本研究由中国国家自然科学基金 (81301600)、宁波大学16BTY085 基金会、中国国家社科基金会、浙江省社会科学项目 "智江青年工程" (16ZJQN021YB) 主办。), Loctek 人体工学技术公司和安踏体育用品有限公司。

本研究已获得宁波大学人类伦理委员会 (ARGH20150356) 的批准。所有受试者在研究中都给予了他们知情的同意, 他们被告知了研究的目标、要求和实验程序. 
 1. 步态实验室准备 <ol> <li> 关闭任何白炽灯, 并在实验室中保持合理的荧光灯亮度级别。删除所有标记和不需要的反射对象, 它们可能被误译为来自捕获卷的被动复古反射标记. </li>
	<li> 将适当的转换器插入计算机的并行端口。打开运动捕捉相机、专有跟踪软件、强制平台放大器和外部模数转换 (ADC). 
	<ol> <li> 允许8相机初始化的时间。单击 #34; 本地系统和 #34; #34 上的节点; 系统和 #34; 选项卡 #34; 资源和 #34; 窗格。在 #34;P roperties 和 #34; 窗格 #34; 本地系统和 #34; 节点、类型和 #34; 100 和 #34; #34; 请求帧速率和 #34; 在和 #34 中的属性; 系统和 #34; 部分以 100 Hz 设置采样率. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 选择和 #34; 照相机和 #34; 从和 #34 的视图列表中; 查看和 #34; 窗格。将 T 形框放置在力平台上, 该帧由5标记组成, 它们位于固定的距离上. 
	<ol> <li> #34; 系统资源和 #34; 树, 展开 #34; 照相机和 #34; 节点并按住 CTRL 键, 同时单击节点中列出的每个摄像机。在 #34;P roperties 和 #34; 窗格 #34; 照相机和 #34; 节点, 移动和 #34; 闪光灯强度和 #34; 在和 #34 中的栏; 设置和 #34; 每个摄像头的左侧或右侧部分, 以确保每个摄像头的数据完全、清晰、稳定地显示在#34; 视图和 #34; 窗格. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 单击 #34; 系统准备和 #34; #34 的按钮; 工具和 #34; 窗格。单击和 #34; 启动和 #34; #34 中的按钮; 校准照相机和 #34; 剖面和 thenphysically 在捕获卷中, 在垂直图八中挥动校准棒 (T 帧), 同时在用于捕获3D 数据的区域中移动。当摄像机前面的蓝色状态指示灯停止闪烁时, 停止挥动. </li>
	<li> 在和 #34 中; 照相机校准反馈和 #34; #34 中的部分; 工具和 #34; 窗格, 监视进度条, 直到摄像机校准过程完成。查看和 #34; 图像错误和 #34; 数据;每台相机可接受的图像错误应小于 0.3. </li>
	<li> 将 T 形框放在地板上, 并在力平台的左上角 (60 厘米和 #215; 90 厘米) 和框架的轴线沿力平台的边缘放置中心标记。确保框架的长轴指向行进方向 (前向). </li>
	<li> 选择和 #34; 3D 透视和 #34; 从和 #34 的视图列表中; 查看和 #34; 窗格。在和 #34; 设置卷原点和 #34; 部分, 单击 "开始" 按钮, 然后单击 "#34"; 设置源和 #34; 按钮设置捕获卷的来源. </li>
	<li> 请让主题进入强制平台。验证在视图窗格中显示的地面反应矢量的方向是向上的, 垂直力分量的大小等于体质量 x 9.81。让主体离开力场平台. </li>
	<li> 在 #34; 系统资源和 #34; 树, 右键单击 #34; 强制平台和 #34; 节点和 #34; 零级和 #34; 从 #34; 上下文和 #34; 菜单来校准力平台。单击和 #34; 连接和 #34; #34 上的节点; 系统和 #34; 在和 #34 中的选项卡; 资源和 #34; 窗格。在 #34;P roperties 和 #34; #34; 连接和 #34; 节点、类型和 #34; 1000 和 #34; #34; 请求帧速率和 #34; 在和 #34 中的属性; 设置和 #34; 部分以 1000 Hz 设置采样速率. </li>
	<li> 将16被动的复古反射标记 (直径:14 mm) 分别 pre-attaching 到双面胶带的一侧. </li>
</ol> 2。主题准备 <ol> <li> 组织有关高跟鞋鞋的体验的调查结果, 包括频率、持续时间、后跟类型和后跟高度, 这些都应授予每个志愿者. 
	注: 调查中的问题: (一) 你多久穿一双高跟鞋？(二) 你每次穿高跟鞋的次数是多少？(iii) 你通常穿什么样的高跟鞋？楔形鞋跟还是高跟鞋鞋跟？(iv) 你通常穿的鞋子有多高？在这里, 36 年轻女性自愿参加这项试验, 但其中14人因各种原因被排除: 不舒服与实验鞋 (4), 拇外翻 (3), 只有楔形后跟经验 (3), 在实验中的步态异常环境 (2), 测试日缺勤 (2). </li>
	<li> 获得符合纳入标准的主题的书面知情同意. 
	注: 纳入标准如下: 没有肌肉骨骼疾病, 可能会影响正常的慢跑和跑步步态;感觉舒适与实验鞋提供;右占主导地位;和大小 37 (EUR) 电子战 (年龄: 24.2、#177; 1.2 年; 身高: 160 和 #177; 2.2 厘米; 质量: 51.6 和 #177; 2.6 千克) 穿窄高跟鞋3-6 厘米高的鞋, 每星期至少三天 (6 h 每天), 而观点 (年龄: 23.7 #177; 1.3 年;身高: 162.3 及 #177; 2.3 厘米;质量: 52.6 #177; 4.5 公斤) 穿高跟鞋少于每月两次. </li>
	<li> 要求受试者换上紧身裤和 t-shirt. </li>
	<li> 测量主体和 #39; 站立高度 (mm) 和体质量 (千克)。测量腿部长度 ( 即, 髂上棘与踝内侧髁之间的距离, 以 mm 为单位), 膝关节宽度 ( 即, 内、外侧膝关节髁之间的距离, 在 mm) 和踝宽 (即, 内侧和外侧踝关节之间的距离, 在毫米) 使用测量卡尺. </li>
	<li> 准备用于标记放置的解剖骨地标的皮肤区域. 
	<ol> <li> 剃须适当的头发, 并使用酒精抹布去除多余的汗水和润肤霜. 
		注: 标记位置包括: 髂前上棘 (拉斯/玛尔亚塔·拉西), 后上髂棘 (LPSI/RPSI), 侧大腿 (LTHI/RTHI), 侧膝髁 (LKNE/RKNE), 侧面 mid-shank (LTIB/RTIB), 外踝 (稀疏/秩),第二跖骨头 (LTOE/RTOE), 和跟骨 (LHEE/李家), 其中 L 和 R 前缀分别表示左和骑腿. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 触以确定解剖标志。用记号笔将每个地标圈在皮肤上。用双面胶带将16被动反光标记贴在下肢两侧的地标上. </li>
	<li> 要求受试者更换为实验鞋 (后跟高度: 4.5 厘米), 然后步行、慢跑和沿跑道自由运行, 直到他们在生理上和心理上舒适地与他们的下肢的摄像头和标记 ( 即, 没有对参与者的影响), 他们觉得自己像在散步, 慢跑, 和自然运行. </li>
	<li> 要求受试者沿着跑道练习慢跑在一个舒适的低速, 直到他们能够稳步地慢跑。指导受试者进行一些渐进式训练 ( 例如, 努力在一个安全和舒适的范围内, 在跑步机上逐渐增加速度慢跑). </li>
	<li> 请他们练习在跑道上以舒适的高速运行, 直到他们能够以这种速度稳定地运行. </li>
	<li> 指示受试者尝试从起始区域内的不同起跑线开始慢跑/运行数次, 以找到合适的起始位置, 确保右脚自然撞击并完全接触力平台当路过. </li>
</ol> <img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55714/55714fig1.jpg"/> 图 1: 实验协议 8红外线摄影机捕捉下肢的运动, 而主题慢跑和沿跑道运行。右脚自然撞击, 并在经过时完全接触力平台。运动学和动力学数据收集共。<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55714/55714fig1large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
 3. 静态校准 <ol> <li> 单击工具栏中的 "#34"; 新建数据库和 #34; "按钮以创建新数据库。单击工具栏中的 "#34;D ata 管理和 #34;" 按钮, 打开和 #34;D ata 管理和 #34; 窗格。在 #34;D ata 管理和 #34; 窗格中, 单击 #34; 新患者分类、#34; #34; 新的病人、#34; 和 #34; 新的会话和 #34; 按钮, 按顺序排列。回到 #34; 资源和 #34; 窗格中, 单击和 #34; 创建新的主题和 #34; 按钮以创建新主题, 并输入所有人体测量学测量值 ( 例如, 高度、重量、腿长、膝盖宽度和脚踝宽度) 在和 #34;新创建主题的属性和 #34; 窗格. </li>
	<li> 单击 "#34", 然后 #34. #34; 资源窗格中的按钮. #34; 单击 #34; 在和 #34 中拆分水平和 #34; 在 "查看和 #34; 窗格中选择和 #34; 图和 #34; 在新的和 #34 的视图列表中; 视图和 #34; 窗格。选择和 #34; 弹道计数和 #34; 在和 #34; 模型输出和 #34; 下拉列表. 
	<ol> <li> 确认 #34 中的标记计数; 图和 #34; 视图窗格为 16, 并且相同数量的标记在和 #34 中可见; 3D 全景和 #34; 视图窗格, 这意味着下肢上的标记没有被捕获. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 单击 #34; 主题准备和 #34; #34 的按钮; 工具和 #34; 窗格. </li>
	<li> 要求主体在捕获卷中心的静止中性姿势中站立, 以捕获静态数据. 
	<ol> <li> 单击 "主题捕获" 部分中的 "开始" 和 "#34"; 按钮, 捕获大约150帧, 然后单击 #34; 停止和 #34; 按钮. 
		注: #34; 启动和 #34; 按钮切换到和 #34; 停止和 #34; 单击后自动关闭. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 单击工具栏中的 #34; 重构和 #34; 按钮显示捕获的标记。单击/#34; 标签和 #34; 按钮 #34; 工具和 #34; 窗格, 并手动分配在和 #34 中列出的标签 (总共 16); 手动标记和 #34; 部分到与 #34 的相应标记; 3D 透视图和 #34; 视图窗格。按 #34; Esc 和 #34; 键盘上的键退出. </li>
	<li> 选择和 #34; 静态和 #34; #34;P ipeline 和 #34; #34 下拉列表; 主题校准和 #34; 部分。检查 #34; 左脚和 #34; 和 #34; 右脚和 #34; 在和 #34 中的选项; 静态设置和 #34; 窗格。单击和 #34; 开始和 #34; #34 中的按钮; 主题校准和 #34; 部分. </li>
</ol> 4。动态测试 <ol> <li> 要求主题站在适当的起始位置. </li>
	<li> 单击 #34; #34; #34 的按钮; 资源和 #34; 窗格。单击和 #34; 捕获和 #34; #34 中的按钮; 工具和 #34; 窗格。编辑 #34; 试用名称和 #34; 在和 #34; 下一次试用设置和 #34; 部分. </li>
	<li> 单击和 #34; 开始和 #34; #34 中的按钮; 捕获和 #34; 部分开始捕获, 然后立即将该主题口述给和 #34; 去慢跑/跑跑步. #34; 确保右脚自然撞击, 完全通过时与强制平台联系 ( 图 1 ). 
	<ol> <li> 用于慢跑试验, 要求受试者在准备过程中熟悉的低速慢跑; 对于跑步试验, 要求受试者在准备过程中所熟悉的舒适的高速运行。允许在两个试验之间进行2分钟的休息. </li>
		<li> 捕获至少3完整的后续步骤, 包括强制平台上的步骤. 
		注意: 慢跑和跑步试验是随机进行的。对于每一个速度, 要求受试者重复5次试验。在标记移动/下落或异常步态出现时取消捕获。在标记移动或下落的情况下, 重新到预定的皮肤标记. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> <img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55714/55714fig2.jpg"/> 图 2 : 用户界面动态数据收集. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55714/55714fig2large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
<ol start="4"> <li> 单击 "#34"; 停止和 #34; #34 中的按钮; 捕获和 #34; 在主题后角拐/跑到跑道末端的部分。请参见 图 2 . 
	注意: #34; 开始和 #34; #34 中的按钮; 捕获和 #34; 节切换到和 #34; 停止和 #34; 单击后自动关闭. </li>
</ol> 5。使用专有跟踪软件进行后处理 <ol> <li> 单击工具栏中的 "#34;D ata 管理和 #34;" 按钮。在 #34;D ata 管理和 #34; 窗格中, 双击试用名称。单击 #34; 重构和 #34; #34; 标签和 #34; 工具栏中的按钮, 用于重建3D 动态模型并获取拍摄的数据. </li>
	<li> 在时间栏上, 将时间轴上的左范围指示器 (蓝色三角形) 移动到右脚撞击力平台的框架上。根据视图窗格中的垂直强制向量出现的瞬间选择此帧. 
	<ol> <li> 将时间轴上的 right-range 指示器 (蓝色三角形) 移动到发生右脚的下一个后跟触击事件的帧. 
		注: 这个框架的选择取决于精心的主观估计的研究人员根据瞬间时, 没有优越-劣势的位移右脚跟标记. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 右键单击时间栏并选择和 #34; 缩放至区域和 #34; 从和 #34; 上下文和 #34; 菜单以定义所需的帧. </li>
	<li> 单击 #34; 标签和 #34; 对接在和 #34; 工具和 #34; 窗格。在和 #34; 间隙填充和 #34; 部分中, 单击标记, 其轨迹包含 #34 中列出的间隙; 轨迹和 #34; 列, 然后单击和 #34; 填充和 #34; 和 #34 的按钮; 样条填充和 #34; 工具. 
	注: #34 中列出的间隙数; #Gaps 和 #34; 列。点击 #34; 填充和 #34; 按钮 #34; 样条填充和 #34; 工具填补一个空白。#34; 样条填充和 #34; 方法通常可用于小于或等于60帧的间隙实例. </li>
	<li> 单击和 #34;P ipeline 和 #34; #34 中的按钮; 工具和 #34; 窗格。选择和 #34;D: 和 #34; 从 #34; 当前管线和 #34; 列表。将指示器 (蓝色滑块) 沿时间轴移动到最后一个帧。单击 #34; 运行和 #34; 按钮以启动管道过程, 并在数据分析软件中为后处理而导出. csv 格式的动态试验. </li>
</ol> 6。数据分析 <ol> <li> 低通滤波器使用 4 th 顺序的、10赫兹和25赫兹的截止频率的北海过滤器的运动学和动能数据, 分别为 13 (请参见 材料表 ). </li>
	<li> 在相应的时间内将右前上棘上的标记的前上方位移除以计算慢跑速度. 
	<ol> <li> 定义在连续后跟触击事件的右脚跟上的标记的前后位移作为步幅长度。定义步态周期的持续时间作为步幅频率的倒数. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 在姿态阶段定义峰值角和谷角之间的差异, 作为关节运动范围 (ROM). </li>
	<li> 通过将垂直 GRF-时间曲线的斜率从初始接触点的20-80% 的姿态时间定义为撞击力 14 来计算垂直平均加载速率. 
	注: 将初始触点定义为垂直 GRF 持续测量大于 0 N 的瞬间. </li>
	<li> 将垂直 GRF 规范化为体重 (BW%). </li>
	<li> 首先平均每门学科的5项试验, 然后对所有科目的平均结果. 
	注意: 这些参数包括慢跑和跑步速度, 步幅, 步幅, 关节 ( 即, 踝关节, 膝关节和臀部) 3D (ROM) 和峰值角在立场阶段, 角在脚跟触击在矢状面, 冲击力 (F i ), 峰值力 (F p ) 和垂直平均加载速率 (VALR). </li>
	<li> 将数据传输到统计软件进行统计分析. </li>
</ol> 7。统计分析 <ol> <li> 执行两个独立的样本 t 测试, 以评估磨损经验的效果。执行两个不同的配对样本 t 检验, 以评估运行速度对下肢运动学和 GRF 的影响。将统计结果视为重要的, 如果 p 和 #60; 0.05. </li>
</ol>

<ol>
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作者没有什么可透露的。

大多数研究的缺陷, 分析高跟鞋的步态生物力学是忽略了可能的重要性穿高跟鞋的经验12。本研究将受试者分为定期和偶尔佩戴者, 探讨高跟鞋穿的经验对下肢运动学和 GRF 在适度的高跟鞋慢跑和跑步中的作用。
电子战和观点显示了类似的慢跑/跑步速度。与电子战相比, 观点采用了更高的步幅频率和较短的步长, 这可能是保持身体平衡的策略15</sup...

高跟鞋设计一直是女性鞋类的流行特征之一。强迫脚踝进入被动的跖屈状态, 高跟鞋大大改变步行运动学和动力学。尽管报告了对肌肉骨骼系统的负面影响1, 社会和时尚习俗鼓励继续使用高跟鞋的鞋子2。
光学跟踪系统, 目前用于大多数步态分析实验室的临床和研究目的, 提供准确和可靠的测量3D 下肢关节运动3。这项技术为步态分析提供了一个 "黄金标准"4。基于该技术的一致结果显示, 与平底鞋相比, 较高的脚跟高度会导致较大的膝关节屈曲和踝关节反转5,6,7。GRF 是步态分析中的另一个常用参数。GRF 转向内侧前脚, 减少 GRF 在 mid-stance, 增加垂直 GRF 在脚跟打击, 增加峰值前后 GRF 也观察到在高跟鞋步行1,6,7,8。
以往的研究引用以上的使用方法主要基于水平步行。在现代社会, 跑公共汽车, 穿梭在繁忙的街道, 或疾驰赶上最后一班火车推动越来越多的妇女使用更高的速度, 每一个现在。在高跟鞋慢跑和跑步过程中, 关于下肢生物力学的研究还很有限。顾et al.注意到, 在慢跑9期间, 膝部诱拐-内收和髋关节屈伸关节运动范围明显增加, 脚跟高度增加。这项研究的局限性在于他们只招募习惯性的高跟鞋佩戴人。高跟鞋的频繁使用可能诱发下肢肌肉结构适应。Zöllner et al.创建了一个多尺度计算模型, 揭示了在系列10中, 由于在节的长期损耗后使用高跟鞋, 肌肉能够逐渐适应新的功能长度。证据还表明, 高跟鞋造成的步态的运动住宿在经验丰富和经验不足的穿戴11之间有所不同。从经验和经验丰富的主题收集的数据可能会掩盖统计结果12。重要的是要探讨生物力学变化是否同样明显, 在经验丰富的用户。
本研究的目的是探讨有经验的佩戴人 (电子战) 和无经验的穿戴 (观点) 在适度的高跟鞋慢跑和跑步时下肢运动学和垂直 GRF 的差异。这是假设, 电子战将显示更快的 self-preferred 慢跑和运行速度, 少关节运动, 更大的垂直 GRF 在慢跑和跑步。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Motion Tracking Cameras</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>MX cameras</td>
			<td>n= 8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicon Nexus&#160;</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>Version 1.4.116</td>
			<td>Proprietary tracking software (PlugInGait template)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dongle</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MX Ultranet HD</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicon Datastation ADC&#160;</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>External ADC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Passive Retro-reflective Marker</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>n=16; Diametre=14 mm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Force Platform Amplifier</td>
			<td>Kistler, Switzerland</td>
			<td>5165A</td>
			<td>n=1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Force Platform</td>
			<td>Kistler, Switzerland</td>
			<td>9287C</td>
			<td>n=1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-Frame</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>For fixing markers to skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>moderate high-heeled shoe</td>
			<td>Daphne, Hong Kong</td>
			<td>13085015</td>
			<td>Heel height: 4.5cm; Size:37EURO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Excel&#160;</td>
			<td>Microsoft Corporation, United States</td>
			<td>Version 2010</td>
			<td>For low pass filtering data and calculations; Add-in:Butterworth.xla</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Origin&#160;</td>
			<td>OriginLab Corporation, United States</td>
			<td>Version 9.0</td>
			<td>Plot GRF-time curve</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stata&#160;</td>
			<td>Stata Corp, College station, TX</td>
			<td>Version 12.0</td>
			<td>Statistical analysis</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using gold-standard gait analysis methods to assess experience effects on lower-limb mechanics during moderate high-heeled jogging and running

有限的研究已经探索了下肢慢跑和跑步时下肢生物力学, 大多数研究都没有明确的磨损经验的主题。该协议描述了在适度的高跟鞋慢跑和跑步中, 有经验的佩戴人 (电子战) 和无经验的穿戴 (观点) 之间下肢运动学和地面反应力 (GRF) 的差异。采用三维 (3D) 运动分析系统, 利用配置的力平台, 同步捕获下肢关节运动和 GRF。36年轻女性自愿参加这项研究, 并被问及高跟鞋穿的经验, 包括频率, 持续时间, 脚跟类型和脚跟高度。十一谁有经验3到 6 cm 脚跟为每周至少三天 (6 h 每天) 为最少二年和十一谁佩带了高跟鞋少于两次每个月参加了。受试者分别在舒适的低和高速度下进行慢跑和跑步, 右脚完全踏入一个力平台, 经过一个10米的走道。电子战和观点在慢跑和跑步时采用了不同的生物力学适应。观点表现出一个普遍较大的关节运动范围, 而电子战显示了一个显着更大的负荷率的 GRF 在运行期间。因此, 进一步研究高跟鞋的下肢生物力学应严格控制受试者的佩戴经验。

所有的结果都在这里作为平均±标准差提出。运行速度明显大于慢跑速度, 无论穿着经验 (电子战: 慢跑vs.运行: 2.50 ± 0.14 vs. 3.05 ± 0.14, p = 0.010;观点: 慢跑vs.运行: 2.24 ± 0.26 vs. 2.84 ± 0.29, p = 0.028;在 m/s 中) (表 1)。在电子战与观点的慢跑速度上没有显著差异。一般情况下, 电子战的步幅长度大于观点 (慢跑: 电子战vs.观...

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Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

本研究探讨下肢运动和地面反应力 (GRF) 在适度的高跟鞋慢跑和跑步。受试者分为有经验的佩戴者和无经验的佩戴人。一个三维运动分析系统与一个配置的力量平台捕获下肢关节运动和 GRF。

运用金本位步态分析法评估下肢慢跑和跑步时的低肢力学经验效应

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the ...

using-gold-standard-gait-analysis-methods-to-assess-experience

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.0K 次观看.  Ningbo University. 本研究探讨下肢运动和地面反应力 (GRF) 在适度的高跟鞋慢跑和跑步。受试者分为有经验的佩戴者和无经验的佩戴人。一个三维运动分析系统与一个配置的力量平台捕获下肢关节运动和 GRF。

视频: Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

Comprehensive Analysis of Transcription Dynamics from Brain Samples Following Behavioral Experience

The encoding of experiences in the brain and the consolidation of long-term memories depend on gene transcription. Identifying the function of specific genes in encoding experience is one of the main objectives of molecular neuroscience. Furthermore, the functional association of defined genes with specific behaviors has implications for understanding the basis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Induction of robust transcription programs has been observed in the brains of mice following various behavioral manipulations. While some genetic elements are utilized recurrently following different behavioral manipulations and in different brain nuclei, transcriptional programs are overall unique to the inducing stimuli and the structure in which they are studied1,2.
In this publication, a protocol is described for robust and comprehensive transcriptional profiling from brain nuclei of mice in response to behavioral manipulation. The protocol is demonstrated in the context of analysis of gene expression dynamics in the nucleus accumbens following acute cocaine experience. Subsequent to a defined in vivo experience, the target neural tissue is dissected; followed by RNA purification, reverse transcription and utilization of microfluidic arrays for comprehensive qPCR analysis of multiple target genes. This protocol is geared towards comprehensive analysis (addressing 50-500 genes) of limiting quantities of starting material, such as small brain samples or even single cells.
The protocol is most advantageous for parallel analysis of multiple samples (e.g. single cells, dynamic analysis following pharmaceutical, viral or behavioral perturbations). However, the protocol could also serve for the characterization and quality assurance of samples prior to whole-genome studies by microarrays or RNAseq, as well as validation of data obtained from whole-genome studies.

This manuscript describes a protocol that applies comprehensive profiling for analysis of transcriptional programs induced in specific brain nuclei of rodents following behavioral paradigms. Herein, this approach is illustrated in the context of profiling genes induced in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of mice following acute cocaine exposure, utilizing microfluidic qPCR arrays.

转录动力学的脑组织样本在行为经验综合分析

The encoding of experiences in the brain and the consolidation of long-term memories depend on gene transcription. Identifying the function of specific ...

科研

行为学

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical components. Both anxiety and fear can be studied in the laboratory by measuring the potentiation of the startle reflex. The startle reflex is a defensive reflex that is potentiated when an organism is threatened and the need for defense is high. The startle reflex is assessed via electromyography (EMG) in the orbicularis oculi muscle elicited by brief, intense, bursts of acoustic white noise (i.e., &#8220;startle probes&#8221;). Startle potentiation is calculated as the increase in startle response magnitude during presentation of sets of visual threat cues that signal delivery of mild electric shock relative to sets of matched cues that signal the absence of shock (no-threat cues). In the Threat Probability Task, fear is measured via startle potentiation to high probability (100% cue-contingent shock; certain) threat cues whereas anxiety is measured via startle potentiation to low probability (20% cue-contingent shock; uncertain) threat cues. Measurement of startle potentiation during the Threat Probability Task provides an objective and easily implemented alternative to assessment of negative affect via self-report or other methods (e.g., neuroimaging) that may be inappropriate or impractical for some researchers. Startle potentiation has been studied rigorously in both animals (e.g., rodents, non-human primates) and humans which facilitates animal-to-human translational research. Startle potentiation during certain and uncertain threat provides an objective measure of negative affective and distinct emotional states (fear, anxiety) to use in research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse and broadly in affective science. As such, it has been used extensively by clinical scientists interested in psychopathology etiology and by affective scientists interested in individual differences in emotion.

Potentiation of the startle reflex is measured via electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscle during low (uncertain) and high (certain) probability electric shock threat in the Threat Probability Task. This provides an objective measure of distinct negative emotional states (fear/anxiety) for research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse, and broad affective science.

使用威胁概率任务，以评估焦虑和恐惧在不确定性和一定的威胁

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

使用事件相关电位和语义分类调查抗精神病药和Schizotypy在N400的影响

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to screen different neurostimulation patterns in hemiparkinsonian (unilateral lesioned) rats. It consists of creating a unilateral Parkinson&#39;s lesion by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right medial forebrain bundle, implanting chronic stimulation electrodes into the subthalamic nucleus and evaluating motor outcomes at the end of 24 hr periods of cable-bound external neurostimulation. The stimulation was conducted with constant current stimulation. The amplitude was set 20% below the individual threshold for side effects. The motor outcome evaluation was done by the assessment of spontaneous paw use in the cylinder test according to Shallert and by the assessment of skilled reaching in the staircase test according to Montoya. This protocol describes in detail the training in the staircase box, the cylinder test, as well as the use of both in hemiparkinsonian rats. The use of both tests is necessary, because the staircase test seems to be more sensitive for fine motor skill impairment and exhibits greater sensitivity to change during neurostimulation. The combination of the unilateral Parkinson model and the two behavioral tests allows the assessment of different stimulation parameters in a standardized way.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for Parkinson's disease. We established a study design to screen novel stimulation paradigms in rats. The protocol describes the use of the staircase test and cylinder test for motor outcome assessment in DBS treated hemiparkinsonian rats.

一种新的方法，以评估在帕金森病大鼠脑深部电刺激效应的运动结果:楼梯和缸测试

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to ...

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants socially interact. Electroencephalography (EEG) power is an advantageous technique to assess infant functional neural activation. However, many studies record infant EEG only during one baseline condition. This protocol describes a paradigm that is designed to comprehensively assess infant EEG activity in both social and nonsocial contexts as well as tease apart how different types of social inputs differentially relate to infant EEG. The within-subjects paradigm includes four controlled conditions. In the nonsocial condition, infants view objects on computer screens. The joint attention condition involves an experimenter directing the infant's attention to pictures. The joint attention condition includes three types of social input: language, face-to-face interaction, and the presence of joint attention. Differences in infant EEG between the nonsocial and joint attention conditions could be due to any of these three types of input. Therefore, two additional conditions (one with language input while the experimenter is hidden behind a screen and one with face-to-face interaction) were included to assess the driving contextual factors in patterns of infant neural activation. Representative results demonstrate that infant EEG power varied by condition, both overall and differentially by brain region, supporting the functional nature of infant EEG power. This technique is advantageous in that it includes conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial and allows for examination of how specific types of social input relate to EEG power. This paradigm can be used to assess how individual differences in age, affect, socioeconomic status, and parent-infant interaction quality relate to the development of the social brain. Based on the demonstrated functional nature of infant EEG power, future studies should consider the role of EEG recording context and design conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial.

This novel protocol is designed to assess the neural bases of social interaction in infants. The paradigm is designed to tease apart how various social inputs such as language, joint attention, and face-to-face interaction relate to infant neural activation. Infant EEG power is recorded during both social and nonsocial conditions.

一个被试内实验协议，以评估对婴幼儿脑社会投入的影响

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants ...

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

Three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) is shown to be a useful clinical tool for the evaluation of gait abnormality due to movement disorders. However, the use of 3DGA in actual clinics remains uncommon. Possible reasons could include the time-consuming measurement process and difficulties in understanding measurement results, which are often presented using a large number of graphs. Here we present a clinician-friendly 3DGA method developed to facilitate the clinical use of 3DGA. This method consists of simplified preparation and measurement processes that can be performed in a short time period in clinical settings and intuitive results presentation to facilitate clinicians&#39; understanding of results. The quick, simplified measurement procedure is achieved by the use of minimum markers and measurement of patients on a treadmill. To facilitate clinician understanding, results are presented in figures based on the clinicians&#39; perspective. A Lissajous overview picture (LOP), which shows the trajectories of all markers from a holistic viewpoint, is used to facilitate intuitive understanding of gait patterns. Abnormal gait pattern indices, which are based on clinicians&#39; perspectives in gait evaluation and standardized using the data of healthy subjects, are used to evaluate the extent of typical abnormal gait patterns in stroke patients. A graph depicting the analysis of the toe clearance strategy, which depicts how patients rely on normal and compensatory strategies to achieve toe clearance, is also presented. These methods could facilitate implementation of 3DGA in clinical settings and further encourage development of measurement strategies from the clinician&#39;s point of view.

In this study, a clinician-friendly three-dimensional gait analysis method, which was designed to be performed in the rehabilitation clinic, is presented. The method consists of a simplified measurement method and intuitive figures to facilitate clinicians&#39; understanding of the results.

基于临床的三维步态分析方法评价步态障碍

Three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) is shown to be a useful clinical tool for the evaluation of gait abnormality due to movement disorders. However, ...

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

视觉语言理解中的眼动追踪: 发现视觉语境效果的灵活性和局限性

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the accuracy of memories. The purpose of the method presented here was to induce false memories using lists of either semantically or phonologically related words and to assess the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. To do this, we used a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We adapted word lists from previous DRM studies to suit imagery procedures and created an automated presentation to present the word lists in classroom settings. We then recruited undergraduate classes and instructed some of the classes to create mental images of the list words as they were being presented, while instructing the other classes to simply remember the words. The automated presentation presented word lists to participants, one word at a time, alternating between phonologically and semantically related lists. Participants used paper-pencil recall packets to immediately recall list items, complete a distractor activity, and take a subsequent final recognition test. Often, participants immediately recalled and later recognized words that were related to the list items but were not actually presented; these are known as critical lures and indicate a false memory. The protocol detailed here describes a four-step procedure - list presentation, immediate recall, distractor phase, and final recognition - that can assess the effects of list type and imagery instruction within the DRM paradigm on memory. The automated nature of the list presentation provides the ability to systematically vary variables of interest, and the paper and pencil method of data collection affords an easily accessible method for collecting data in classroom settings. The protocol also offers options to modify the procedure to a more traditional DRM paradigm without imagery and/or list type manipulations. The use of this protocol can provide results relevant to both classroom learning and cognitive science principles.

The method presented here induced false memories using lists of related words and also assessed the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. This protocol details a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm.

利用基于课堂的 deese roediger mcdermott 范式评估意象对虚假记忆的影响

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...

Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge movements of eight professional badminton players and eight amateur players. The purpose of this protocol is to study the differences in kinematics and joint moment of the right knee and ankle. A motion capture system and force plate were used to capture data of the joint movements of the lower extremity and the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF). Sixteen young men who did not have any sports injuries in the past 6 months took part in the study. The subjects performed a maximal right lunge from the start position with their right foot, stepping on and fully contacting with the force plate, hit the shuttlecock with an underhand stroke to the designated position in the backcourt, and then returned to the start/end position. All subjects wore the same badminton shoes to avoid a difference in impact from different badminton shoes. The amateur players showed a greater range of ankle movement and reverse joint moment on the frontal plane, and a larger internal joint rotation moment on the horizontal plane. The professional badminton players exhibited greater knee moment on the sagittal and frontal planes. Therefore, these factors should be considered in the development of the training program to reduce the risk of sports injuries in knee and ankle joints. This study simulates the real badminton court and calibrates the range of activities of each movement of the subjects so that the subjects complete the experimental action in a natural state with high quality. A limitation of this study is that it does not combine joint load and muscle activity. Another limitation is that the sample size is small and should be expanded in future studies. This research method can be applied to the lower limb biomechanical research of other footwork in the badminton project.

Here, we present a protocol to evaluate the differences in injury mechanisms between professional and amateur players when performing a badminton maximal right lunge movement by analyzing lower limb kinematics.

生物力学分析方法,以评估职业羽毛球运动员的隆起表现

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge ...

3D Kinematic Gait Analysis for Preclinical Studies in Rodents

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) kinematic motion analysis systems is limited in rodents. Part of the reason for this inadequacy is the use of complex algorithms and mathematical modeling that accompany 3D data collection and analysis procedures. This work provides a simple, user-friendly, step-by-step detailed methodology for 3D kinematic gait analysis during treadmill locomotion in healthy and neurotraumatic rats using a six-camera motion capture system. Also provided are details on 1) calibration of the system in an experimental set-up customized for quadrupedal locomotion, 2) data collection for treadmill locomotion in adult rats using markers positioned on all four limbs, 3) options available for video tracking and processing, and 4) basic 3D kinematic data generation and visualization and quantification of data using the built-in data collection software. Finally, it is suggested that the utility of this motion capture system be expanded to studying a variety of motor behaviors before and after neurotrauma.

Presented here is a protocol to collect and analyze three-dimensional kinematics of quadrupedal locomotion in rodents for preclinical studies.

3D运动性步态分析,用于啮齿动物的临床前研究

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) kinematic motion analysis systems is limited in rodents. Part of the reason for this inadequacy is the use of ...