The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

富集造血祖1.从成人全血细胞注：造血祖细胞或CD34 +细胞可以从各种来源，包括脐带血，白细胞分离材料和全血使用密度梯度离心为基础的方法衍生的外周血单核细胞（PBMC）进行纯化。这里列出的方法使用全血作为例子。 <ol><li>孤立于全血的PBMC： <ol><li>添加4.5毫升淋巴细胞分离介质向SepMate管通过在刀片的中心孔吹打它。 </li><li>稀释血液样品与含有2％人血清的无菌DPBS等体积（体积/体积）。例如，稀5毫升样品用5ml DPBS + 1％的人血清。 </li><li>吹打下来管的侧面添加的稀释试样。小心不要直接通过中心孔倒出样品。 </li><li>离心在1200 xg离心在室温10分钟。 </li><li>小心地取出PMBC层以上的上清液。 </li><li>收集的PBMC层（混浊）到一个新的试管中。 </li><li>添加含有2％人血清入管和离心机15毫升Dulbecco氏磷酸盐缓冲盐水（DPBS）中，在150×g离心在室温10分钟的制动切断。 </li><li>弃上清，悬浮颗粒在15毫升含有2％人血清的DPBS。计数细胞的数目。 </li><li>离心在690×g离心在室温10分钟。除去从管的所有上清液。 </li><li>重悬的细胞以每15ml中Iscove氏改性Dulbecco氏培养基（IMDM）含1％抗生素（体积/体积）和10％人血清1×10 7个细胞（体积/体积）。 </li><li>分离的CD34 +细胞之前孵育细胞O / N在37℃在5％CO 2培养箱中培养。 </li></ol></li><li> CD34 +细胞的使用的CD34 MultiSort套件的PBMC阳性选择： 注：工作速度快，使用预先冷却解决方案，使细胞感冒，防止封盖的细胞表面上的和非特异性的细胞标记每试剂盒的指令的抗体。 <ol><li>收集在50毫升管中的所有PMBCs和计数细胞总数中的介质的数量。 </li><li>离心细胞，在300×g离心10分钟。彻底清除所有上清。 </li><li>悬浮高达每300微升10 8个细胞在珠缓冲液（DPBS含有0.5％人血清（体积/体积）和2mM EDTA）中。 </li><li>加入100微升Fc受体阻断剂，并加入100微升CD34 MultiSortMicroBeads的。 </li><li>拌匀，孵育在冰箱30分钟（2 - 8°C）。 </li><li>加入2毫升每10 8个细胞珠缓冲液和离心机在300×g离心在RT 10分钟洗涤细胞。彻底去除上清。 </li><li>悬浮高达10 8个细胞在500μl缓冲液中。 </li><li>放置MACS LS柱在MACS分离器的磁场和通过用3ml缓冲液珠漂洗制备柱。 </li><li>应用细胞悬液到CENTEr中柱。未标记的细胞将流经可如果愿意被收集。 </li><li>洗涤塔三次用3ml缓冲液珠。 </li><li>从分离器中取出的列并将其放置在一个15毫升的管中。 </li><li>加入5毫升珠缓冲到柱上，并立即冲洗出磁性标记的细胞通过推动柱塞入列。 </li><li>加入20微升的MultiSort释放试剂每1ml细胞悬液。拌匀孵育在冰箱10分钟（2 - 8℃）。 </li><li>加入1 - 2毫升每10 7个细胞珠缓冲液和离心将细胞在300×g离心在室温10分钟。彻底去除上清。 </li><li>重悬的细胞在50μl每10 7个细胞珠缓冲器。 </li><li>添加30微升MultiSort停止试剂的每10 7个细胞，并孵育在冰箱15分钟。 </li><li>加入5毫升珠缓冲液和离心将细胞在300×g离心在室温10分钟。弃去上清液。 </li></ol></li></ol>从CD34 +细胞2.推导诱导神经干细胞<ol><li> CD34 +细胞的培养： 注：新鲜制备介质应在7天的时候贮存在冰箱中。 24小时后，可以观察到显著CD34 +细胞的损失，但细胞的增殖显著应该引人注目，特别是在5天如果细胞数连续降低或不存在的增殖，它意味着介质或CD34的细​​胞的任一质量差，并将细胞不应该被用于下一步骤。 <ol><li>重悬并培养的CD34 +细胞中CD34的维持培养基（StemSpan SFEM介质含有人血小板生成素（TPO，100纳克/毫升），fms样酪氨酸激酶3（FLT-3）的配体（100毫微克/毫升）和干细胞因子（SCF， 100毫微克/毫升），白介素-6（IL-6，20纳克/毫升）和白细胞介素-7（IL-7，20纳克/毫升））在一个24孔板（高达3×10 5个/孔在1毫升在5％CO 2培养箱中，每孔培养基），在37℃的。 </li><li>自动对焦之三24小时，收集漂浮细胞和离心将细胞在110×g离心在RT除掉任何附着的细胞和细胞碎片。弃去上清液，并在37℃下在5％CO 2培养箱中重悬细胞中加入1ml新鲜的CD34维持培养基和种子在一个新的24孔板（高达1×10 5个/孔），用于附加的5天。 </li><li>通过仔细吸上清的上半部分，而CD34 +细胞都浮于孔中（ 图1A）的底部替换一半的每个培养基中的其他日子。 </li></ol></li><li>仙台病毒转染： <ol><li>第5天，收集CD34细胞和离心细胞在170 XG在室温下10分钟。弃去上清液。 </li><li>重悬在1×10 5个/孔在24孔板在1ml培养基中的细胞在新鲜培养基中。 </li><li>通过首先浸渍管的底部在37℃水浴中，持续10秒解冻cytotune-的iP​​S重编程仙台试剂盒，然后完全解冻吨RT。短暂离心管中，并把它们放在冰上。通过混合的分析证书（COA）的相应大量列出的每个病毒的推荐量准备仙台病毒混合。 15 MOI建议。 </li><li>添加仙台病毒组合，以CD34的细​​胞的每个孔中。轻轻摇晃混合井。孵育所述细胞在37℃在5％CO 2培养箱中培养。 </li><li> 24小时后观察转染效率。注意，细胞聚集和球形成是指标成功转染（ 图1B）。 </li><li>通过仔细转移介质的上半部分到另一个井改变一半的培养基。如果有，在新井细胞球，加入新鲜培养基的量相同。 </li><li>重复步骤2.2.6改变中的每一天。 </li></ol></li><li>神经干细胞诱导： 注：根据电池的条件下，转染后约5天或7天，单层贴壁细胞将达到30 -50％汇合（ 图1C）。 <ol><li>除去含有漂浮细胞和球体上清液，然后加入1 ml的神经祖培养基（Dulbecco氏改良的Eagle培养基：营养混合物F-12（DMEM / F12），含有1×N2添加剂，0.1％（重量/体积）牛血清白蛋白（ BSA），1％（V / V）的抗生素，碱性成纤维细胞生长因子20纳克/毫升（bFGF）的，和表皮生长因子（EGF））20纳克/毫升到贴壁细胞。 </li><li>任选地，轻轻吹打分离的细胞球和离心将细胞在170×g离心10分钟。除去上清液和重悬细胞于1ml神经祖介质的在一个新的24孔板涂覆有每指令基质胶作为备份。 </li><li>改变介质隔日直到细胞达到60％ - 80％汇合，一般1周后。 </li><li>弃去上清液，并添加1毫升的神经干细胞培养基（无血清培养基，NSC SFM）的。通过使用细胞刮随后解离的细胞通过非常轻柔吹打。 </li><li>除去细胞和种子个个到6孔板的一个孔中。添加另一个1毫升神经干细胞培养基中，以使2毫升介质每个孔中。孵育所述细胞在37℃在5％CO 2培养箱中培养。 </li><li>改变中的每一天。 </li><li>当细胞达到60％汇合时，解离和replate的细胞以1：3的比例在以下2.3.4和2.3.6的步骤。 </li></ol></li><li>冷冻神经干细胞的： <ol><li>通过加入20％二甲亚砜（DMSO）成神经干细胞培养基中制备的神经干细胞冷冻培养基。置于冰上冻结中。 </li><li>解离的细胞在6孔板中，用细胞刮棒，随后轻轻吹打。计数细胞。离心细胞，在170×g离心在室温10分钟。弃去上清液。 </li><li>重悬的细胞在神经干细胞培养基中以1×10 6个 / ml。加冷冻培养基与细胞的相同体积。 </li><li>加入1毫升（5×1细胞在离心管的0 5个细胞）。冻结使用Froster先生冷冻集装箱继指令的单元。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.神经细胞分化<ol><li>神经细胞分化： <ol><li>当神经干细胞达到80％汇合时，用一个橡皮分离的神经干细胞，然后轻轻吹打分离。 </li><li>计数细胞和神经干细胞培养基中，调至浓度为1×10 5个 / ml。 </li><li>对神经元的分化，板在聚-D-赖氨酸/层粘连蛋白包被盖的细胞以1×10 5个/孔滑倒在24孔板中。孵育所述细胞在37℃在5％CO 2培养箱中培养。 </li><li>与神经分化培养基替换培养基（DMEM衍生含有1x N2添加剂，1X B27添加剂，300纳克/毫升的cAMP，0.2mM的维生素C，10纳克/毫升的脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）和10ng / ml的神经胶质细胞/ F12神经营养因子（GDNF））AF器24小时。孵育所述细胞在37℃在5％CO 2培养箱中培养。 </li><li>一个星期2星期改变神经分化培养基两次。 </li></ol></li><li>星形胶质细胞分化： <ol><li>通过移液分离的神经干细胞。 </li><li>计数细胞并调节细胞浓度至5×10 4个细胞/ ml。种子上24孔板的细胞。孵育所述细胞在37℃在5％CO 2培养箱中培养。 </li><li>更换培养基的DMEM / F12，用10％胎牛血清（FBS）和在5％CO 2培养箱孵育所述细胞在37℃。 </li><li>每周更换培养基两次持续2周。如果细胞前2周达到汇合，replate以下步骤3.2.1和3.2.2的细胞。 </li></ol></li><li>少突胶质细胞分化： <ol><li>通过移液分离的神经干细胞。 </li><li>计数细胞和种子1×10 5个细胞在聚L-鸟氨酸涂布的24孔板在1ml少突胶质differenti的ATION介质包括DMEM / F12的含N2添加剂，血小板衍生生长因子-AA（PDGF-AA）为10纳克/毫升，对神经营养因子-3（NT-3）2纳克/毫升，音猬蛋白2纳克/毫升（ SHH），以及为3nM的甲状腺素（T 3）。孵育所述细胞在37℃在5％CO 2培养箱中培养。 </li><li>每周更换培养基两次持续2周。 </li><li>替换用DMEM / F12与1xN2补充和T3为3nM和培养所述细胞额外周髓鞘碱性蛋白（MBP）的生产培养基中。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.免疫荧光染色<ol><li>用4％多聚甲醛（PFA）替换培养基。孵育在室温10分钟。 </li><li>丢弃的PFA和洗涤用PBS含有0.1％的Triton X-100（PBS-T）3次，每次5分钟。 </li><li>通透细胞用PBS含有0.5％的Triton X-100在室温下10分钟。 </li><li>阻断细胞用PBS-T含有4％山羊血清20分钟，在室温。 </li><li>孵育细胞与相应的主antibo模具稀释在含有0.1％BSA的2小时，在室温或O / N在冷室中的PBS-T。 </li><li> 3次用PBS-T，每次5分钟洗涤细胞。孵育细胞与相应加上1用荧光染料的二抗：400稀释在含有0.1％BSA进行1小时在黑暗中的摇床PBS-T。 </li><li>洗涤细胞用含有4&#39;，6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚（DAPI）在室温10分钟的PBS-T。 </li><li>用PBS-T，每次5分钟，在RT下洗涤细胞两次。 </li><li>观察用显微镜标记的细胞并拍摄照片（ 图3）。 </li></ol>

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The study is funded by NIH intramural funds.

提供了一种详细的协议，以直接产生从外周造血祖细胞的神经干细胞。 相比成纤维细胞，人外周血是更容易获得。使用所提出的协议，大于1×10 5个造血祖细胞，或CD34阳性细胞中，可以在10毫升的全血被富集。虽然污染血小板通常不是可预防的，它可以容易地通过低速离心降低，它不与神经干细胞的产生干扰。然而，CD34 +细胞的质量和数量将决定神经干细胞的最终生?...

在体外的神经元培养物已被用作用于神经性疾病的研究中的基本工具。主动物（大多数啮齿类）神经培养1,2和从胶质瘤或其他肿瘤衍生的人神经细胞系是最常用的此类研究。但是，人们已经认识到，有啮齿动物和人类细胞间显著差异。基于啮齿动物的许多研究结果不能被转换为人类。此外，在分析海量基因组信息和比较容易的基因编辑和全基因组测序的迅速发展，这种趋势越来越侧重发现疾病容易发生基因和划分职能作用的特定疾病，这使得一些人的神经细胞系只有有限的用法。从理论上说，从病人的神经系统的样品得出人类的主要神经文化是最好的选择，但他们都无法获得;因此替代甲基ODS是必要的。近年来，一些方法已被追求的，有两个是最区分。下列产生诱导性多能干细胞（IPSC），使用小鼠和人类体细胞的技术的发展3，4，神经细胞可进一步分化，从他们5-7。然而，产生和表征IPSC的要求密集型劳动，技术和时间的输入，有时甚至令人望而却步。不久之后，另一种方法是开发可直接由体细胞8,9变换神经元细胞。作为所得到的神经元都是非增殖性，它限制了它在深入细致的研究和药物筛选，这需要大量的细胞的应用。取这两种技术，神经干的直接推导的优点/由体细胞祖细胞已探索由几组10-12，它绕过的iPSC产生和表征，但仍PROVI的繁琐过程DES神经干细胞后神经分化的一个体面的数量。我们以前曾表明，在采用新的山中转录因子的成造血祖细胞，神经干细胞可以直接使用神经祖细胞在选择培养基中13产生。这里，我们报告了详细的方法。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="584">
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			<td style="width:135px;">300-18</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">100 ng/mL</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">Flt-3</td>
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			<td style="width:135px;">300-19</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">100 ng/mL</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">SCF</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">300-07</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">100 ng/mL</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">IL-6</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">200-06</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">20 ng/mL</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">IL-7&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">200-07</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">20 ng/mL</td>
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			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
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			<td style="width:72px;">0.1% (w/v)</td>
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			<td style="width:135px;">100-18B</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">20 ng/ml</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">cAMP</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">A9501</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">300 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">Vitamin C</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">A0278</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">0.2 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">BDNF</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">450-02</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">10 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">GDNF</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">450-10</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">10 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">Poly-L-Ornithine</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">P4957</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">1X</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">PDGF-AA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">100-13A</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">10 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">NT-3</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">450-03</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">2 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">Shh</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">1314-SH/CF</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">2 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">T3</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">T6397</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">3 nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">PFA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">P6148</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:72px;">4%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:208px;">PBS</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
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			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">G9023</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:72px;">4%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">TritonX-100</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
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			<td style="width:72px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:208px;">Mouse monoclonal anti-Nestin</td>
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			<td style="width:72px;">1:1000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:208px;">Anti-SOX2&#160; antibody</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Applied Stemcell</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">ASA0120</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">Ready to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:208px;">Mouse anti-&#946;III-tubulin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">G712A</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">1:1000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:208px;">Rabbit anti-GFAP antibody</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">G4546</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">1:100 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:208px;">Anti-O4 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">MAB1326</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">IgM; 1 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="49">
			<td height="49" style="height:49px;width:208px;">Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit antibody</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Life techniologies</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">A11012</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">1:400 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="49">
			<td height="49" style="height:49px;width:208px;">Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse antibody</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Life techniologies</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">A11001</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">1:400 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:208px;">Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgM antibody</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Life techniologies</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">A21042</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">1:250 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:208px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">D9542</td>
			<td style="width:72px;">1 ug/ml</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

direct induction of human neural stem cells from peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitor cells

人类疾病的特定的神经元的文化是产生的体外模型人类神经系统疾病至关重要。然而，由于缺乏获得初级成人神经文化提出了独特的挑战。在诱导多能干细胞的最新发展（IPSC）提供了另一种方法，通过患者特定的iPSC以导出从皮肤成纤维细胞的神经培养物，但是这个过程是劳动密集的，需要特殊的专业知识和大量资源，并且可能需要数月。这可以防止该技术的广泛应用，以神经系统疾病的研究。为了克服其中的一些问题，我们已经开发出一种方法，可直接从人成人外周血衍生的神经干细胞，从而绕过的iPSC推导过程。从成人外周血富集造血祖细胞在体外培养，并用含有转录因子Sox2的，十月仙台病毒载体3/4，Klf4和c-Myc的。转染的结果，其中通过使用人神经祖介质含有碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）进一步选择在细胞形态学变化。将得到的细胞的特征在于为神经干细胞标记物，如巢蛋白和Sox2的表达。这些神经干细胞可进一步分化为神经元，星形胶质细胞和在指定的分化培养基少突胶质细胞。使用便利的人外周血样品中，该方法可以被用来推导神经干细胞进一步分化为神经细胞的体外模型神经障碍并可以前进与这些疾病的发病机制和治疗的研究。

<html> CD34 +细胞的质量为神经干细胞转导的成功是至关重要的。在第一夫妇培养天高品质的CD34细胞增殖，并出现非贴壁，均匀的圆形细胞，浮动只是培养容器（ 图1A）的底部上方。成功感染导致细胞的聚集体，它扩展随时间（ 图1B），而细胞培养过程中，可能会出现的非特异性的细胞聚集体，即扩大和关联松动。贴壁细胞通常会出现周围转染后三到五天;他们大多是双极和...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Direct Induction of Human Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells at JoVE.com

Direct Induction of Human Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

的方法的开发是为了直接从外周血细胞富集的造血祖细胞衍生的人神经干细胞。

人类神经干细胞从外周血造血祖细胞直接诱导

Human disease specific neuronal cultures are essential for generating in vitro models for human neurological diseases. However, the lack of access to ...

direct-induction-human-neural-stem-cells-from-peripheral-blood

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

12.4K 次观看.  National Institutes of Health. 的方法的开发是为了直接从外周血细胞富集的造血祖细胞衍生的人神经干细胞。 

视频: Direct Induction of Human Neural Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great promise in cell therapy against heart disease. Among various methods to isolate CPCs, differentiation of embryonic stem cell (ESC) into CPCs attracts great attention in the field since ESCs can provide unlimited cell source. As a result, numerous strategies have been developed to derive CPCs from ESCs. In this protocol, differentiation and purification of embryonic CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs is described. Due to the difficulty of using cell surface markers to isolate embryonic CPCs, ESCs are engineered with fluorescent reporters activated by CPC-specific cre recombinase expression. Thus, CPCs can be enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). This protocol illustrates procedures to form embryoid bodies (EBs) from ESCs for CPC specification and enrichment. The isolated CPCs can be subsequently cultured for cardiac lineage differentiation and other biological assays. This protocol is optimized for robust and efficient derivation of CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs.

In this protocol, derivation of cardiac progenitor cells from both mouse and human embryonic stem cells will be illustrated. A major strategy in this protocol is to enrich cardiac progenitor cells with flow cytometry using fluorescent reporters engineered into the embryonic stem cell lines.

从胚胎干细胞衍生心脏祖细胞

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great ...

科研

发育生物学

Isolation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells from the Periventricular Region of the Adult Rat and Human Spinal Cord

Adult rat and human spinal cord neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) cultured in growth factor-enriched medium allows for the proliferation of multipotent, self-renewing, and expandable neural stem cells. In serum conditions, these multipotent NSPCs will differentiate, generating neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The harvested tissue is enzymatically dissociated in a papain-EDTA solution and then mechanically dissociated and separated through a discontinuous density gradient to yield a single cell suspension which is plated in neurobasal medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and heparin. Adult rat spinal cord NSPCs are cultured as free-floating neurospheres and adult human spinal cord NSPCs are grown as adherent cultures. Under these conditions, adult spinal cord NSPCs proliferate, express markers of precursor cells, and can be continuously expanded upon passage. These cells can be studied in vitro in response to various stimuli, and exogenous factors may be used to promote lineage restriction to examine neural stem cell differentiation. Multipotent NSPCs or their progeny can also be transplanted into various animal models to assess regenerative repair.

The adult mammalian spinal cord contains neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) that can be isolated and expanded in culture. This protocol describes the harvesting, isolation, culture, and passaging of NSPCs generated from the periventricular region of the adult spinal cord from the rat and from human organ transplant donors.

从脑室周围地区的成年大鼠和人类脊髓神经分离干/祖细胞

Adult rat and human spinal cord neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) cultured in growth factor-enriched medium allows for the proliferation of ...

Direct Induction of Hemogenic Endothelium and Blood by Overexpression of Transcription Factors in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

During development, hematopoietic cells arise from a specialized subset of endothelial cells, hemogenic endothelium (HE). Modeling HE development in vitro is essential for mechanistic studies of the endothelial-hematopoietic transition and hematopoietic specification. Here, we describe a method for the efficient induction of HE from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) by way of overexpression of different sets of transcription factors. The combination of ETV2 and GATA1 or GATA2 TFs is used to induce HE with pan-myeloid potential, while a combination of GATA2 and TAL1 transcription factors allows for the production of HE with erythroid and megakaryocytic potential. The addition of LMO2 to GATA2 and TAL1 combination substantially accelerates differentiation and increases erythroid and megakaryocytic cells production. This method provides an efficient and rapid means of HE induction from hPSCs and allows for the observation of the endothelial-hematopoietic transition in a culture dish. The protocol includes hPSCs transduction procedures and post-transduction analysis of HE and blood progenitors.

This protocol describes the efficient induction of hemogenic endothelium and multipotential hematopoietic progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells via the forced expression of transcription factors.

Hemogenic内皮细胞直接诱导和血液中转录因子在人多能干细胞表达

During development, hematopoietic cells arise from a specialized subset of endothelial cells, hemogenic endothelium (HE). Modeling HE development in vitro ...

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal Vectors (EV) to generate integration-free iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNCs). The episomal vectors used are DNA plasmids incorporated with oriP and EBNA1 elements from the Epstein-Barr (EB) virus, which&#160;allow for replication and long-term retainment of plasmids in mammalian cells, respectively. With further optimization, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood. Two critical factors for achieving high reprogramming efficiencies&#160;are: 1) the use of a 2A &#34;self-cleavage&#34; peptide to link OCT4 and SOX2, thus achieving equimolar expression of the two factors; 2) the use of two vectors to express MYC and KLF4 individually. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for generating integration-free iPSCs from adult peripheral blood samples. The generated iPSCs are integration-free as residual episomal plasmids are undetectable after five passages. Although the reprogramming efficiency is comparable to that of Sendai Virus (SV) vectors, EV plasmids are considerably more economical than the commercially available SV vectors. This affordable EV reprogramming system holds potential for clinical applications in regenerative medicine and provides an approach for the direct reprogramming of PB MNCs to integration-free mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, etc.

This protocol describes a detailed method for efficient generation of integration-free iPSCs from human adult peripheral blood cells. With the use of four oriP/EBNA-based episomal vectors to express the reprogramming factors, KLF4, MYC, BCL-XL, or OCT4 and SOX2, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood.

从人体外周血单个核细胞融合，无诱导多能干细胞的生成方法游离型载体

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal ...

Directed Differentiation of Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

One of the major goals for regenerative medicine is the generation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Until recently, efforts to differentiate hPSCs into HSCs have predominantly generated hematopoietic progenitors that lack HSC potential, and instead resemble yolk sac hematopoiesis.&#160;These resulting hematopoietic progenitors may have limited utility for in vitro disease modeling of various adult hematopoietic disorders, particularly those of the lymphoid lineages. However, we have recently described methods to generate erythro-myelo-lymphoid multilineage definitive hematopoietic progenitors from hPSCs using a stage-specific directed differentiation protocol, which we outline here. Through enzymatic dissociation of hPSCs on basement membrane matrix-coated plasticware, embryoid bodies (EBs) are formed. EBs are differentiated to mesoderm by recombinant BMP4, which is subsequently specified to the definitive hematopoietic program by the GSK3&#946; inhibitor, CHIR99021. Alternatively, primitive hematopoiesis is specified by the PORCN inhibitor, IWP2. Hematopoiesis is further driven through the addition of recombinant VEGF and supportive hematopoietic cytokines. The resulting hematopoietic progenitors generated using this method have the potential to be used for disease and developmental modeling, in vitro.

Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, used to differentiate hPSCs into CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. This method uses stage-specific manipulation of canonical WNT signaling to specify cells exclusively to either the definitive or primitive hematopoietic program.

人多能干细胞对原始和最终造血祖细胞定向分化的研究

One of the major goals for regenerative medicine is the generation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem ...

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In this study, we used peripheral blood cells (PBCs) as seed cells to produce chondrocytes via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in an integration-free method. Following embryoid body (EB) formation and fibroblastic cell expansion, the iPSCs are induced for chondrogenic differentiation for 21 days under serum-free and xeno-free conditions. After chondrocyte induction, the phenotypes of the cells are evaluated by morphological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses, as well as by the quantitative real-time PCR examination of chondrogenic differentiation markers. The chondrogenic pellets show positive alcian blue and toluidine blue staining. The immunohistochemistry of collagen II and X staining is also positive. The sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content and the chondrogenic differentiation markers COLLAGEN 2 (COL2), COLLAGEN 10 (COL10), SOX9, and AGGRECAN are significantly upregulated in chondrogenic pellets compared to hiPSCs and fibroblastic cells. These results suggest that PBCs can be used as seed cells to generate iPSCs for cartilage repair, which is patient-specific and cost-effective.

We present a protocol to generate a chondrogenic lineage from human peripheral blood (PB) via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using an integration-free method, which includes embryoid body (EB) formation, fibroblastic cells expansion, and chondrogenic induction.

分化软骨细胞与外周血源性人诱导多能干细胞

In this study, we used peripheral blood cells (PBCs) as seed cells to produce chondrocytes via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in an ...

Isolation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Human Umbilical Cord Blood

The existence of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in peripheral blood and its involvement in vasculogenesis was first reported by Ashara and colleagues1. Later, others documented the existence of similar types of EPCs originating from bone marrow2,3. More recently, Yoder and Ingram showed that EPCs derived from umbilical cord blood had a higher proliferative potential compared to ones isolated from adult peripheral blood4,5,6. Apart from being involved in postnatal vasculogenesis, EPCs have also shown promise as a cell source for creating tissue-engineered vascular and heart valve constructs7,8. Various isolation protocols exist, some of which involve the cell sorting of mononuclear cells (MNCs) derived from the sources mentioned earlier with the help of endothelial and hematopoietic markers, or culturing these MNCs with specialized endothelial growth medium, or a combination of these techniques9. Here, we present a protocol for the isolation and culture of EPCs using specialized endothelial medium supplemented with growth factors, without the use of immunosorting, followed by the characterization of the isolated cells using Western blotting and immunostaining.

The goal of this protocol is to isolate endothelial progenitor cells from umbilical cord blood. Some of the applications include using these cells as a biomarker for identifying patients with cardiovascular risk, treating ischemic diseases, and creating tissue-engineered vascular and heart valve constructs.

人脐血内皮祖细胞的分离

The existence of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in peripheral blood and its involvement in vasculogenesis was first reported by Ashara and ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause disease when disrupted. Scientists have developed clever techniques to investigate characteristics and natural dynamics of these cells within intact tissue by expressing fluorescent proteins in subsets of cells. However, at times, experiments require more selected visualization of cells within the tissue, sometimes at the single-cell or population-of-cells manner. To achieve this and visualize single cells within a population of cells, scientists have utilized single-cell photoconversion of fluorescent proteins. To demonstrate this technique, we show here how to direct UV light to an Eos-expressing cell of interest in an intact, living zebrafish. We then image those photoconverted Eos+ cells 24 h later to determine how they changed in the tissue. We describe two techniques: single cell photoconversion and photoconversions of populations of cell. These techniques can be used to visualize cell-cell interactions, cell-fate and differentiation, and cell migrations, making it a technique that is applicable in numerous biological questions.

Here, we present a protocol to show how cell photoconversion is achieved through UV exposure to specific areas expressing the fluorescent protein, Eos, in living animals.

活完好斑马鱼的单细胞 Photoconversion

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

秀丽线虫生殖的计算分析研究细胞核、蛋白质和细胞骨架的分布

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

人诱导多能干细胞体外生成体细胞衍生物的研究

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...