笔者想承认脑与行为研究基金会的慷慨支持。

该协议如下规定由道格拉斯研究所和伦理委员会的指导方针。 1.患者准备<ol><li>当参与者到达时，解释实验，并取得签名已获得伦理委员会批准的机构的伦理审查委员会的知情同意书上。 </li><li>用红铅笔在鼻（鼻根）的桥梁，在眉毛之间做一个记号。使用卷尺，从鼻根测量到头骨上，INION的下基部。由滑动的手的颈部直到参与者的头部的背面的凸块被认为识别该位置。 </li><li>取1/10鼻根和INION之间的测量，并作出标记向上邻近的鼻根发丝，小心，以确保这些测量都是在用鼻线。 </li><li>包裹头卷尺（4色带）头部周围的标记的水平在步骤1.3中进行。确定帽尺寸根据所在的带的非着色端满足着色端：使用一蓝帽子如果它穿过在蓝色区域，使用蓝红帽如果它穿过蓝色和红色区域等之间</li></ol> 2.电极放置<ol><li>将盖子上的参与者的头上。排队的两个电极在用眼帽的前面。插入一次性海绵盘上的正面电极（FP1和FP2），以保持电 - 凝胶扩散。 </li><li>抓住两个正面电极对近发际线的标记和拉盖在头上。确保盖子完全吻合的参与者头上。 </li><li>将耳电极上的参与者的耳垂为参比电极。用酒精清洁的耳垂。用棉签涂药，脑电波及磨料皮肤跃跃欲试凝胶到耳垂，方便性。 </li><li>拿注射器和电解克填充埃尔。然后，挤胶到耳电极。小心地将凝胶填充耳电极上的参与者的耳垂。 </li><li>附上从帽导线和耳电极脑电图放大器。设置放大器，以20000的增益。附加线束与盖带的盖，确保它被紧贴地保持在盖就位。 </li><li>开始应用电解质凝胶到接地电极，其在所述盖的中央前发现。电解质凝胶增加头皮和电极之间的电连接性。 </li><li>使用注射器挤电解质凝胶成电极。开始通过将注射器插入电极和摇动，来回，直到它与头皮接触。然后，同时挤压注射器拉起，创造凝胶的垂直列。 </li><li>对所有的电极重复步骤2.7。 </li><li>研磨用钝针头在电极下方的头皮。做到这一点，而observi纳克的计算机监视器，其中应该显示电极的示意图。瞄准直到屏幕上相应的电极变成黑色的划伤头皮。建议先从耳电极，然后移动到接地电极。 </li></ol> 3.脑电图EEG实验<ol><li>阅读说明在实验过程中的主题。打开电脑上的脑电信号采集软件。 </li><li>观察电极的静止活性。排除为“坏”的电极，例如平线的信号，或过度活跃信号。如果有任何，重复步骤2.7和2.9，以减少阻抗。 strong&gt;注意：阻抗，它使用的是30赫兹电流测量，应保持低于5千欧。 </li><li>开始录制后的电极信号很好看，也没有平线信号或过度活跃的信号。寻找任何myograms或眼睛运动，并且确保该partici七分裤止息闪烁，紧绷的下巴和额头的肌肉，因为这些会产生过大的噪声数据。处于静止状态，也可以是β和α节律本。 </li><li>开始第二个计算机上的实验。实验设计的时序是非常重要的。仔细观察，以确保实验软件，如E-总理，发出“标记”，以表明刺激发病。这是至关重要的，因为刺激发病通常被用作用于在ERP系统范例的事件的参考点。 </li><li>一旦试验完成，确保数据已经saved-根据所使用的软件的这一过程将有所不同。小心地取下帽子，帮助头发洗涤和干燥的参与者。 </li><li>分离来自放大器的帽和耳的电极，除去一次性海绵盘，并清洗下用棒或棉棒的末端自来水盖和耳的电极。用温和的肥皂或洗发水，还有牙刷，轻轻CL耳来自电极的凝胶。彻底冲洗。使设备在空气中干燥。 </li></ol> 4.数据处理<ol><li>以获得从脑电图ERP成分，确定哪个时期进行研究。例如，为了计算N400振幅，使用平均电压在300-500毫秒的时间窗口进行计算。 </li><li>前平均脑电图时代，拒绝过度的眼球运动或放大器饱和度试验。根据不同的实验范例，它可以是有关拒绝对应于不正确的反应试验。 </li><li>平均后，过滤的ERP和绘制数据（见动画图1为利用Matlab，EEGLab和ERPLab数据处理的具体说明）。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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P., Kasparek, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+language+processing+in+schizophrenia:+effects+of+context+and+haloperidol+on+the+event-related+potential.">Modulation of language processing in schizophrenia: effects of context and haloperidol on the event-related potential.</a> Biological Psychiatry. 45, 1336-1355 (1999).</li><li>Light, G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroencephalography+(EEG)+and+event-related+potentials+(ERPs)+with+human+participants.">Electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) with human participants.</a> Current Protocols in Neuroscience. , 21-24 (2010).</li><li>Luck, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique. , (2005).</li><li>Luck, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique. , (2005).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

在我们对N400抗精神病药物治疗的效果的调查，我们发现，在安慰剂条件下，前N400s是在具有高schizotypy比低schizotypy受试者个体大。然而，在服药状况，额叶中央N400s较小，但仅在高schizotypy的个人。因此，在服药被视为高分裂型个体，这证实了先前的研究说明与抗精神病药物治疗的精神分裂症患者，相对于服用安慰剂的患者11,12较小的前N400s减少这些大额叶中央N400s。在具有低schizotypy个人，有药物没有影响。这些研究结果与正确执行协议的获得，以及对收集清晰和准确的数据的重要性发言。 为了确保准确，有效的结果，有几个关键点需要注意。对获得良好的信号，这是至关重要的盖是紧密地贴合，并放置使矢状电极是恰好在中间，该阻抗被调整。帽过大可降低录音质量，因为这将是更难减少阻抗13。同样重要的是，与会者明白，他们必须避免过度的运动，眨眼，或弯曲的表面和颚肌，因为这些操作将引入变化，脑电图痕迹和可能使数据的解释很困难14。实验结束后，设备必须正确清洗，以确保该电极不被堵塞用凝胶残余物，这可能会影响以后的信号采集。 如果有信号的问题，如噪音或平线，检查，以确保地面和参比电极连接是否正确。减少这些电极的阻抗可以降低噪声，因此，如果有在所述的连接问题，重新应用凝胶和重新从头电极下方的头皮。如果有myograms，让被摄体，然后再继续放松。在设计该实验中，它是相关于ERP的记录，该实验设计占时序方面，如刺激呈现和短暂的时间周期，允许参与者闪烁的持续时间。 在开始一个脑电图实验，以了解有关的限制是重要的。空间分辨率相对较差可能是要考虑的事情，以及使用脑电图阐明皮质下活动的难度。通过闪烁和肌肉的活动引入的噪声也是不利的，并获得了神经信号，因为他们通过脑脊液，脑膜和颅骨传递被弄脏。这些限制可能会用其他影像学方法independently-，如磁共振成像，近红外光谱＆＃解决8211;或者通过脑电图与这些替代方案的完美组合。然而，如前面提到的那样，这些方法也携带其自身的局限性。必要的对比条件和功能磁共振成像缺乏基线和极性都是明显的例子。相对于另一种脑成像技术，ERP系统记录有许多优势 - 最特别是其显着的时间分辨率，这是在毫秒数量级。这也是非侵入性和最小不舒服的参与者，并没有与任何显著风险或危险有关。 ERP的记录是经济上可行的，特别是相对于诸如功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）和正电子发射断层扫描（PET）15其它神经成像技术。它提供了一个外表成中发生的认知，感觉和运动过程中的神经元的活动，并在将来，可以适用于探索前意识流程。

而神经影像学的进步已经不可否认增强我们的大脑的功能的理解，这些进步有一个基本上静止强调阐明脑的结构。这随后叶脑网络相对笼罩在朦胧的动态时间特性，神经影像学那些解决这些时间方面，如磁共振成像和近红外光谱法（NIRS），产生相比于脑电图的那是不够的时间分辨率的方法。因此，这是相关的，以便更好地理解和使用ERP的使用记录，其能够产生大量的有意义的信息，否则将是未知的。 ERP的记录是一种非侵入性的分析工具，它允许认知神经科学家跟踪神经活动的快速瞬时调制是由认知，感觉和运动过程中引出。它包括将头皮上的电极捕捉到大n的电突触后的反应euronal人群2至特定的事件或刺激。有效保护率是指在时间上被锁定到的感觉，运动或认知活动的脑电图变化，并且被认为是代表信息处理3中产生的突触后电位的总和。这些ERP的波形的特征是它们的等待时间，振幅，极性和头皮分布，提供了神经学数据的丰富阵列可能刺激进一步的深入了解，有助于认知的神经连接。 ERP系统的记录和脑电图的目标（EEG）是获得关于涉及高阶的基本神经过程，复杂的认知操作4的信息。事件相关电位由它们的负或正的波动，以及其在头皮上的位置以及它们的刺激后发病出现的时间限定。各种的ERP已经与各方面的联系认知过程。例如，我们一直在寻找在N400的事件相关脑电位5，即引起400ms的有意义的刺激如词语6，且其在头皮上的分布是已知的依赖于语义类别发病后的负波形这些刺激。在N400是语义激活的索引，并且有研究表明，它具有用于词语较大幅值激活多个表示，如混凝土的话（ 例如 ，香蕉），该激活视觉和口头陈述，相比于抽象的词语（ 例如 ，想法），后者激活只是口头表示7,8。研究也支持，即使是轻微的精神分裂症的症状，如schizotypy尺度衡量，都与N400 9的异常过度的语义激活有关的想法。因此，我们正在探索抗精神病药物，从而降低精神分裂症的症状表现，无论是标准化本身异常在N400的健康个体中具有高水平schizotypy的语义激活。这里，在一个语义分类的范例的使用事件相关电位的是有利的，对于研究在N400的抗精神病药物的效果。 由于ERP记录是一种非侵入性且相对经济的方法来评估神经功能，它可以在广泛的领域得到应用，就证明了大量的认知神经科学，神经学，神经心理学，心理语言学ERP研究和认知心理学。它的多功能性使调查人员询问有关的神经活动的相对时序相关问题的研究在一个大的各种领域，包括语言，认知，以及各种精神疾病10，如精神分裂症，双相情感障碍，抑郁症的研究，以及酒精依赖症和它在神经成像的替代方法，如FUNCT提供了很大的优势有理磁共振成像（fMRI）。其中一些包括它的优良的时间分辨率，其阐述的大脑活动到毫秒。 ERP的记录也可以直接索引兴奋性突触后电位（EPSP的）和抑制性突触后电位（IPSPs），通过许多脑计算执行，一些功能磁共振成像不会做。 ERP的记录的另一个优点是，它提供了区分兴奋活性（神经元去极化）的抑制活性（神经hyperpolarizations）的可能性，而在磁共振成像，更大的信号没有被明确地在这两者之间区分。此外，企业资源规划的方法不需要造影条件：原料的ERP可以检查对于只有一个实验条件下，从fMRI的区别，其中的控制条件，必须从实验条件中减去，导致不确定性相关联的实验或对照条件的观测。 ERP录音的效用，相对成本效益和相关优势，提供在认知神经科学中使用的ERP作为一种方法来跟踪神经活动的快速瞬时变化强有力的理由。其次是一步一步的指导，运行脑电图实验，并记录事件相关电位的基础知识。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG acquisition software (Scan 4.5)</td>
			<td>Neuroscan</td>
			<td>http://www.neuroscan.com/scan.cfm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital EEG Amplifier (NuAmp)</td>
			<td>Neuro Scan Labs</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.neuroscan.com/documents/AF573-01%20CURRY%20NuAmpsExpressPRESSD4.pdf">http://www.neuroscan.com/documents/AF573-01%20CURRY%20NuAmpsExpressPRESSD4.pdf</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 computers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab</td>
			<td>The MathWorks, Inc</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/">http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEGLab Matlab toolbox</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ERPLAB Toolbox</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://erpinfo.org/erplab">http://erpinfo.org/erplab</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus generation software</td>
			<td>E-Prime</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ECI Electrode cap</td>
			<td>Electro-cap International, Inc</td>
			<td>http://www.electro-cap.com/index.cfm/caps/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Special Head Measuring Tape (4 Colour ribbon)</td>
			<td>Electro-cap International, Inc</td>
			<td>http://www.electro-cap.com/index.cfm/supplies/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Sponge Disks</td>
			<td>Electro-cap International, Inc</td>
			<td>http://www.electro-cap.com/index.cfm/supplies/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Abrasive Skin Prepping Gel (Nuprep)</td>
			<td>Weaver and Company</td>
			<td>http://www.weaverandcompany.com/nuprep.html</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Body harness</td>
			<td>Electro-cap International, Inc</td>
			<td>http://www.electro-cap.com/index.cfm/supplies/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cap straps</td>
			<td>Electro-cap International, Inc</td>
			<td>http://www.electro-cap.com/index.cfm/supplies/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electro-gel</td>
			<td>Electro-cap International, Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt needle (BD Vacutainer PrecisionGlide Multiple Sample Needle)</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>367211; see http://www.bd.com/resource.aspx?IDX=7559</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>Electro-cap International, Inc</td>
			<td>http://www.electro-cap.com/index.cfm/supplies/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 Ear Electrodes</td>
			<td>Electro-cap International, Inc</td>
			<td>http://www.electro-cap.com/index.cfm/supplies/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol wipes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red pencil</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton swabs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Facilities and supplies for participants to wash their hair after the experiment- sink, shampoo, comb, towels, hair dryer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

investigating the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the n400 using event-related potentials and semantic categorization

在认知神经科学领域，功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）技术是可视化脑功能的常用方法。这是因为其出色的空间分辨率，这使研究人员能够确定与特定的认知过程相关的脑区的一部分。但是，在追求本地化脑的功能，它是相关的要注意的是许多认知，感觉和运动过程具有时间差别是势在必行捕获，即左未了通过磁共振成像的次优的时间分辨率的一个方面。为了更好地理解认知过程，它是这样有利地利用事件相关电位（ERP）的记录作为收集有关脑的信息的方法。它的一些优点包括它的奇妙的时间分辨率，这使得研究人员能够跟随大脑的活动到毫秒的能力。它也直接索引都兴奋性和抑制性突触后电位由其中​​大部分脑计算执行。这个位于相反的fMRI，其捕获的代谢活性的指标。另外，非侵入性的ERP方法不需要造影条件：原料的ERP可以检查对于只有一个实验条件下，从功能磁共振成像的区分，其中控制的条件必须由实验条件中减去，导致不确定性与实验相关联的观测值或对比条件。虽然它是由它的可怜的空间和皮质下活动分辨率的限制，ERP录音的效用，相对成本效益，以及相关的优势提供了强大的理论基础及其在认知神经科学使用，以追踪神经活动的快速随时间的变化。在努力促进增加其作为研究成像方法的使用，并确保正确和准确的数据采集，本文章将概述 - 在一个范式的框架内使用语义分类研究抗精神病药物的影响s和schizotypy的N400 - 的程序和ERP数据采集相关的关键环节。

五个数字已包括帮助研究人员获得最佳的ERP记录图1描述了成功完成该协议下获得的ERP波形。它构成了“良好”的结果，因为它准确地记录; 图2在另一方面，示出的ERP波形将描绘一个差的执行的协议的，从而产生“坏”的结果，其在噪音过大的信号，最主要的是标识。 图3示出了可能出现在ERP的记录，可以阻碍正确的数据集合中的常见问题。高活性可以解释在高频和大振幅的波。与此相反，一个“平直线”表示缺乏活动或不当的连接。 图4和图5显示了盛大的平均值为我们调查的主要结果纳入对抗精神病药物和schizotypy的影响在N400，如使用语义分类模式进行测定。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52082/52082fig1highres.jpg" /> 图1.良好的效果。该图描述了一个主题在所有试验之后成功地执行了该技术的平均ERP波形，造成不平整的线或噪音过大。需要注意的是波看起来略有不同，这取决于其在很大程度上依赖于不同的过程（认知，感觉和运动）将产生根据任务的内容和由该任务所需的技巧不同波形的实验范例使用-的任务。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52082/52082fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52082/52082fig2highres.jpg" /&gt; 图2.可怜的结果。此图描绘了一个主题在所有试验后的技术执行不足平均ERP波形。此处所示的波形差是由于噪声，以及在FP2的扁平线。说明还缺少在脑电图识别的ERP组件。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52082/52082fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看这个数字的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52082/52082fig3highres.jpg" /> 图3.常见问题该图描绘了出现这种技术中普遍存在的问题;即，眼球运动，肌肉运动，或饱和度。需要注意的是，这些问题可以发生在任何通道的，所以一定要检查所有的人。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52082/52082fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处争夺</a>WA更大的版本这个数字。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52082/52082fig4highres.jpg" /> Schizotypy图4.影响。该图描述了在安慰剂条件隆重平均的ERP。红色的线对应于参与者高分的分裂型人格问卷。黑线对应的参与者低schizotypy通过问卷调查来确定。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52082/52082fig5highres.jpg" /> 图5.药物影响高schizotypy个人，这个数字描绘了宏伟平均的ERP，其中红色对应药物（奥氮平）和黑色对应于安慰剂。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52082/EEGLab_Tutorial.mp4" target="_blank">请点击这里查看大图VERSI</a>在这个数字的。 动画图1.该图可被用作用于处理数据和获取事件相关电位的指南。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization at JoVE.com

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

采用事件相关脑电位（ERPs），我们研究在健康人与分裂型性状异常的语义激活大脑抗精神病药物的效果。我们使用的ERP来跟踪不同的变化，大脑活动，脱落的洞察与语义分类相关的认知过程。

使用事件相关电位和语义分类调查抗精神病药和Schizotypy在N400的影响

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

investigating-effects-antipsychotics-schizotypy-on-n400-using-event

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Pharmacology

Behavior

Unit 1

Pharmacotherapy of Psychosis and Mania

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12.8K 次观看.  McGill University. 采用事件相关脑电位（ERPs），我们研究在健康人与分裂型性状异常的语义激活大脑抗精神病药物的效果。我们使用的ERP来跟踪不同的变化，大脑活动，脱落的洞察与语义分类相关的认知过程。 

视频: Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, an understanding of how perceptions of social exclusion develop over the course of a social interaction is important for advancing treatments aimed at lessening the harmful costs of being excluded. To date, most scientific examinations of social exclusion have looked at exclusion after a social interaction has been completed. While this has been very helpful in developing an understanding of what happens to a person following exclusion, it has not helped to clarify the moment-to-moment dynamics of the process of social exclusion. Accordingly, the current protocol was developed to obtain an improved understanding of social exclusion by examining the patterns of event-related brain activation that are present during social interactions. This protocol allows greater precision and sensitivity in detailing the social processes that lead people to feel as though they have been excluded from a social interaction. Importantly, the current protocol can be adapted to include research projects that vary the nature of exclusionary social interactions by altering how frequently participants are included, how long the periods of exclusion will last in each interaction, and when exclusion will take place during the social interactions. Further, the current protocol can be used to examine variables and constructs beyond those related to social exclusion. This capability to address a variety of applications across psychology by obtaining both neural and behavioral data during ongoing social interactions suggests the present protocol could be at the core of a developing area of scientific inquiry related to social interactions.

Research on social exclusion has grown tremendously in recent years. As the field expands, it is imperative to develop sophisticated methodologies allowing for the simultaneous measurement of neural and behavioral outcomes during social exclusion. This protocol utilizes event-related brain potentials to record ongoing neural activity during computerized social interactions.

测量神经和行为活动期间持续计算机化的社会互动：对事件相关电位的考察

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, ...

科研

行为学

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

婴儿听觉处理和事件相关的脑振荡

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or knockdown gene expression in a relatively focused region without significant damage to the brain tissue. After recovery, the injected mouse can be tested on various behavioral tasks such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST). The OFT is designed to assess locomotion and the anxious phenotype in mice by measuring the amount of time that a mouse spends in the center of a novel open field. A more anxious mouse will spend significantly less time in the center of the novel field compared to controls. The FST assesses the anti-depressive phenotype by quantifying the amount of time that mice spend immobile when placed into a bucket of water. A mouse with an anti-depressive phenotype will spend significantly less time immobile compared to control animals. The goal of this protocol is to use the stereotactic injection of a lentivirus in conjunction with behavioral tests to assess how genetic factors modulate animal behaviors.

Stereotactic injection of lentiviruses expressing cDNAs or shRNAs can modulate gene expression in specific brain areas of mice. Here, we present a protocol to combine stereotactic injections with behavioral tasks, such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST).

应用立体定向注射技术在研究动物行为的遗传效应

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the wearing experience of subjects. This protocol describes the differences in lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) between experienced wearers (EW) and inexperienced wearers (IEW) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. A three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system with a configured force platform was used to synchronously capture lower-limb joint movements and GRF. 36 young females volunteered to participate in this study and were asked about high-heeled shoe-wearing experience, including frequency, duration, heel types, and heel heights. Eleven who had the experience of 3 to 6 cm heels for a minimum of three days per week (6 h per day) for at least two years and eleven who wore high heels less than twice per month participated. Subjects performed jogging and running at comfortable low and high speeds, respectively, with the right foot completely stepping onto a force platform when passing by along a 10 m walkway. EW and IEW adopted different biomechanical adaptations while jogging and running. IEW exhibited a generally larger range of joint movement, while EW showed a dramatically larger loading rate of GRF during running. Hence, further studies on the lower-limb biomechanics of high-heeled gait should strictly control the wearing experience of the subjects.

This study investigated lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. Subjects were divided into groups of experienced wearers and inexperienced wearers. A three-dimensional motion analysis system with a configured force platform captured lower-limb joint movements and GRF.

运用金本位步态分析法评估下肢慢跑和跑步时的低肢力学经验效应

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the ...

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential (ERP) Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, some evidence indicates that semantic processing of non-linguistic stimuli is intact, suggesting that semantic deficits may be language-specific. To appropriately characterize semantic processing deficits in individuals with ASD, comparison of within-modality linguistic (e.g., written words) and non-linguistic (e.g., pictures) stimuli is required. This paper describes such a methodology that makes use of a semantic priming paradigm during concurrent recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) data. EEG provides a dynamic measure of brain activity that is well-suited to characterize subtle differences in semantic processing that may not be observable at the behavioral level. The semantic priming paradigm presents a prime picture or word (e.g., dog) followed by a target picture or word that is either related (e.g., cat) or unrelated (e.g., pencil) to the prime. This paradigm can thus be used to evaluate semantic processing across different modalities, and to compare lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing abilities in individuals with ASD and how they might differ from TD individuals. The specific steps involved in creating the stimuli, performing the EEG testing, and analyzing the EEG data are discussed. Representative results illustrate how the N400 component of the event-related potential (ERP) is reduced following semantically-related prime-target pairs compared to unrelated pairs. Comparisons of the N400 between conditions, modalities, and groups can provide estimates of the success of semantic processing, and can thereby be used to characterize semantic deficits in individuals with ASD or other clinical populations.

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

This paper describes a semantic priming ERP task using within-modality pairs of pictures and words to investigate semantic processing in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

语义启动事件相关电位 (ERP) 研究自闭症频谱障碍词汇语义和视觉语义处理

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, ...

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the accuracy of memories. The purpose of the method presented here was to induce false memories using lists of either semantically or phonologically related words and to assess the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. To do this, we used a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We adapted word lists from previous DRM studies to suit imagery procedures and created an automated presentation to present the word lists in classroom settings. We then recruited undergraduate classes and instructed some of the classes to create mental images of the list words as they were being presented, while instructing the other classes to simply remember the words. The automated presentation presented word lists to participants, one word at a time, alternating between phonologically and semantically related lists. Participants used paper-pencil recall packets to immediately recall list items, complete a distractor activity, and take a subsequent final recognition test. Often, participants immediately recalled and later recognized words that were related to the list items but were not actually presented; these are known as critical lures and indicate a false memory. The protocol detailed here describes a four-step procedure - list presentation, immediate recall, distractor phase, and final recognition - that can assess the effects of list type and imagery instruction within the DRM paradigm on memory. The automated nature of the list presentation provides the ability to systematically vary variables of interest, and the paper and pencil method of data collection affords an easily accessible method for collecting data in classroom settings. The protocol also offers options to modify the procedure to a more traditional DRM paradigm without imagery and/or list type manipulations. The use of this protocol can provide results relevant to both classroom learning and cognitive science principles.

The method presented here induced false memories using lists of related words and also assessed the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. This protocol details a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm.

利用基于课堂的 deese roediger mcdermott 范式评估意象对虚假记忆的影响

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

The confounding factors of unexpectedness and semantic integration difficulty naturally residing in anomalous sentences in language studies make it difficult to determine the underlying processing mechanism of ERP components. Unlike the traditional static approach of manipulating expectancy through corpus frequency or cloze probability, this protocol proposes a dynamic method to enhance participants&#39; expectancy for rarely-met anomalous sentences by multiple repetitions while maintaining their semantic integration difficulties. To address the time cost increase resulting from multiple repetitions, this protocol proposes to repeat only the strictly simplified core structure extracted from the anomalous sentence before presenting the semantically enriched, much more informative complete anomalous sentence containing the anomalous core structure to reinitiate the semantic integration processing. The complete anomalous sentence elicited a P600 effect. It suggests that the participants did not give up processing the anomalous information after repetitions and the same semantic integration difficulty was successfully reinitiated. Importantly, the representative experimental results reveal that the greatly attenuated N400 effect caused by multiple repetitions was not recovered by the follow-up reinitiated semantic integration difficulty. It suggests that the attenuated N400 effect should be mainly attributed to the enhancement of expectancy for anomalous information by multiple repetitions. The experimental results show that this method can effectively enhance participants&#39; expectancy for anomalous sentences while retaining the semantic integration difficulty.

We present a protocol to dissociate the intertwining factors of integrative difficulty and unexpectedness in semantically anomalous sentences by applying multiple repetitions to enhance participant&#39;s expectancy for anomalous sentences. The dissociation helps to investigate the major contributor of elicited event-related potentials (ERP) effects such as N400 in language studies.

与事件相关的潜在研究中,在异常句中所驻住的期望值与综合难度的分离

The confounding factors of unexpectedness and semantic integration difficulty naturally residing in anomalous sentences in language studies make it ...

Investigating the Effect of Visual Imagery and Learning Shape-Audio Regularities on Bouba and Kiki

This article presents a protocol for investigating the role of visual imagery in the bouba/kiki-effect, whether training in noticing the bouba/kiki shape-audio regularities affects the bouba/kiki-effect and the recognition of individual bouba and kiki shapes, and finally what mental images these regularities produce. To generate bouba/kiki shape-audio regularities, there were two types of shapes (filled; outlined) and two types of audio (word; non-word sound). Three groups of individuals participated in three experiments: Blind, blindfold, and vision. The experiments were conducted in fixed order across participants, with no break between them. In Experiment 1 (pre-test-post-test design with three repeated within-group measures) the participants were asked to pick out the shape they associated with the auditory bouba/kiki; in Experiment 2 (within-subject design), to name one shape and some audio (sometimes congruous; sometimes incongruous) as &#8216;bouba&#8217; or &#8216;kiki;&#8217; and in Experiment 3 (post-test only design), to draw the shape they associated with the auditory bouba/kiki. The results suggest that the blindfold-group draw upon visual imagery to solve new problems, but not long term; that training in noticing bouba/kiki shape-audio regularities affects the bouba/kiki-effect and the recognition of individual bouba and kiki shapes, but differently in each experimental group; and that all experimental groups create mental images of the most characteristic shape feature of bouba (curve) and kiki (angle). In fact, the effect of visual imagery is robust across tasks, but not long term; the effect of learning shape-audio regularities is robust long term, but not across tasks. The presented protocol is appropriate for investigating the effect of visual imagery and learning shape-audio regularities, when they occur and how robust they are; in specific individuals and groups of individuals. This protocol is unique in that it keeps under control both the visual imagery and the sensory information during training and testing.

The aim of the presented protocol is to investigate the role of visual imagery in the bouba/kiki-effect, whether training in noticing the bouba/kiki shape-audio regularities affects the bouba/kiki-effect and the recognition of individual bouba and kiki shapes, and finally what mental images these regularities produce.

视觉影像与学习形状-音频规律对布巴和基基的影响

This article presents a protocol for investigating the role of visual imagery in the bouba/kiki-effect, whether training in noticing the bouba/kiki ...

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing

Previous studies have found that older adults have greater difficulties in processing syntactically complex sentences than younger adults. However, the exact regions where the difficulties arise have not been fully identified. In this study, a maze task was implemented to investigate how older adults and younger adults differentially processed two types of sentences with different levels of syntactic complexity, namely subject relative clauses and object relative clauses. Participants were asked to choose between two alternatives at each segment of the sentences. The task required participants to engage in a strictly incremental mode of processing. The reading times for each segment were recorded, allowing the quantification of the difficulty of sentence reading. The task allowed us to identify the exact locations of the processing difficulty and thus facilitate a more accurate assessment of the age-related decline in sentence processing. The results indicate that the effect of ageing was found mainly at the head nouns, but not at other regions of the sentences, a finding which suggests that the maze task is an effective method to identify the exact location of the ageing effect on sentence processing. The implications of this experimental paradigm for investigating the effect of ageing on sentence processing are discussed.

Here, we present a protocol to examine the age-related decline in sentence processing using a maze task that allowed us to localize the processing difficulty at each word of the sentences during reading.

测量衰老对句子处理影响的实验范式

Previous studies have found that older adults have greater difficulties in processing syntactically complex sentences than younger adults. However, the ...