我们要感谢沃达丰美洲基金会，比尔和梅琳达·盖茨基金会，圣保罗研究基金会（FAPESP）为这项研究提供资金。我们还要感谢从昆虫学系美国加州大学河滨分校的许多教师，他们对这个项目的意见。

1，昆虫群体和饲养<ol><li>蚊子殖民地和饲养<ol><li>背面淡色tarsalis，致倦库蚊，淡色stigmatosoma和埃及伊蚊成虫从实验室的殖民地，它源于野生捕捞的个体。 </li><li>在标准实验室条件下，搪瓷锅背面蚊子幼虫（27℃，16:8小时光照:黑暗[LD]周期1小时黄昏/黎明时期），并喂它们随意在地面啮齿动物饲料混合物，啤酒酵母（3:1​​，体积比）。 </li><li>收集蚊蛹入200ml杯，并将其放置在试验室。另外，吸出成蚊成实验室1周之内出现。确保各实验腔室含有相同的物种/性别的20到40个人。 </li><li>饲料成蚊随意在10％的蔗糖和水的混合物。更换食品周刊。 </li><li>棉花浸湿毛巾每周两次和PL王牌他们的实验室顶到笼子内保持湿度。此外，放置杯子的自来水200毫升在腔室在任何时候，以帮助保持整体的湿度水平。 </li><li>保持试验室上在16:8小时光照:黑暗[LD]周期，20.5-22℃，30-50％RH的条件下的实验的持续时间。 </li></ol></li><li>家蝇和果蝇群体和饲养<ol><li>从实验室的殖民地后方家蝇 ，从野外捕获而得的个体。钓野生果蝇拟黄的个人和后他们在实验室。 </li><li>在塑料桶的标准实验室条件下后方家蝇幼虫（12时12小时光照:黑暗[LD]循环，26℃，40％相对湿度）的水，米糠粕，苜蓿，酵母和奶粉的混合物。在饲养室后部拟黄果蝇幼虫喂它们自由采食腐烂的混合物水果。 </li><li>吸成人家蝇到1周之内出现的实验室。成年果蝇拟黄可直接饲养在实验室。此前的数据收集，确保每个实验室包含不超过10-15个人家蝇或20-30个人果蝇拟黄。 </li><li>喂成年家蝇自由采食对糖和低脂肪奶粉的混合物，自由饮水。饲料成年果蝇拟黄随意腐烂水果的混合物。更换食品周刊。 </li><li>保持试验室在16:8小时光照:黑暗[LD]循环，20.5-22℃，30〜50％RH的实验时间。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2，记录飞行声音实验钱伯斯<ol><li>试验室设置 注:"实验çhamber"指设计在我们的实验室笼，其中，所述数据被记录。该传感器是相当便宜的。当内置大容量，一组最多可以制造不到10美元。 <ol><li>建构一个实验室，无论是大尺寸的67厘米（长）X 22厘米宽x24.75厘米H或更小尺寸:30厘米（长）×20厘米（W）×20厘米H的实验室由一个光电晶体管阵列和中激光线指向光电晶体管阵列。 注意:另外，该腔室包括被修改为包括所述传感器装置以及安装于一块PVC管道，以允许进入昆虫的套筒Kritter拾得的。 </li><li>光电晶体管阵列连接到一个电子板。电子板的输出馈入数字录音机，并记​​录为MP3格式的音频数据。看到图1.II传感器和图1.I腔的物理版本的逻辑设计。 </li><lI&gt;修改的试验室用一片网布贴在里面的盖子，以防止昆虫逃逸。 注:当昆虫飞行穿越激光束，它的翅膀部分遮挡光线，导致小光的波动。光波动是由光电晶体管阵列作为电流变化的捕捉，以及该信号被滤波和放大由设计的电子电路板的定制。 </li></ol></li><li>设置系统由飞行昆虫制作录制声音<ol><li>试验室连接到电源。打开电源。 </li><li>在试验室中，发现激光灯和photoarray。调整激光灯的photoarray。为了实现适当的对准，调整使用的磁铁对实验室的外面相对应的附连到photoarray在腔室内部的磁体，直到激光光的中心在所有的个体photodiod的photoarrayES。 </li><li>执行两个完整性检查，以确保系统的设置是否正确。 注意:第一个步骤是，以确保该系统的电源，所有电线都正确地连接以及激光指向的照片阵列。第二个步骤是进行进一步的检查对激光对准，以确保它能够捕捉昆虫的wingbeats的声音。 <ol><li>将耳机（而非记录器）插入到音频插孔。沉浸手进出试验室，邻近photoarray，打破了激光的平面。确保激光灯亮（这将是光的红色光束），并且你打破光平面几次用你的手。听的变化噪声电平作为你的手进入和退出光束。如果检测可听差，传感器能够捕获由大物体运动产生的声音。如果成功的话，就移动到下一个完整性检查，否则，请检查耳机是否连接正确，无论是激光指着photoarray。调整photoarray相应地，直到手的声音进出实验室可以听到。 </li><li>附上一块薄薄的电线到自动牙刷。打开的牙刷，并沉浸在布线和移出试验室靠近phototarray的。确保激光射到一块布线的，因为它移动。如果检测到的频率的可听变化，当片布线的断裂激光的平面，系统就准备好捕捉由细小的物体， 即 ，昆虫声音的运动所产生的声音。如果没有检测到有声的差异，回到步骤2.2.2重新调整激光灯和photoarray。 </li></ol></li><li>在系统的设置是否正确，盖上盖子，并添加了昆虫。 </li></ol></li><li>数据采集​​:通过飞行昆虫制作录制声音<ol><li>打开录音机，并作出voicË注解，包括以下信息:该物种在实验室的名称，昆虫，日期和时间，当前环境室温和相对湿度的年龄。暂停录制。 </li><li>记录器连接到该系统中，通过音频电缆，并且恢复记录。离开记录器来记录3天，然后停止录制。 </li><li>从记录的数据下载到PC上的一个新文件夹。通过删除数据清空记录。 </li><li>重复上述的记录处理，直到剩余的昆虫死亡关闭并有不大于5的昆虫在笼活着。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3，传感器数据处理和检测声音由飞行昆虫产生的<ol><li>用软件来检测声音由飞行昆虫产生的。 注意:软件（检测算法）比实时更快。整个过程不到3个小时来处理记录会话，DAT的即三天A，A标机采用英特尔（R）酷睿™CPU以2.00 GHz和8 GB的RAM上。 <ol><li>对于包含从记录会话数据的每个文件夹，运行检测软件来检测昆虫的声音。运行软件，打开MATLAB，然后键入"circandian_wbf（DATADIR）"，在命令窗口，DATADIR是记录数据的目录。然后按"Enter"键开始。 注:从引用＃16下载检测软件circadian_wbf。 </li><li>等到算法终止，再检查的检测结果。该算法输出所有检测到的昆虫声音在名为"DATADIR _extf"的新文件夹，其中DATADIR是一样的，在前面的步骤。每个声音文件是一个1秒长的音频剪辑最初提取从原始的记录，用数字滤波器来去除噪声。每个检测到的声音的发生时间将被保存在一个名为"DATADIR _time.mat及文件＃8221 ;.观察图2中的检测到的昆虫声音的例子。 </li></ol></li><li>检测算法<ol><li>用0.1秒长的滑动窗口滑动通过录音。滑动窗口开始从记录的开始。对于每一个窗口，按照下面的步骤。 <ol><li>计算当前窗口的基本频率。 </li><li>如果基波频率为100赫兹到1200赫兹的范围内，则执行下列操作: <ol><li>提取1秒长的音频剪辑的中心从记录当前的窗口;应用数字滤波以去除在该剪辑中的噪声，并保存滤波的音频到文件夹"DATADIR _extf"。 </li><li>保存当前窗口的出现时间到文件"DATADIR _时间"。 </li><li>移动滑动窗口对紧跟在提取的音频剪辑的点。 </li></ol></li><li>如果根本FRequency不是100赫兹到1200赫兹的范围内，只需将滑动窗口0.01秒前进。 </li></ol></li><li>重复该过程，直到滑动窗口到达记录的结尾。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4，昆虫分类<ol><li>贝叶斯分类仅使用飞音 注:贝叶斯分类器是一个概率分类器的目的是其最有可能的阶级划分。 <ol><li>声音特征计算<ol><li>对于每个昆虫的声音，计算使用离散傅立叶变换（DFT）的声音的频谱。截断的频谱只包括对应于频率范围的那些数据点:100赫兹到2000赫兹。截短的频谱，然后在分类为"代表"的昆虫声音使用。 注:该DFT是一种算法，其将时域信号转换到频域。这是一个BUILT-函数在大多数编程库，可以在程序中调用，只需一行代码。 </li></ol></li><li>训练贝叶斯分类器<ol><li>使用k近邻密度估计方法14学习用声音特征的后验概率分布。与邻近法，训练阶段是建立一个训练集。 <ol><li>随机抽取的一些昆虫的声音从收集各种昆虫的数据。 </li><li>按照第4.1.1节中的步骤和计算截断频谱每个采样声音。被截断的频谱连同样本的类标签（昆虫名）组成的训练集。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>使用贝叶斯分类到一个未知的昆虫分类<ol><li>计算的未知昆虫声音的截断频率的频谱。 </li><li>计算未知的截光谱之间的欧几里德距离n对象，并在训练数据集中的所有截断的频谱。 </li><li>找到相关的前k（K = 8在本文中）中的训练数据集的未知物体的最近邻居。计算属于一类作为其标记为类中的前k近邻的部分未知的昆虫声音的后验概率。 </li><li>分类的未知物体以具有最高的后验概率的类。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>添加一个功能，该分类:昆虫昼夜节律<ol><li>学习的昆虫声音的发生时间，即，昼夜节律对每个物种的昆虫类制冷分布。 <ol><li>取得从检测结果中的每个声音（CF 3.2节）的发生时间。 </li><li>对于每一个物种，打造的昆虫声音发生时间的直方图。 </li><li>归一化的直方图，使得直方图的面积为1。正常美化版直方图是在给定物种的昼夜节律。它讲述了一个特定的时间周期内观察昆虫，该物种的，在飞行的概率。 </li></ol></li><li>通过结合"昆虫声音"与昼夜节律分类未知的"昆虫声音" <ol><li>给定时刻，其中未知昆虫的声音发生的特定点，获得观测类的基于类的昼夜节律昆虫的概率。 注:昼夜节律是一个概率分布。这是一个数组，指定检测健全，昆虫的特定物种所产生的概率，在一天中的特定时间。因此，一旦时间被定，可以简单地检查阵列得到的概率。 </li><li>按照第4.1.2节中的步骤来计算使用的声音的功能，对未知的声音属于类的后验概率。相乘后验概率的结果来回米上一步中得到新的后验概率。 </li><li>分类"未知的声音"，以拥有最高新的后验概率的类。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>增加一个功能的分类:昆虫地理分布<ol><li>了解该物种的地理分布的利益，无论是从公布的历史数据记录，相关文献，或者干脆从现场技术人员/生物学家收集第一手资料。出于演示的目的，使用模拟的图形分布， 如图7。 </li><li>分类"未知的昆虫声音"用"飞声"和两个附加功能。 <ol><li>定所述地理位置，其中昆虫声音被截获，计算使用物种的图形分布在观察从类昆虫在该特定位置的概率。 <ol><li>按照第4.2.2步骤次计算采用的声音特点和生理节奏的"未知的声音"属于类的后验概率。相乘的这个步骤，以从先前的步骤的结果的结果，以获得新的后验概率。 </li></ol></li><li>分类"未知的声音"，以拥有最高新的后验概率的类。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>总体框架中添加功能<ol><li>请考虑使用刚刚的声音特点作为主要分类贝叶斯分类器。按照下面的步骤来添加新的功能分类。 <ol><li>在训练阶段，学习新功能的类空调的密度函数。 </li><li>在分类阶段，考虑到"未知的声音"的新功能，通过计算在上一步中了解到的密度函数观测要素类的概率。乘新概率公关对应于"未知声音"属于类基于刚刚奇数的特点，分别计算evious后验概率，以获得新的后验概率。分类未知对象具有最高的新的后验概率的类。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>

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</ol>

作者宣称，他们没有竞争的经济利益。

这里描述的传感器/分类框架允许飞虫的廉价和可扩展的分类。该精度达到由系统不够好，让商业产品的开发，并可能在昆虫学研究的有用工具。 使用廉价的，非侵入性的传感器能​​够准确，自动分类飞虫的能力将会对昆虫学研究显著影响。例如，通过部署在系统中的字段进行计数和分类，昆虫媒介，该系统可提供的目标物种的实时计数，产生可用于计划介入/抑制方案来防...

利用其飞行附带声音自动分类的昆虫的想法可以追溯到计算机和初期市售录音设备1。然而，很少取得了进展在这个问题上，在中间的几十年。进展的这种追求，缺乏可归结为几个相关的因素。 第一，缺乏有效的传感器取得数据收集困难。大多数收集数据的努力已经用声麦克风2-5。这样的装置是极其敏感的风噪声和环境噪声的环境中，从而导致非常稀疏的，低质量的数据。 第二，配合这些数据质量问题的事实是，许多研究者试图学习非常复杂的分类模型，尤其是神经网络6-8。试图了解复杂的分类模型，用仅有的几十例，是秘方过拟合。 第三，获得的数据的困难意味着许多研究者试图建立分类模型具有非常有限的数据，少至300实例9或更小。然而，已知的是用于构建准确的分类模式，更多的数据是更好10-13。 这项工作涉及的所有三个问题。光学（而不是声 ）传感器可用于录制的"声音"从米昆虫的飞行距离，拥有完整的不变性风噪声和周围的声音。这些传感器都允许的百万标记的训练实例，比以前的所有努力结合更多的数据的记录，并因此有助于避免过度拟合一直困扰以前的研究工作。如下所示是有原则的方法允许更多的信息到分类模型的结合。这种额外的信息可以作为司空见惯，并为易于获得的时间 - 日期的，但仍然产生显著收益模型的准确性。最后，它被证明数据，我们收集了巨额允许我们以" 数据的不合理有效性 "10优势，以产生简单，准确和鲁棒的分类器。 综上所述，飞行昆虫的分类已经超越了研究实验室创建的可疑索赔，现在准备实际部署。在这项工作中提出的传感器和软件将提供全球研究人员强大的工具来加速他们的研究。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Audio recorder: ICD-PX312</td><td>Sony</td><td>4-267-065-11(2)</td><td>With a 8 GB microSD extra memory</td></tr><tr><td>Insectary</td><td>Lee&#039;s Aquarium &amp;amp; Pet Products.</td><td>20088 HerpHaven&amp;reg;, Large Rectangle</td><td>14 1/2&quot; long x 8 3/4&quot; wide x 9 3/4&quot; high. Modified to house insects.</td></tr><tr><td>Laser line generator, 650 nm (red)</td><td>Apinex (www.apinex.com)</td><td>LN60-650</td><td>5 mW. This is a low powered laser, similar to a teacher&#039;s laser pointer</td></tr><tr><td>Photodiode array</td><td>VISHAY SEMICONDUCTOR&amp;nbsp; TEFD4300&amp;nbsp; PIN PHOTODIODE, 650NM, 20DEG, T1</td><td>TEFD4300</td><td>We made a custom array of 15 of these photodiodes wired in parallel.</td></tr><tr><td>Analogue to digital convertor integrated circuit</td><td>Custom made in our lab</td><td></td><td>We made this item ourselves, but an easily available commercial product, Gino PCF8591 AD/DA Converter, provides the same functionality.</td></tr></tbody></table>

flying insect detection and classification with inexpensive sensors

一种廉价的，非侵入性的系统，可以准确分类飞虫会对昆虫学研究的重要意义，并允许用于医疗和农业昆虫学的载体和病虫害防治许多有用的应用程序的开发。鉴于此，在过去60年看过致力于这项工作的许多研究工作。迄今为止，但是，没有这种研究产生了深远的影响。在这项工作中，我们表明，伪声光传感器能产生优良的数据;该附加的特征，这两个内在的和外在的昆虫的飞行特性，可以被利用来改善昆虫分类;一个贝叶斯分类方法允许有效地学习分类模型是非常强劲的过度拟合，和一般的分类框架，允许轻松地将功能任意数字。我们证明了这一切相形见绌以前的作品COMBI大规模的实验结果奈德，如由昆虫的数目，并考虑物种的数量来衡量。

两个实验都在这里呈现。对于这两个实验中，所使用的数据，随机从包含超过10万个对象的数据集进行采样。 第一个实验表明所提出的分类准确分类，昆虫的不同物种/性别的能力。作为分类精度依赖于昆虫进行分类，分类精度单个绝对值不会让读者对系统的性能有良好的直觉。代替，而不是报告于一组固定的昆虫的分类器的精确度，该分类器被应用到数据集的递增增加数种?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flying Insect Detection and Classification with Inexpensive Sensors at JoVE.com

Flying Insect Detection and Classification with Inexpensive Sensors

我们提出了使用廉价的，非侵入性的伪声光感应器可以自动，准确地检测，计数和分类飞基于他们的飞行昆虫的声音系统。

飞行昆虫检测与分类用便宜的传感器

An inexpensive, noninvasive system that could accurately classify flying insects would have important implications for entomological research, and allow ...

flying-insect-detection-and-classification-with-inexpensive-sensors

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

25.1K 次观看.  University of California, Riverside. 我们提出了使用廉价的，非侵入性的伪声光感应器可以自动，准确地检测，计数和分类飞基于他们的飞行昆虫的声音系统。 

视频: Flying Insect Detection and Classification with Inexpensive Sensors

Early Metamorphic Insertion Technology for Insect Flight Behavior Monitoring

Early Metamorphosis Insertion Technology (EMIT) is a novel methodology for integrating microfabricated neuromuscular recording and actuation platforms on insects during their metamorphic development. Here, the implants are fused within the structure and function of the neuromuscular system as a result of metamorphic tissue remaking. The implants emerge with the insect where the development of tissue around the electronics during pupal development results in a bioelectrically and biomechanically enhanced tissue interface. This relatively more reliable and stable interface would be beneficial for many researchers exploring the neural basis of the insect locomotion with alleviated traumatic effects caused during adult stage insertions. In this article, we implant our electrodes into the indirect flight muscles of Manduca sexta. Located in the dorsal-thorax, these main flight powering dorsoventral and dorsolongitudinal muscles actuate the wings and supply the mechanical power for up and down strokes. Relative contraction of these two muscle groups has been under investigation to explore how the yaw maneuver is neurophysiologically coordinated. To characterize the flight dynamics, insects are often tethered with wires and their flight is recorded with digital cameras. We also developed a novel way to tether Manduca sexta on a magnetically levitating frame where the insect is connected to a commercially available wireless neural amplifier. This set up can be used to limit the degree of freedom to yawing &#8220;only&#8221; while transmitting the related electromyography signals from dorsoventral and dorsolongitudinal muscle groups.

We present a novel surgical procedure to implant electrodes in Manduca sexta during its early metamorphic stages. This technique allows mechanically stable and electrically reliable coupling with the neuromuscular tissue to study flight neurophysiology dynamics. We also present a novel magnetic levitation platform for tethered studies of insect yaw.

早期变质插入技术昆虫飞行行为监控

Early Metamorphosis Insertion Technology (EMIT) is a novel methodology for integrating microfabricated neuromuscular recording and actuation platforms on ...

科研

行为学

Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus (Murayama), Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill

The ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama), is the vector of a fungal pathogen that causes mass mortality of Fagaceae trees (Japanese oak wilt). Therefore, knowing the dispersal capacity may help inform trapping/tree removal efforts to prevent this disease more effectively. In this study, we measured the flight velocity and duration and estimated the flight distance of the beetle using a newly developed flight mill. The flight mill is low cost, small, and constructed using commonly available items. Both the flight mill arm and its vertical axis comprise a thin needle. A beetle specimen is glued to one tip of the arm using instant glue. The other tip is thick due to being covered with plastic, thus it facilitates the detection of rotations of the arm. The revolution of the arm is detected by a photo sensor mounted on an infrared LED, and is indicated by a change in the output voltage when the arm passed above the LED. The photo sensor is connected to a personal computer and the output voltage data are stored at a sampling rate of 1 kHz. By conducting experiments using this flight mill, we found that P. quercivorus can fly at least 27 km. Because our flight mill comprises cheap and small ordinary items, many flight mills can be prepared and used simultaneously in a small laboratory space. This enables experimenters to obtain a sufficient amount of data within a short period.

Measuring the Flight Ability of the Ambrosia Beetle, Platypus Quercivorus Murayama, Using a Low-Cost, Small, and Easily Constructed Flight Mill

We developed a low cost and small flight mill, constructed with commonly available items and easily used in experimentation. Using this apparatus, we measured the flight ability of an ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus.

利用低成本、小型、易于建造的Quercivorus测量豚草甲虫、鸭嘴兽的飞行能力 (村山富市)

The ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama), is the vector of a fungal pathogen that causes mass mortality of Fagaceae trees (Japanese oak wilt). ...

环境科学

A Precise and Autonomous System for the Detection of Insect Emergence Patterns

Existing systems to measure insect emergence patterns have limitations; they are only partially automated and are limited in the maximum number of emerging insects they can detect. In order to obtain precise measurement of insect emergence, it is necessary for systems to be semi-automated and able to measure large numbers of emerging insects. We addressed these issues by designing and building a system that is automated and can measure emergence of up to 1200 insects. We modified the existing &#34;falling-ball&#34; system using Arduino microcontrollers to automate data collection and expand the sample size through multiple data channels. Multiple data channels enable the user to not only increase their sample size, but also allows for multiple treatments to be run simultaneously in a single experiment. Furthermore, we created an R script to automatically visualize the data as a bubble plot, while also calculating the median day and time of emergence. The current system was designed using 3D printing so the user can modify the system to be adjusted for different species of insects. The goal of this protocol is to investigate important questions in chronobiology and stress physiology, using this precise and automated system to measure insect emergence patterns.

Measurement of insect emergence patterns requires precision. Existing systems are only semi-automated and sample size is limited. We addressed these issues by designing a system using microcontrollers to precisely measure the time of emergence of large numbers of emerging insects.

一种精确、自主的昆虫产生模式检测系统

Existing systems to measure insect emergence patterns have limitations; they are only partially automated and are limited in the maximum number of ...

A Wind Tunnel for Odor Mediated Insect Behavioural Assays

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study insect chemical ecology. Insects can locate point sources in a three-dimensional environment through the sensory interaction and sophisticated behavior. The quantification of this behavior is a key element in the development of new tools for pest control and decision support. A wind tunnel with a suitable flight section with laminar air flow, visual cues for in-flight feedback and a variety of options for the application of odors can be used to measure complex behaviour which subsequently may allow the identification of attractive or repellent odors, insect flight characteristics, visual-odor interactions and interactions between attractants and odors lingering as background odors in the environment. A wind tunnel holds the advantage of studying the odor mediated behavioural repertoire of an insect in a laboratory setting. Behavioural measures in a controlled setting provide the link between the insect physiology and field application. A wind tunnel must be a flexible tool and should easily support the changes to setup and hardware to fit different research questions. The major disadvantage to the wind tunnel setup described here, is the clean odor background which necessitates special attention when developing a synthetic volatile blend for field application.

Here, we describe the construction and use of a wind tunnel for odor mediated behavioural assays with insects. The wind tunnel design facilitates the release of odor sources by several methods, with and without visual stimuli. Wind tunnel experiments are important methods to identify behaviorally active volatile chemicals.

气味介导的昆虫行为检测风洞

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study ...

Low-Cost Automated Flight Intercept Trap for the Temporal Sub-Sampling of Flying Insects Attracted to Artificial Light at Night

Sampling methods are selected depending on the targeted species or the spatial and temporal requirements of the study. However, most methods for passive sampling of flying insects have a poor temporal resolution because it is time-consuming, costly and/or logistically difficult to perform. Effective sampling of flying insects attracted to artificial light at night (ALAN) requires sampling at user-defined time points (nighttime only) across well-replicated sites resulting in major time and labor-intensive survey effort or expensive automated technologies. Described here is a low-cost automated intercept trap that requires no specialist equipment or skills to construct and operate, making it a viable option for studies that require temporal sub-sampling across multiple sites. The trap can be used to address a wide range of other ecological questions that require a greater temporal and spatial scale than is feasible with previous trap technology.

To study the impacts of artificial light at night (ALAN) on nocturnal flying insects, sampling needs to be confined to nighttime. The protocol describes a low-cost automated flight intercept trap that allows researchers to sample at user-defined periods with increased replication.

一种低成本自动飞行拦截陷阱，用于夜间被人造光吸引的飞虫进行时间子采样

Sampling methods are selected depending on the targeted species or the spatial and temporal requirements of the study. However, most methods for passive ...

Using Insect Electroantennogram Sensors on Autonomous Robots for Olfactory Searches

Robots designed to track chemical leaks in hazardous industrial facilities1 or explosive traces in landmine fields2 face the same problem as insects foraging for food or searching for mates3: the olfactory search is constrained by the physics of turbulent transport4. The concentration landscape of wind borne odors is discontinuous and consists of sporadically located patches. A pre-requisite to olfactory search is that intermittent odor patches are detected. Because of its high speed and sensitivity5-6, the olfactory organ of insects provides a unique opportunity for detection. Insect antennae have been used in the past to detect not only sex pheromones7 but also chemicals that are relevant to humans, e.g., volatile compounds emanating from cancer cells8 or toxic and illicit substances9-11. We describe here a protocol for using insect antennae on autonomous robots and present a proof of concept for tracking odor plumes to their source. The global response of olfactory neurons is recorded in situ in the form of electroantennograms (EAGs). Our experimental design, based on a whole insect preparation, allows stable recordings within a working day. In comparison, EAGs on excised antennae have a lifetime of 2 hr. A custom hardware/software interface was developed between the EAG electrodes and a robot. The measurement system resolves individual odor patches up to 10 Hz, which exceeds the time scale of artificial chemical sensors12. The efficiency of EAG sensors for olfactory searches is further demonstrated in driving the robot toward a source of pheromone. By using identical olfactory stimuli and sensors as in real animals, our robotic platform provides a direct means for testing biological hypotheses about olfactory coding and search strategies13. It may also prove beneficial for detecting other odorants of interests by combining EAGs from different insect species in a bioelectronic nose configuration14 or using nanostructured gas sensors that mimic insect antennae15.

We describe a protocol for using insect antennae in the form of electroantennograms (EAGs) on autonomous robots. Our experimental design allows stable recordings within a day and resolves individual odor patches up to 10 Hz. The efficiency of EAG sensors for olfactory searches is demonstrated in driving a robot toward an odor source.

在自主机器人以昆虫触角电位传感器的嗅觉搜索

Robots designed to track chemical leaks in hazardous industrial facilities1 or explosive traces in landmine fields2 face the same problem as insects ...

神经科学

Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight

Makerspaces have a high potential of enabling researchers to develop new techniques and to work with novel species in ecological research. This protocol demonstrates how to take advantage of the technology found in makerspaces in order to build a more versatile flight mill for a relatively low cost. Given that this study extracted its&#160;prototype from flight mills built in the last decade, this protocol focuses more on outlining divergences made from the simple, modern flight mill. Previous studies have already shown how advantageous flight mills are to measuring flight parameters such as speed, distance, or periodicity. Such mills have allowed researchers to associate these parameters with morphological, physiological, or genetic factors. In addition to these advantages, this study discusses the benefits of using the technology in makerspaces, like 3D printers and laser cutters, in order to build a more flexible, sturdy, and collapsible flight mill design. Most notably, the 3D printed components of this design allow the user to test insects of various sizes by making the heights of the mill arm and infrared (IR) sensors adjustable. The 3D prints also enable the user to easily disassemble the machine for quick storage or transportation to the field. Moreover, this study makes greater use of magnets and magnetic paint to tether insects with minimal stress. Lastly, this protocol details a versatile analysis of flight data through computer scripts that efficiently separate and analyze differentiable flight trials within a single recording. Although more labor-intensive, applying the tools available in makerspaces and on online 3D modeling programs facilitates multidisciplinary and process-orientated practices and helps researchers avoid costly, premade products with narrowly adjustable dimensions. By taking advantage of the flexibility and reproducibility of technology in makerspaces, this protocol promotes creative flight mill design and inspires open science.

This protocol uses three-dimensional (3D) printers and laser cutters found in makerspaces in order to create a more flexible flight mill design. By using this technology, researchers can reduce costs, enhance design flexibility, and generate reproducible work when constructing their flight mills for tethered insect flight studies.

为系留昆虫飞行研究建造增强型飞行磨机

Makerspaces have a high potential of enabling researchers to develop new techniques and to work with novel species in ecological research. This protocol ...

工程学

Electroantennography-based Bio-hybrid Odor-detecting Drone using Silkmoth Antennae for Odor Source Localization

Small drones with chemical or biosensor devices that can detect airborne odorant molecules have attracted considerable attention owing to their applicability in environmental and security monitoring and search-and-rescue operations. Small drones with commercial metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOX) gas sensors have been developed for odor source localization; however, their real-time-odor-detection performance has proven inadequate. However, biosensing technologies based on insect olfactory systems exhibit relatively high sensitivity, selectivity, and real-time response with respect to odorant molecules compared to commercial MOX gas sensors. In such devices, excised insect antennae function as portable odorant biosensor elements and have been found to deliver excellent sensing performance. This study presents experimental protocols for odorant-molecule detection in the air using a small autonomous bio-hybrid drone based on a mountable electroantennography (EAG) device incorporating silkmoth antennae.
We developed a mountable EAG device including sensing/processing parts with a Wi-Fi module. The device was equipped with a simple sensor enclosure to enhance the sensor directivity. Thus, odor source localization was conducted using the spiral-surge algorithm, which does not assume an upwind direction. The experimental bio-hybrid odor-detecting drone identified real-time odorant-concentration differences in a pseudo-open environment (outside a wind tunnel) and localized the source. The developed drone and associated system can serve as an efficient odorant molecule-detection tool and a suitable flight platform for developing odor source localization algorithms owing to its high programmability.

This study introduces experimental protocols for a bio-hybrid odor-detecting drone based on silkmoth antennae. The operation of an experimental electroantennogram device with silkmoth antennae is presented, in addition to the structure of a bio-hybrid drone designed for odor source localization using the spiral-surge algorithm.

基于电子电图的生物混合气味检测无人机使用丝质天线进行气味源本地化

Small drones with chemical or biosensor devices that can detect airborne odorant molecules have attracted considerable attention owing to their ...

A Simple Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Flight in Insects

Flight in insects can be long-range migratory flights, intermediate-range dispersal flights, or short-range host-seeking flights. Previous studies have shown that flight mills are valuable tools for the experimental study of insect flight behavior, allowing researchers to examine how factors such as age, host plants, or population source can influence an insects' propensity to disperse. Flight mills allow researchers to measure components of flight such as speed and distance flown. Lack of detailed information about how to build such a device can make their construction appear to be prohibitively complex. We present a simple and relatively inexpensive flight mill for the study of tethered flight in insects. Experimental insects can be tethered with non-toxic adhesives and revolve around an axis by means of a very low friction magnetic bearing. The mill is designed for the study of flight in controlled conditions as it can be used inside an incubator or environmental chamber. The strongest points are the very simple electronic circuitry, the design that allows sixteen insects to fly simultaneously allowing the collection and analysis of a large number of samples in a short time and the potential to use the device in a very limited workspace. This design is extremely flexible, and we have adjusted the mill to accommodate different species of insects of various sizes.

Flight in insects is influenced by a number of factors and the propensity to disperse is an important variable in understanding insect ecology and biological control strategies. We describe the construction and use of a simple, relatively inexpensive, and flexible flight mill for measuring parameters of tethered flight in insects.

一个简单的飞行磨的系留飞行的昆虫研究

Flight in insects can be long-range migratory flights, intermediate-range dispersal flights, or short-range host-seeking flights. Previous studies have ...

Insect-controlled Robot: A Mobile Robot Platform to Evaluate the Odor-tracking Capability of an Insect

Robotic odor source localization has been a challenging area and one to which biological knowledge has been expected to contribute, as finding odor sources is an essential task for organism survival. Insects are well-studied organisms with regard to odor tracking, and their behavioral strategies have been applied to mobile robots for evaluation. This "bottom-up" approach is a fundamental way to develop biomimetic robots; however, the biological analyses and the modeling of behavioral mechanisms are still ongoing. Therefore, it is still unknown how such a biological system actually works as the controller of a robotic platform. To answer this question, we have developed an insect-controlled robot in which a male adult silkmoth (Bombyx mori) drives a robot car in response to odor stimuli; this can be regarded as a prototype of a future insect-mimetic robot. In the cockpit of the robot, a tethered silkmoth walked on an air-supported ball and an optical sensor measured the ball rotations. These rotations were translated into the movement of the two-wheeled robot. The advantage of this "hybrid" approach is that experimenters can manipulate any parameter of the robot, which enables the evaluation of the odor-tracking capability of insects and provides useful suggestions for robotic odor-tracking. Furthermore, these manipulations are non-invasive ways to alter the sensory-motor relationship of a pilot insect and will be a useful technique for understanding adaptive behaviors.

The capability to localize an odor source is necessary for insect survival and is expected to be applicable to artificial odor-tracking. The insect-controlled robot is driven by an actual silkmoth and enables us to evaluate the odor-tracking capability of insects through a robotic platform.

昆虫控制的机器人:移动机器人平台来评估昆虫的气味跟踪能力

Robotic odor source localization has been a challenging area and one to which biological knowledge has been expected to contribute, as finding odor ...