The author would like to thank his many thesis students and research assistants for their help in piloting and administering this protocol. Data presented in this manuscript is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant Number (1147743) to Jason Themanson and a grant from Illinois Wesleyan University to Jason Themanson.

注意:下面的协议是根据在伊利诺斯州卫斯理大学批准的机构审查委员会的道德标准开发的。 1. Cyber​​ball刺激准备<ol><li>下载Cyberball范式12,18和计算机上安装它（目前使用的协议，从Cyberball 3.0图像）。另外，创建计算机图像重建Cyber​​ball范例，以满足特定需求。 </li><li>对于每个部分上产生的单个图像的使用照片编辑程序内Cyber​​ball抛出。比如，打破各投从球员到球员到该显示接二连三地创造球的形象，从球员被抛出来的球员 ​​在计算机屏幕上的各个掷框架（ 见图1）。 </li><li>添加任何标签，名称或照片在照片编辑程序中的每个单独的罚球帧，包括任何重新呈现人类参与者作为底播放画面（由手在图1中的屏幕的底部示出）上，以创建一系列掷帧是除球到玩家的运动从播放机相同的。 </li><li>需要注意的帧在每个罚球顺序是"信息框"该扔，或掷序列内的信息提供给有关掷（ 即，它的其他玩家将获得球）的具体目标玩家的第一帧。 </li><li>确保有掷序列在屏幕上创建来自每个玩家投掷彼此播放器（包括来自人类与会者到其他玩家投掷），每个掷序列具有相同数目的掷帧，并且在每个信息帧掷序列已经注意到。 </li></ol> 2. Cyber​​ball社会互动编程<ol><li>创建使用STIM序列文件伸应力演示软件对细节的Cyber​​ball社会互动中的事件的准确顺序。 <ol><li>对于序列文件，指定特定掷帧（按顺序），在屏幕上的帧的定时，帧的顺序，在事件的性质（扔从谁向谁），由人类参所需的响应（必要时），以及事件的整体，以创建所需的交互。创建序列文件中明确地输入所有的这些规范到适当的行，列和内部的程序代码空间。 </li><li>指定所有内编程代码的顺序文件中的每个事件的上述具体的和重复的步骤中创建的每个序列的文件（ 例如，纳入，排除）。 <ol><li>命令中的每个序列文件中的正确序列的掷帧，以使第一滚珠簸从一个播放机到另一无错完成。创建similar下令对每种类型抛出的玩家之间在文件中的序列，使每个类型的投掷表示在序列文件（ 例如，一个3人游戏分为六个不同的可能抛出）。 </li><li>空间中的每个掷帧的450毫秒的间隔时间。在该方法中，确保每个帧被替换为下一帧中，这为参与者提供了运动的图像在屏幕上，并创建一个掷事件，持续总共2700毫秒之前出现为450毫秒。 </li><li>一个信息帧被呈现在序列文件，使得信息帧的显示可以被标记在节省时间的参与者的神经活动的文件在每次插入一个事件相关的标志物。码本的标记通过使用数字来表示玩家所代表的事件的性质（左播放机是播放器"1"的底部玩家选手"2"的右边玩家选手"3"），其中将所有流中的代码"13"，以表示从左侧到右侧的播放机播放一抛。 </li><li>复制整个组六个不同的投影序列的文件内，使得每个掷序列表示的至少两倍的序列文件内。这将提供编程灵活地改变各块内的事件的顺序，以使它们看起来不预先确定。 </li><li>创建"的话，那么"序列文件中的语句，让人类参与者自由选择其中玩家将获得下一掷以下的人参加。给人类参与者的响应垫或鼠标接收一球抛起后，选择下一步的行动;使用潜在鼠标右键扔在右边的播放器，并使用鼠标左键扔的球员在左边的三个玩家的游戏。 </li><li>保证"的话，那么"语句导致相应的下一个掷序列，使得游戏P外行看来无缝（ 即一个人扔在左边的玩家应该遵循从左边到其他玩家的玩家掷）。 </li><li>创建循环和"的话，那么"序列文件中的语句来表示所希望的游戏动作，并允许该程序适当地将人类参与者的选择到下一个事件无关。 </li><li>在程序中启动计数器来改变游戏的本质，这样的程序并不明了人类玩家（ 即同一电脑玩家并不总是犯同样的掷）。使用这些计数器对特定事件或事件模式的重复发生，然后再切换动作游戏，并删除了游戏模式在整个游戏中最好给自发直播外观的玩家在屏幕的两侧，而不仅仅是实际中人类参与者表示在屏幕的底部。 </li></ol></li></ol></li&gt; <li>为了研究不同类型的社会互动发展的不同序列文件。让这些相互作​​用在很大程度上包容或排斥，甚至部分包括或不包括，因为根据研究问题的性质，通过改变每个序列文件中的比重，才能包容性事件和排外事件的人参与。 </li><li>确保事件标记神经收集数据时创建事件相关脑电位（ERPs）用于在每个不同的社会互动的每一个事件类型出现在脑电图文件。这些标记应出现在脑电图文件作为参考帧被呈现给参与者。 </li></ol> 3.神经电记录<ol><li>按照协会的生理心理研究19准则编制的参与者脑电图（EEG）的评估。 </li><li>使用嵌有64烧结银 - 氯化银一莱卡电极帽电极（10mm）的，布置在10-10系统蒙太奇20收集的EEG数据。适合在参与者的头帽和使用导电胶准备每个电极。 <ol><li>在线参考电极放置在锆石和CPZ之间的中点的电极，并使用AFZ作为接地电极。 注:替代在线参可以根据所用的数据收集电极帽的性质是必要的。 </li><li>收集的垂直和水平双极电图活性（EOG）监视使用置于上方和下方的右轨道和靠近每个眼的外眼角烧结银 - 氯化银电极的眼球运动。 </li></ol></li><li>使用数字bioamplifier连续数字化（500赫兹的采样率），放大（增益取决于特定的放大器），和过滤器（70赫兹的低通滤波器，包括一个60赫兹的陷波滤波器）在直流模式下的原始EEG信号。请从脑电图分析可用的选项，这些设置，以便ftware对之前的数据集合中的放大器，并根据脑电图硬件和软件的规格不同而不同。 </li><li>使用脑电图分析软件，以进一步处理这些神经数据记录脑电活动。 </li></ol> 4.离线神经电数据处理<ol><li>使用了空间滤波器正确眨眼，一个多步骤过程，其产生的平均眨眼，利用基于主成分分析（PCA）的空间的奇异值分解，以提取第一分量和协方差的值，然后使用这些协方差值来建立一个过滤器，是专门敏感的眼睛闪烁21。 </li><li>创建的刺激锁定的时期相对于通过从数据转换选项的选择，选择此功能插在脑电图分析软件中的连续的EEG文件，该事件标记。从-900毫秒到1800毫秒，相对于插入的标记，运行这些时代相当于吨他每6个帧掷的整个过程中，并具有0毫秒，该事件被标记为显示在图1中插入一个时间点。 </li><li>正确的从每个时代取出的平均刺激前的基线活动时期的基准线之差（ 即，这是从-900毫秒为0毫秒的事件标记之前的900毫秒的时间窗口）。这个功能可以被选择或从脑电图分析软件中可用的数据转换选项启动。 </li><li>低通滤波器（30赫兹24 dB /倍频程）的时代，并拒绝与电气文物超过+ 75V的任何时期。请从脑电图分析软件可用的选项允许脑电数据如下数据采集转换这些设置，具体费用取决于脑电图软件的规范。 </li><li>平均的神经反应，共同为Cyber​​ball任务块中的每个事件类型。 注意:此平均化处理可以适于仅一个verage第20，中部20，或每个交互中相似类型的，即使最后的20个事件，研究动态神经激活模式在社会互动13的过程。 <ol><li>结合各种事件类型来创建三个主要事件类别:抛出从任一其它玩家的参与，从参与到任何其他球员罚全中，并引发不包括其他两个玩家之间的参与者。例如，结合引发来自人的左边播放机和向右播放到一个平均波形。 </li><li>结合从电脑玩家到最感兴趣的事件类型的事件:引发人类参与者（包容性），并抛出远离人类的参与者（排他性）。 </li></ol></li><li>如果适用，量化N2成分从200运行的平均幅度在离散时延窗口 - 事件标记在鱼类养殖区后320毫秒。 </li><li>如果适用，量化P3组分作为从320运行的平均幅度在离散延迟窗口 - 450毫秒以下的事件标记为Pz的。 </li><li>如果适用，量化的ERP成分扔帧的帧信息研究中的神经活动模式与社会互动不断差异，不同的事件类型如下。 </li></ol>

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The author has nothing to disclose and declares no conflict of interest.

In this article, a protocol allowing for the measurement of ongoing event-related neural and behavioral data during social interactions was presented. This procedure creates opportunities to look at multiple different event types (inclusionary, exclusionary) within and across varied social interactions. Specifically, the procedure can quantify moment-to-moment event-related neural activity in response to any event that occurs during a computerized social interaction. This neural activity is independent of any particular ...

社会互动的科学检验已经经历了复兴，近年来，随着新的理论解释，模型和范式旨在了解爆炸和探索的是目标或社会排斥的根源的影响，以及这些相互作​​用如何导致许多排除1-6的后果。虽然文学已经在开发更好地理解社会排斥的行为，情绪，认知和神经层面的后果做出了巨大的进步，仍有许多不明就参与了社会排斥的动力。在文献中一个显着的差距涉及到各种充满活力的社会排斥过程中社会交往的测量。例如，多个理论模型3,5-8表明，社会排斥的情况下的监测和评估是在一个更大的自我监管制度的第一步，旨在以社会EXC应对lusion和归属感和社会包容的保持健康和可接受的水平。这些模型，和许多在排除现有的文献，提供了巨大的见解社会排斥造成的后果和不良影响的排除导致神经，行为，认知和情感层面。然而，在不断排除在社会交往，从而导致排斥双方的认知和后续的情感和认知反应，排除目标的具体过程，仍然不确定。研究人员已经适应方法在社会交往9获得自报的感觉状态，但这些数据并没有检查，可能促使任何自我报告的影响正在进行的神经过程。 因此，排除在社会交往考试用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）技术来"看"，而个人被排除发生的事情发起ð3,4,10,11。相比于包含这些研究揭示了不同的神经活动模式中排除。虽然在加强排斥和他们与被排除在自报的后果关系中存在持续的神经过程的认识极为重要，这些研究都是在他们如何能够代表社会互动的动态性质的限制。具体而言，这些功能磁共振成像方法汇总神经活动在整个社会交往，无法检查排除了一下，到此刻的基础。这种限制禁止排斥相关的情感和认知过程的动态特性在社会交往正在发生研究人员无法确定其在交易所的时刻或事件是有意义的就排斥一个人的认知发展的一个完整的理解和相关联的情绪反应。 为了应对吨HESE局限性，最近的研究已经实现的一个类的神经活动，被称为事件相关电位（ERP的），对测量的Cyberball范例12的执行过程中，研究了神经激活本的时刻到时刻图案中的社会排除13。有效保护率是指在头皮上即时间锁定到离散事件和表示大脑活动响应或在制备用于刺激或反应14测得的神经电活动。此外，事件相关电位拥有出众的时间分辨率相比，磁共振成像，它提供了有价值的见解的动态响应社会排斥。如通过大脑活动的响应于社会的纳入和排除的实例，这可以通过Cyber​​ball范例来实施和控制，并在本协议中描述的事件相关的检查得到这样，神经指数，是必要的，以评估模型和目前的预测中目前的社会排斥理论。 现行方法的目的是测量社会活动持续的神经反应过程中一个人参加计算机化的社会交往（包容性的事件，排外事件）。在这种方法中，研究人员必须量化神经活动响应于交互内的每个事件的能力。此外，目前的协议允许为每个事件是由多个掷图像中的每个社交活动的持续检查。这使研究人员能够看变化，神经活动的事件展开。这种分析水平并不在考察ERP的过程中社会交往15,16等方法可作为这些方法只能捕获有关每个事件的一个图像的神经活动，而不允许对事件展开的审查，因为它发生。此外，人类的参与者认为，导致他或她是玩在线游戏其他人，但实际上是一个预编程的游戏与电脑内玩。由于相互作用是预编程的计算机中，能够灵活地与由人类参与者作出的决定，社会相互作用的性质可以预先确定，并且编程取决于所研究的问题13的性质发生变化相互作用， 17。例如，该协议在计算机生成的玩家的行为可以根据通过改变预编程的时间表抛出（创造社会包容任何指定的时间或社会排斥的情况下如该球员传球到其他播放器，当那些抛出发生，数抛出，而时机抛出）。因此，这使得研究人员能够测量神经活动针对可能或相互作用的整体背景可能不匹配的事件。例如，研究人员可以量化的参与者的一个排他性的社会EV神经反应这种交互在很大程度上是对包容性的参与者，它可能比较中的主要排他性的互动参与者的神经反应，以一个排他性的事件中ENT。这些研究的机会都没有现成的使用功能磁共振成像给出的时间限制功能磁共振成像技术。有了这个编程的灵活性，目前协议允许研究人员从不同的神经科学和心理背景，以解决研究问题的新途径，并在社会交往中获取动态的神经和行为活动。

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Cyberball (Williams et al., 2000) computerized social interaction program</td>
			<td>https://cyberball.wikispaces.com</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>An Alternate set of computerized images can be used or created by the researcher</td>
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			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Neuroscan SynAmps2 64-Channel Amplifier with SCAN 4.3.1 Acquisition and Analysis Software</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Compumedics Neuroscan Neuromedical Supplies - http://www.neuroscan.com/supplies.cfm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9032-0010-01</td>
			<td>Alternate amplifiers and EEG acquisition equipment and sofware can be used</td>
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			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">STIM2 Complete Version 2.1 Stimulus Presentation Software</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Compumedics Neuroscan Neuromedical Supplies - http://www.neuroscan.com/supplies.cfm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">666M</td>
			<td>Alternate stimulus presenation software can be used</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">SynAmps2 Quik-Cap Sintered Ag/AgCl 64 Ch./Medium</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Compumedics Neuroscan Neuromedical Supplies - http://www.neuroscan.com/supplies.cfm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">96050255</td>
			<td>Alternate EEG caps can be used</td>
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		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Quik-Gel Conductive Gel</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Compumedics Neuroscan Neuromedical Supplies - http://www.neuroscan.com/supplies.cfm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">92000016</td>
			<td>Alternate EEG conductive electrode gel can be used</td>
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			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">NuPrep</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Compumedics Neuroscan Neuromedical Supplies - http://www.neuroscan.com/supplies.cfm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">92100025</td>
			<td>Alternate skin preparation exfoliants can be used</td>
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			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Blunt needle and syringe kit</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Compumedics Neuroscan Neuromedical Supplies - http://www.neuroscan.com/supplies.cfm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">104207</td>
			<td>Needle and syringe kit is used to apply conductive gel to electrode embedded in the EEG cap</td>
		</tr>
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measuring neural and behavioral activity during ongoing computerized social interactions: an examination of event-related brain potentials

社会排斥是一种复杂的社会现象，具有强大的负面影响。鉴于社会排斥的心理和情绪健康的影响，对社会排斥的看法如何发展在社会交往过程中的认识，是推进旨在减少被排除有害的治疗费用很重要。到目前为止，社会排斥的最科学的考试已经看过排斥社会互动完成之后。虽然这已经在开发中会发生以下排斥一个人是什么的理解非常有帮助的，它并没有帮助澄清社会排斥过程的瞬间到瞬间动态。因此，目前的协议被开发通过检查事件相关脑激活所存在期间社会互动的模式来获得社会排斥的一种改进的理解。这个协议允许更高的精度和灵敏度在详述socia升过程中导致人们感觉好像他们已经被排除在社会交往。重要的是，当前的协议可以适于包括该变化排他性社会相互作用的性质，通过改变频率的参与者包括研究项目，多久排斥的周期将持续在每个交互，并且当排除会在社会互动的地方。此外，目前的协议可以用来检查变量和构造以外的相关社会排斥。此功能通过在正在进行的社会互动获得双方的神经和行为数据，以解决各种跨应用心理学表明，本协议可能会在科学探索与社会互动的区域发展的核心。

该协议已被用于在先前发表的研究考察社会排斥对正在进行的神经和行为活动的13的影响。第二十二条本科岁的参与者（15名女性，7名男性）完成了Cyber​​ball任务三届上述条件下。提供知情同意后，参与者被告知，他们将被打造成电脑球折腾游戏与其他本科学员。然而，其他的参加者不是真实的，它们是由计算机玩家在本协议中详细表示。每个人的参与完成了协议（纳入，排除，再加入...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials at JoVE.com

Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials

Research on social exclusion has grown tremendously in recent years. As the field expands, it is imperative to develop sophisticated methodologies allowing for the simultaneous measurement of neural and behavioral outcomes during social exclusion. This protocol utilizes event-related brain potentials to record ongoing neural activity during computerized social interactions.

测量神经和行为活动期间持续计算机化的社会互动:对事件相关电位的考察

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, ...

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13.7K 次观看.  Illinois Wesleyan University. Research on social exclusion has grown tremendously in recent years. As the field expands, it is imperative to develop sophisticated methodologies allowing for the simultaneous measurement of neural and behavioral outcomes during social exclusion. This protocol utilizes event-related brain potentials to record ongoing neural activity during computerized social interactions. 

视频: Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

使用事件相关电位和语义分类调查抗精神病药和Schizotypy在N400的影响

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

科研

行为学

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

婴儿听觉处理和事件相关的脑振荡

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Asymmetric Walkway: A Novel Behavioral Assay for Studying Asymmetric Locomotion

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for quantifying locomotor deficits in rodents is to measure minute disturbances of unconstrained gait overground (e.g., manual BBB score or automated CatWalk). However, cortical inputs are not required for the generation of basic locomotion produced by the spinal central pattern generator (CPG). Thus, unconstrained walking tasks test locomotor deficits due to motor cortical impairment only indirectly. In this study, we propose a novel, precise foot-placement locomotor task that evaluates cortical inputs to the spinal CPG. An instrumented peg-way was used to impose symmetrical and asymmetrical locomotor tasks mimicking lateralized movement deficits. We demonstrate that shifts from equidistant inter-stride lengths of 20% produce changes in the forelimb stance phase characteristics during locomotion with preferred stride length. Furthermore, we propose that the asymmetric walkway allows for measurements of behavioral outcomes produced by cortical control signals. These measures are relevant for the assessment of impairment after cortical damage.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify precise stepping in rodents. Cortical and the spinal central pattern generator signals are required for precise foot-placement during obstructed locomotion. We report here the novel constrained walking task that directly examines precise stepping behavior.

非对称走道:一种新的行为检测方法的研究不对称步态

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for ...

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental paradigms and analysis tools have been limited to constrained laboratory tasks and contexts due to technical limitations imposed by the available set of measuring and analysis techniques and the age of the subjects. These limitations severely limit the study of developmental neural dynamics and associated neural networks engaged in cognition, perception and action in infants performing &#8220;in action and in context&#8221;. This protocol presents a novel approach to study infants and young children as they freely organize their own behavior, and its consequences in a complex, partly unpredictable and highly dynamic environment. The proposed methodology integrates synchronized high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG), inertial measurement units (IMUs), video recording and behavioral analysis to capture brain activity and movement non-invasively in freely-behaving infants. This setup allows for the study of neural network dynamics in the developing brain, in action and context, as these networks are recruited during goal-oriented, exploration and social interaction tasks.

This protocol presents a novel methodology for the neural decoding of intent from freely-behaving infants during unscripted social interaction with an actor. Neural activity is acquired using non-invasive high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Kinematic data is collected with inertial measurement units and supplemented with synchronized video recording.

在自由，表现人类婴儿一种新的实验和分析方法意向的多模态神经解码期间社会互动

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer scale. However, current methods mostly rely on tethered cable recordings or only use unidirectional systems, allowing either recording or stimulation of neural activity, but not at the same time or same target. Here, a new wireless, bidirectional device for simultaneous multichannel recording and stimulation of neural activity in freely behaving rats is described. The system operates through a single portable head stage that both transmits recorded activity and can be targeted in real-time for brain stimulation using a telemetry-based multichannel software. The head stage is equipped with a preamplifier and a rechargeable battery, allowing stable long-term recordings or stimulation for up to 1 h. Importantly, the head stage is compact, weighs 12 g (including battery) and thus has minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire, making the method applicable to a broad set of behavioral tasks. Moreover, the method has the major advantage that the effect of brain stimulation on neural activity and behavior can be measured simultaneously, providing a tool to assess the causal relationships between specific brain activation patterns and behavior. This feature makes the method particularly valuable for the field of deep brain stimulation, allowing precise assessment, monitoring, and adjustment of stimulation parameters during long-term behavioral experiments. The applicability of the system has been validated using the inferior colliculus as a model structure.

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

A wireless, bidirectional system for multi-channel neural recordings and stimulation in freely behaving rats is introduced. The system is light and compact, thus having minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire. Moreover, this bidirectional system provides a sophisticated tool to assess causal relationships between brain activation patterns and behavior.

用于体内的无线双向接口记录和刺激自由行为大鼠的神经活动

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer ...

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often stereotyped actions elicited in response to innately aversive sensory stimuli, but their success requires enough flexibility for adapting to different spatial environments, which can change rapidly. Here, we describe a behavioral assay to evaluate the influence of learned spatial knowledge on defensive behaviors in mice. We have adapted the widely used Barnes maze spatial memory assay to investigate how mice navigate to a shelter during escape responses to innately aversive sensory stimuli in a novel environment, and how they adapt to acute changes in the environment. This new assay is an ethological paradigm that does not require training and exploits the natural exploration patterns and navigation strategies in mice. We propose that the set of protocols described here are a powerful means of studying goal-directed behaviors and stimulus-triggered navigation, which should be of interest to both the fields of instinctive behaviors and spatial memory.

This protocol describes a behavioral assay, based on the Barnes maze test, to study how instinctive defensive actions are modified by the knowledge of spatial environment.

一种研究空间记忆在小鼠本能防御中作用的行为分析法

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper understanding of the neurobiological causes underlying the decision-making problems. A cost-benefit based T-maze task is used for measuring decision making in which rodents choose between a high reward arm (HRA) and a low reward arm (LRA). There are two paradigms of the T-maze decision-making task, one in which the cost is a time delay and the other in which it is physical effort. Both paradigms require a tedious and labor-intensive management of experimental animals, multiple doors, pellet reward, and arm choice recordings. In the current work, we invented an apparatus based on traditional T-maze with full automation for pellet delivery, door management and choice recordings. This automated setup can be used for the evaluation of both delay- and effort-based decision making in rodents. With the protocol described here, our lab investigated the decision-making phenotypes of multiple genetically modified mice. In the representative data, we showed that the mice with ablated medial habenular showed aversions of both delay and effort and tended to choose the immediate and effortless reward. This protocol helps to decrease the variability caused by experimenter intervention and to enhance experiment efficiency. In addition, chronic silicon probe or microelectrode recording, fiber-optic imaging and/or manipulation of neural activity can be easily applied during the decision-making task using the setup described here.

This article introduces an automated T-maze apparatus that we invented, and a protocol based on this apparatus for analyzing delay-based decision making and effort-based decision making in free moving rodents.

基于自动 T 迷宫的自由移动啮齿动物延迟和努力决策分析装置及协议

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...

A Visual Guide for Studying Behavioral Defenses to Pathogen Attacks in Leaf-Cutting Ants

The complex lifestyle, evolutionary history of advanced cooperation, and disease defenses of leaf-cutting ants are well studied. Although numerous studies have described the behaviors connected with disease defense, and the associated use of chemicals and antimicrobials, no common visual reference has been made. The main aim of this study was to record short clips of behaviors involved in disease defense, both prophylactically and directly targeted towards an antagonist of the colony following infection. To do so we used an infection experiment, with sub-colonies of the leaf-cutting ant species Acromyrmex echinatior, and the most significant known pathogenic threat to the ants&#39; fungal crop (Leucoagaricus gongylophorus), a specialized pathogenic fungus in the genus Escovopsis. We filmed and compared infected and uninfected colonies, at both early and more advanced stages of infection. We quantified key defensive behaviors across treatments and show that the behavioral response to pathogen attack likely varies between different castes of worker ants, and between early and late detection of a threat. Based on these recordings we have made a library of behavioral clips, accompanied by definitions of the main individual defensive behaviors. We anticipate that such a guide can provide a common frame of reference for other researchers working in this field, to recognize and study these behaviors, and also provide greater scope for comparing different studies to ultimately help better understand the role these behaviors play in disease defense.

We present a visual guide to disease defense behaviors in leaf-cutting ants, with individual clips and accompanying definitions, illustrated in an experimental infection scenario. Our main aim is to help other researchers recognize key defensive behaviors and to provide a common understanding for future research in this field.

叶切蚁病原体攻击行为防御研究的可视化指南

The complex lifestyle, evolutionary history of advanced cooperation, and disease defenses of leaf-cutting ants are well studied. Although numerous studies ...