癫痫发作的状态，如果负责发作的产生（致痫灶 - EZ）大脑区域和局部手术切除或切断。为了确定在EZ的解剖位置及邻近可能出现的皮层和皮层下雄辩的地区，非侵入性的工具阵列可供选择:癫痫发作症状学，视频头皮脑电图记录（发作期和发作间录音），神经心理测试分析，脑磁图（MEG）和磁共振成像2。当非侵入性的数据不足以precisely定义了假设性的EZ的位置，当有口才的皮层和皮层下区域或有可能为多灶性发作，慢性侵袭性监测可能需要3,4早期介入的嫌疑。 慢性侵袭性监测用于限定一个EZ的位置和界限可包括硬膜下栅格和条，用放置在脑的表面的电极，和立体脑电图（SEEG）所示，当多个深度电极放置在大脑中的一个三方法维方式。颅内硬膜下录制最初报道于1939年时被彭菲尔德和他的同事用在病人硬膜外单触点电极与一个老左颞顶骨折，其pneumoencephalography披露弥漫性脑萎缩5。随后，使用硬膜下栅阵列的多个发布后，在1980年的表现出越来越流行的安全性和有效性6。该SEEG方法在50年代开发的，并让Tailarach和Jean Bancaud普及，在法国和已大多用在法国和意大利的首选难治性局灶性癫痫7-9侵入映射的方法。 SEEG的原理是基于anatomo-电临床相关性，这作为其主要原理的癫痫样放电的三维时空组织大脑内的相关性癫痫症状学。植入策略因人而异，与电极放置基础上床前假设，即考虑了癫痫样活动的主要组织和参与了癫痫的传播的假设性癫痫网络。据一些欧洲和最近的北美报道，SEEG方法使深部皮层和皮层下结构，多个不连续的LO精确记录BES和双边的探索，同时避免了大量开颅手术10-15。此后，术后图像的拍摄，得到植入电极的精确的解剖位置。随后，监测周期开始使病人留在医院进行为期1〜4周，以从植入电极记录发作和发作期的活动。本监测周期是一个时机研究使用事件相关SEEG分析大脑功能，因为没有额外的风险，病人一般看待研究性学习从平凡的监测期一个值得欢迎的缓刑。录音囊括从颅内电极是不仅要改进评价和护理癫痫患者的生命，但是另外提供期间行为范式来研究人类的大脑活动的特殊的机会。 一些研究者已经意识到学习的侵入录音机会癫痫病人。 希尔等人报道了用于从患者的记录electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号的功能皮层映射16上的方法。脑电图记录也提供了洞察电机语言联结17。患者植入深部电极已经完成导航任务，研究脑振荡记忆，学习18和19的运动。深度电极记录也被用来研究范式与否则达不到的时间分辨率，如海马诱发活性20，在默认模式的网络21的神经活动，情绪处理22的时间进程。 Hudry等人研究了患者的颞叶癫痫谁了植入到他们的杏仁核为短期嗅觉刺激匹配23 SEEG电极。另一组研究了简单的肢体运动，如手或屈曲手的单边行动或脚的健康编织机从癫痫患者n个位置与植入SEEG 24,25。 上述研究是相关文献的一个非常多元化的集合的一小部分。存在着一个不可逾越的潜力去学习和了解人类大脑是如何工作的使用行为任务和颅内录音的组合。虽然还有其他的方法来实现这一目标，颅内录音具有以下几个优点，包括高时空分辨率，以及进入更深层次的结构。作者的目的是描述一般方法从患者的过程中的行为任务颅内电极记录。不过，也有一些威慑和障碍，成功完成临床研究中接受治疗的患者。限制，干扰效果，这项研究的意义也将确定和探索。

<table><tbody><tr><td>InMotion ARM</td><td>Interactive Motion Technologies</td><td>InMotion Arm</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://interactive-motion.com/inmotion-arm-the-new-standard-of-care/&quot;&gt;http://interactive-motion.com/inmotion-arm-the-new-standard-of-care/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt; Equipment our lab used, can use other equipment to collect data</td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB</td><td>Mathworks Inc</td><td>MATLAB</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mathworks.com/&quot;&gt;http://www.mathworks.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt; Need version r2007b or higher to run Monkeylogic</td></tr><tr><td>Data Acquisition Toolbox</td><td>Mathworks Inc</td><td>Data Acquisition Toolbox</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mathworks.com/products/daq/&quot;&gt;http://www.mathworks.com/products/daq/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt; Must have to run Monkeylogic</td></tr><tr><td>Image Processing Toolbox</td><td>Mathworks Inc</td><td>Image Processing Toolbox</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/&quot;&gt;http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt; Must have to run Monkeylogic</td></tr><tr><td>Monkeylogic</td><td>Wael Asaad and David Freedman</td><td>Monkeylogic</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brown.edu/Research/monkeylogic/&quot;&gt;http://www.brown.edu/Research/monkeylogic/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt; Free download, must have MATLAB to run</td></tr><tr><td>Chronux&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Medametrics, LLC&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Data Processing Toolbox</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chronux.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.chronux.org/&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Brainstorm</td><td></td><td>MEG/EEG Analysis Application</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/&quot;&gt;http://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Laptop</td><td>Dell</td><td>Latitude E5530</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dell.com/us/business/p/latitude-e5530/pd?ST=dell%20latitude%20e5530&amp;amp;dgc=ST&amp;amp;cid=263756&amp;amp;lid=4781504&amp;amp;acd=12309152537461010&quot;&gt;http://www.dell.com/us/business/p/latitude-e5530/pd?ST=dell%20latitude%20e5530&amp;amp;dgc=ST&amp;amp;cid=263756&amp;amp;lid=4781504&amp;amp;acd=12309152537461010&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>NI Card</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>NI USB-6008</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://sine.ni.com/nips/cds/view/p/lang/en/nid/201986&quot;&gt;http://sine.ni.com/nips/cds/view/p/lang/en/nid/201986&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt; 12-Bit, 10 kS/sec Low-Cost Multifunction DAQ</td></tr></tbody></table>

performing behavioral tasks in subjects with intracranial electrodes

具有立体脑电图（SEEG）电极，硬膜下网格或深部电极植入患者中有大量的植入他们的大脑为他们扣押的重点和雄辩的地区本地化的不同区域的电极。植入后，患者必须留在医院直到脑的病理区域被发现，可能切除。在此期间，这些患者提供了一个独特的机会，研究界，因为可以执行任何数量的行为范式揭示神经相关的引导行为。在这里，我们提出了一个方法，从颅内植入记录大脑活动为主题进行设计评估决策和奖励编码的行为的任务。从颅内电极的电全部数据的行为的任务过程中被记录，允许在时间从事单一功能的许多脑区的检测秤相关的行为。此外，不像动物研究中，人类患者可以学习各种行为任务快速，允许在相同的受试者或用于执行控制执行多个任务的能力。尽管这种技术对于了解人类大脑功能的诸多优点，也有方法上的限制，我们讨论，包括环境因素，镇痛作用，时间限制和记录，从病变组织。这种方法可以通过执行颅内评估任何机构可以轻松实现;提供机会的行为中直接检查人脑的功能。

在这些结果中，我们从一个主题玩战争任务捕捉到的边缘系统呈现SEEG数据的分析。我们可以证明，战争任务的各种方面唤起显著伽玛带（40 - 150赫兹）调制在边缘系统（ 图1）。可以看出，在视觉皮层，在屏幕效果的对象在一个快速延迟的呈现（〜200毫秒），宽频响应，无论任务偶然性。此外，似乎是在过程中的奖励期间的响应和对未获报偿试验的诱发响应的功率之间的电位差的持续...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes at JoVE.com

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

植入患者颅内电极提供了一个独特的机会来记录从大脑的多个区域神经功能数据，同时对患者进行行为的任务。这里，我们提出了从植入的患者，可以是可再现的，在其他机构以访问该患者群体记录的方法。

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

performing-behavioral-tasks-in-subjects-with-intracranial-electrodes

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.3K 次观看.  Cleveland Clinic Foundation. 植入患者颅内电极提供了一个独特的机会来记录从大脑的多个区域神经功能数据，同时对患者进行行为的任务。这里，我们提出了从植入的患者，可以是可再现的，在其他机构以访问该患者群体记录的方法。 

视频: Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Intra-Operative Behavioral Tasks in Awake Humans Undergoing Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that directs chronic, high frequency electrical stimulation to specific targets in the brain through implanted electrodes. Deep brain stimulation was first implemented as a therapeutic modality by Benabid et al. in the late 1980s, when he used this technique to stimulate the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus for the treatment of tremor 1. Currently, the procedure is used to treat patients who fail to respond adequately to medical management for diseases such as Parkinson's, dystonia, and essential tremor. The efficacy of this procedure for the treatment of Parkinson's disease has been demonstrated in well-powered, randomized controlled trials 2. Presently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved DBS as a treatment for patients with medically refractory essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and dystonia. Additionally, DBS is currently being evaluated for the treatment of other psychiatric and neurological disorders, such as obsessive compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, and epilepsy. 
DBS has not only been shown to help people by improving their quality of life, it also provides researchers with the unique opportunity to study and understand the human brain. Microelectrode recordings are routinely performed during DBS surgery in order to enhance the precision of anatomical targeting. Firing patterns of individual neurons can therefore be recorded while the subject performs a behavioral task. Early studies using these data focused on descriptive aspects, including firing and burst rates, and frequency modulation 3. More recent studies have focused on cognitive aspects of behavior in relation to neuronal activity 4,5. This article will provide a description of the intra-operative methods used to perform behavioral tasks and record neuronal data with awake patients during DBS cases. Our exposition of the process of acquiring electrophysiological data will illuminate the current scope and limitations of intra-operative human experiments.

Deep brain stimulation surgery offers a unique opportunity to examine information encoding in the awake human brain. This article will describe intra-operative methods used to perform cognitive and behavioral tasks while simultaneously acquiring physiological data such as EMG, single-unit neuronal activity and/or local field potentials.

在接受深部脑刺激手术术中唤醒人类行为任务

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that directs chronic, high frequency electrical stimulation to specific targets in the brain through ...

科研

医学

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for extracting crucial information about the mechanism of the human brain, such methods remain insufficient to provide information about physiological processes reflecting cognitive and emotional functions at the subcortical level. In this respect, modern invasive clinical approaches in humans, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), offer a tremendous possibility to record subcortical brain activity, namely local field potentials (LFPs) representing coherent activity of neural assemblies from localized basal ganglia or thalamic regions. Notwithstanding the fact that invasive approaches in humans are applied only after medical indication and thus recorded data correspond to altered brain circuits, valuable insight can be gained regarding the presence of intact brain functions in relation to brain oscillatory activity and the pathophysiology of disorders in response to experimental cognitive paradigms. In this direction, a growing number of DBS studies in patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) target not only motor functions but also higher level processes such as emotions, decision-making, attention, memory and sensory perception. Recent clinical trials also emphasize the role of DBS as an alternative treatment in neuropsychiatric disorders ranging from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) to chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). Consequently, we focus on the use of combined invasive (LFP) and non-invasive (EEG) human brain recordings in assessing the role of cortical-subcortical structures in cognitive and emotional processing trough experimental paradigms (e.g. speech stimuli with emotional connotation or paradigms of cognitive control such as the Flanker task), for patients undergoing DBS treatment.

The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control.

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

行为学

Surgical Implantation of Chronic Neural Electrodes for Recording Single Unit Activity and Electrocorticographic Signals

The success of long-term electrophysiological recordings often depends on the quality of the implantation surgery. Here we provide useful information for surgeons who are learning the process of implanting electrode systems. We demonstrate the implantation procedure of both a penetrating and a surface electrode. The surgical process is described from start to finish, including detailed descriptions of each step throughout the procedure. It should also be noted that this video guide is focused towards procedures conducted in rodent models and other small animal models. Modifications of the described procedures are feasible for other animal models.

We provide useful information for surgeons who are learning the process of implanting chronic neural recording electrodes. Techniques for both penetrating and surface electrode systems are described in a rodent animal model.

用于记录单机活动和Electrocorticographic信号的慢性神经电极植入手术

The success of long-term electrophysiological recordings often depends on the quality of the implantation surgery.  Here we provide useful information for ...

神经科学

Recording Human Electrocorticographic (ECoG) Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography or functional magnetic-resonance imaging. These techniques have either inherently low temporal or low spatial resolution, and suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio and/or poor high-frequency sensitivity. Thus, they are suboptimal for exploring the short-lived spatio-temporal dynamics of many of the underlying brain processes. In contrast, the invasive technique of electrocorticography (ECoG) provides brain signals that have an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio, less susceptibility to artifacts than EEG, and a high spatial and temporal resolution (i.e., &lt;1 cm/&lt;1 millisecond, respectively). ECoG involves measurement of electrical brain signals using electrodes that are implanted subdurally on the surface of the brain. Recent studies have shown that ECoG amplitudes in certain frequency bands carry substantial information about task-related activity, such as motor execution and planning1, auditory processing2 and visual-spatial attention3. Most of this information is captured in the high gamma range (around 70-110 Hz). Thus, gamma activity has been proposed as a robust and general indicator of local cortical function1-5. ECoG can also reveal functional connectivity and resolve finer task-related spatial-temporal dynamics, thereby advancing our understanding of large-scale cortical processes. It has especially proven useful for advancing brain-computer interfacing (BCI) technology for decoding a user's intentions to enhance or improve communication6 and control7. Nevertheless, human ECoG data are often hard to obtain because of the risks and limitations of the invasive procedures involved, and the need to record within the constraints of clinical settings. Still, clinical monitoring to localize epileptic foci offers a unique and valuable opportunity to collect human ECoG data. We describe our methods for collecting recording ECoG, and demonstrate how to use these signals for important real-time applications such as clinical mapping and brain-computer interfacing. Our example uses the BCI2000 software platform8,9 and the SIGFRIED10 method, an application for real-time mapping of brain functions. This procedure yields information that clinicians can subsequently use to guide the complex and laborious process of functional mapping by electrical stimulation.
Prerequisites and Planning:
Patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy may be candidates for resective surgery of an epileptic focus to minimize the frequency of seizures. Prior to resection, the patients undergo monitoring using subdural electrodes for two purposes: first, to localize the epileptic focus, and second, to identify nearby critical brain areas (i.e., eloquent cortex) where resection could result in long-term functional deficits. To implant electrodes, a craniotomy is performed to open the skull. Then, electrode grids and/or strips are placed on the cortex, usually beneath the dura. A typical grid has a set of 8 x 8 platinum-iridium electrodes of 4 mm diameter (2.3 mm exposed surface) embedded in silicon with an inter-electrode distance of 1cm. A strip typically contains 4 or 6 such electrodes in a single line. The locations for these grids/strips are planned by a team of neurologists and neurosurgeons, and are based on previous EEG monitoring, on a structural MRI of the patient's brain, and on relevant factors of the patient's history. Continuous recording over a period of 5-12 days serves to localize epileptic foci, and electrical stimulation via the implanted electrodes allows clinicians to map eloquent cortex. At the end of the monitoring period, explantation of the electrodes and therapeutic resection are performed together in one procedure.
In addition to its primary clinical purpose, invasive monitoring also provides a unique opportunity to acquire human ECoG data for neuroscientific research. The decision to include a prospective patient in the research is based on the planned location of their electrodes, on the patient's performance scores on neuropsychological assessments, and on their informed consent, which is predicated on their understanding that participation in research is optional and is not related to their treatment. As with all research involving human subjects, the research protocol must be approved by the hospital's institutional review board. The decision to perform individual experimental tasks is made day-by-day, and is contingent on the patient's endurance and willingness to participate. Some or all of the experiments may be prevented by problems with the clinical state of the patient, such as post-operative facial swelling, temporary aphasia, frequent seizures, post-ictal fatigue and confusion, and more general pain or discomfort.
At the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit at Albany Medical Center in Albany, New York, clinical monitoring is implemented around the clock using a 192-channel Nihon-Kohden Neurofax monitoring system. Research recordings are made in collaboration with the Wadsworth Center of the New York State Department of Health in Albany. Signals from the ECoG electrodes are fed simultaneously to the research and the clinical systems via splitter connectors. To ensure that the clinical and research systems do not interfere with each other, the two systems typically use separate grounds. In fact, an epidural strip of electrodes is sometimes implanted to provide a ground for the clinical system. Whether research or clinical recording system, the grounding electrode is chosen to be distant from the predicted epileptic focus and from cortical areas of interest for the research. Our research system consists of eight synchronized 16-channel g.USBamp amplifier/digitizer units (g.tec, Graz, Austria). These were chosen because they are safety-rated and FDA-approved for invasive recordings, they have a very low noise-floor in the high-frequency range in which the signals of interest are found, and they come with an SDK that allows them to be integrated with custom-written research software. In order to capture the high-gamma signal accurately, we acquire signals at 1200Hz sampling rate-considerably higher than that of the typical EEG experiment or that of many clinical monitoring systems. A built-in low-pass filter automatically prevents aliasing of signals higher than the digitizer can capture. The patient's eye gaze is tracked using a monitor with a built-in Tobii T-60 eye-tracking system (Tobii Tech., Stockholm, Sweden). Additional accessories such as joystick, bluetooth Wiimote (Nintendo Co.), data-glove (5th Dimension Technologies), keyboard, microphone, headphones, or video camera are connected depending on the requirements of the particular experiment.
Data collection, stimulus presentation, synchronization with the different input/output accessories, and real-time analysis and visualization are accomplished using our BCI2000 software8,9. BCI2000 is a freely available general-purpose software system for real-time biosignal data acquisition, processing and feedback. It includes an array of pre-built modules that can be flexibly configured for many different purposes, and that can be extended by researchers' own code in C++, MATLAB or Python. BCI2000 consists of four modules that communicate with each other via a network-capable protocol: a Source module that handles the acquisition of brain signals from one of 19 different hardware systems from different manufacturers; a Signal Processing module that extracts relevant ECoG features and translates them into output signals; an Application module that delivers stimuli and feedback to the subject; and the Operator module that provides a graphical interface to the investigator.
A number of different experiments may be conducted with any given patient. The priority of experiments will be determined by the location of the particular patient's electrodes. However, we usually begin our experimentation using the SIGFRIED (SIGnal modeling For Realtime Identification and Event Detection) mapping method, which detects and displays significant task-related activity in real time. The resulting functional map allows us to further tailor subsequent experimental protocols and may also prove as a useful starting point for traditional mapping by electrocortical stimulation (ECS).
Although ECS mapping remains the gold standard for predicting the clinical outcome of resection, the process of ECS mapping is time consuming and also has other problems, such as after-discharges or seizures. Thus, a passive functional mapping technique may prove valuable in providing an initial estimate of the locus of eloquent cortex, which may then be confirmed and refined by ECS. The results from our passive SIGFRIED mapping technique have been shown to exhibit substantial concurrence with the results derived using ECS mapping10.
The protocol described in this paper establishes a general methodology for gathering human ECoG data, before proceeding to illustrate how experiments can be initiated using the BCI2000 software platform. Finally, as a specific example, we describe how to perform passive functional mapping using the BCI2000-based SIGFRIED system.

Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

We present a method for collecting electrocorticographic signals for research purposes from humans who are undergoing invasive epilepsy monitoring. We show how to use the BCI2000 software platform for data collection, signal processing and stimulus presentation. Specifically, we demonstrate SIGFRIED, a BCI2000-based tool for real-time functional brain mapping.

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), ...

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure involves the chronic placement of multiple depth electrodes into regions of the brain typically inaccessible via subdural grid electrode placement. SEEG thus provides a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. In this paper we demonstrate how SEEG can be used to investigate the role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in cognitive control. We include a description of the SEEG procedure, demonstrating the surgical placement of the electrodes. We describe the components and process required to record local field potential (LFP) data from consenting subjects while they are engaged in a behavioral task. In the example provided, subjects play a cognitive interference task, and we demonstrate how signals are recorded and analyzed from electrodes in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area intimately involved in decision-making. We conclude with further suggestions of ways in which this method can be used for investigating human cognitive processes.

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is an operative technique used in epilepsy surgery to help localize seizure foci. It also affords a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. Here we describe how SEEG can be used to investigate cognitive processes in human subjects.

调查深皮层的功​​能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure ...

Rodent Behavioral Testing to Assess Functional Deficits Caused by Microelectrode Implantation in the Rat Motor Cortex

Medical devices implanted in the brain hold tremendous potential. As part of a Brain Machine Interface (BMI) system, intracortical microelectrodes demonstrate the ability to record action potentials from individual or small groups of neurons. Such recorded signals have successfully been used to allow patients to interface with or control&#160;computers, robotic limbs, and their own limbs. However, previous animal studies have shown that a microelectrode implantation in the brain not only damages the surrounding tissue but can also result in functional deficits. Here, we discuss a series of behavioral tests to quantify potential motor impairments following the implantation of intracortical microelectrodes into the motor cortex of a rat. The methods for open field grid, ladder crossing, and grip strength testing provide valuable information regarding the potential complications resulting from a microelectrode implantation. The results of the behavioral testing are correlated with endpoint histology, providing additional information on the pathological outcomes and impacts of this procedure on the adjacent tissue.

We have shown that a microelectrode implantation in the motor cortex of rats causes immediate and lasting motor deficits. The methods proposed herein outline a microelectrode implantation surgery and three rodent behavioral tasks to elucidate potential changes in the fine or gross motor function due to implantation-caused damage to the motor cortex.

大鼠运动皮质微电极植入所致功能缺损的啮齿动物行为检测

Medical devices implanted in the brain hold tremendous potential. As part of a Brain Machine Interface (BMI) system, intracortical microelectrodes ...

生物工程

Transcranial Electrical Brain Stimulation in Alert Rodents

Transcranial electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical excitability and plasticity in humans and rodents. The most common form of stimulation in humans is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Less frequently, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) or transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a specific form of tACS using an electrical current applied randomly within a pre-defined frequency range, is used. The increase of noninvasive electrical brain stimulation research in humans, both for experimental and clinical purposes, has yielded an increased need for basic, mechanistic, safety studies in animals. This article describes a model for transcranial electrical brain stimulation (tES) through the intact skull targeting the motor system in alert rodents. The protocol provides step-by-step instructions for the surgical set-up of a permanent epicranial electrode socket combined with an implanted counter electrode on the chest. By placing a stimulation electrode into the epicranial socket, different electrical stimulation types, comparable to tDCS, tACS, and tRNS in humans, can be delivered. Moreover, the practical steps for tES in alert rodents are introduced. The applied current density, stimulation duration, and stimulation type may be chosen depending on the experimental needs. The caveats, advantages, and disadvantages of this set-up are discussed, as well as safety and tolerability aspects.

This protocol describes a surgical set-up for a permanent epicranial electrode socket and an implanted chest electrode in rodents. By placing a second electrode into the socket, different types of transcranial electrical brain stimulation can be delivered to the motor system in alert animals through the intact skull.

警惕啮齿动物的经颅电脑刺激

Transcranial electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical excitability and plasticity in humans and rodents. The most common form of stimulation in ...

Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats

Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is a powerful and relatively simple approach to diffusely influence brain activity either randomly or in a closed-loop event-triggered manner. Although many studies are focusing on the possible benefits and side-effects of TES in healthy and pathologic brains, there are still many fundamental open questions regarding the mechanism of action of the stimulation. Therefore, there is a clear need for a robust and reproducible method to test the acute and the chronic effects of TES in rodents. TES can be combined with regular behavioral, electrophysiological, and imaging techniques to investigate neuronal networks in vivo. The implantation of transcranial stimulation electrodes does not impose extra constraints on the experimental design while it offers a versatile, flexible tool to manipulate brain activity. Here we provide a detailed, step-by-step protocol to fabricate and implant transcranial stimulation electrodes to influence brain activity in a temporally constrained manner for months.

This detailed protocol describes transcranial stimulation electrode placement on the temporal bone in order to investigate the short- and long-term effects of transcranial electrical stimulation in freely moving rats.

大鼠慢性经颅电刺激及 Intracortical 记录

Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is a powerful and relatively simple approach to diffusely influence brain activity either randomly or in a ...

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive neuroscience. Intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) can directly record electrical neural activity and has the unique potential to accomplish this goal. Traditionally, averaging analysis has been applied to analyze intracranial EEG data; however, several new techniques are available for depicting neural activity and intra- and inter-regional connectivity. Here, we introduce two analytical protocols we recently applied to analyze intracranial EEG data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency SPM analysis for neural activity and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity. We report our analysis of intracranial EEG data during the observation of faces as representative results. The results revealed that the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) showed gamma-band activity at very early stages (110 ms) in response to faces, and both the IOG and amygdala showed rapid intra- and inter-regional connectivity using various types of oscillations. These analytical protocols have the potential to identify the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive functions with high spatial and temporal profiles.

We present two analytical protocols that can be used to analyze intracranial electroencephalography data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency statistical parametric mapping analysis for neural activity, and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity.

利用 SPM 软件分析颅内脑电图数据的神经活动和连接性

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive ...

绘制脑血流和电场图:小鼠的电极放置

Placement of Extracranial Stimulating Electrodes and Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow and Intracranial Electrical Fields in Anesthetized Mice

The detection of cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses to various forms of neuronal activation is critical for understanding dynamic brain function and variations in the substrate supply to the brain. This paper describes a protocol for measuring CBF responses to transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Dose-response curves are estimated both from the CBF change occurring with tACS (mA) and from the intracranial electric field (mV/mm). We estimate the intracranial electrical field based on the different amplitudes measured by glass microelectrodes within each side of the brain. In this paper, we describe the experimental setup, which involves using either bilateral laser Doppler (LD) probes or laser speckle imaging (LSI) to measure the CBF; as a result, this setup requires anesthesia for the electrode placement and stability. We present a correlation between the CBF response and the current as a function of age, showing a significantly larger response at higher currents (1.5 mA and 2.0 mA) in young control animals (12-14 weeks) compared to older animals (28-32 weeks) (p &lt; 0.005 difference). We also demonstrate a significant CBF response at electrical field strengths &lt;5 mV/mm, which is an important consideration for eventual human studies. These CBF responses are also strongly influenced by the use of anesthesia compared to awake animals, the respiration control (i.e., intubated vs. spontaneous breathing), systemic factors (i.e., CO2), and local conduction within the blood vessels, which is mediated by pericytes and endothelial cells. Likewise, more detailed imaging/recording techniques may limit the field size from the entire brain to only a small region. We describe the use of extracranial electrodes for applying tACS stimulation, including both homemade and commercial electrode designs for rodents, the concurrent measurement of the CBF and intracranial electrical field using bilateral glass DC recording electrodes, and the imaging approaches. We are currently applying these techniques to implement a closed-loop format for augmenting the CBF in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and stroke.

作者聚焦:基于刺激的方法改善阿尔茨海默病模型中的脑血流 

We describe a protocol for assessing dose-response curves for extracranial stimulation in terms of brain electrical field measurements and a relevant biomarker-cerebral blood flow. Since this protocol involves invasive electrode placement into the brain, general anesthesia is needed, with spontaneous breathing preferred rather than controlled respirations.

麻醉小鼠颅外刺激电极的放置和脑血流量和颅内电场的测量

The detection of cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses to various forms of neuronal activation is critical for understanding dynamic brain function and ...

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

摘要

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此视频中的章节

在接受深部脑刺激手术术中唤醒人类行为任务

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

用于记录单机活动和Electrocorticographic信号的慢性神经电极植入手术

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

调查深皮层的功能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训

大鼠运动皮质微电极植入所致功能缺损的啮齿动物行为检测

警惕啮齿动物的经颅电脑刺激

大鼠慢性经颅电刺激及 Intracortical 记录

利用 SPM 软件分析颅内脑电图数据的神经活动和连接性

麻醉小鼠颅外刺激电极的放置和脑血流量和颅内电场的测量

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

在接受深部脑刺激手术术中唤醒人类行为任务

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

用于记录单机活动和Electrocorticographic信号的慢性神经电极植入手术

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

调查深皮层的功​​能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训

大鼠运动皮质微电极植入所致功能缺损的啮齿动物行为检测

警惕啮齿动物的经颅电脑刺激

大鼠慢性经颅电刺激及 Intracortical 记录

利用 SPM 软件分析颅内脑电图数据的神经活动和连接性

麻醉小鼠颅外刺激电极的放置和脑血流量和颅内电场的测量

调查深皮层的功能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训