This work is funded by NIH RO1 NS 40433 (K.J.J.).

执行所有的程序都是由印第安纳大学医学院实验动物管理和使用委员会的批准，并按照卫生指引研究院。 1.手术技巧<ol><li>这个过程通过使用无菌手套，仪器，并根据美国国立卫生研究院指南25的无菌外科领域中保持无菌技术。消毒高压灭菌他们开始在手术前的工具（ 见表特定试剂/设备的完整列表）。使用玻璃珠灭菌的操作过程中，以消毒的工具。 </li></ol> 2.麻醉和准备<ol><li>麻醉小鼠在麻醉箱以0.9升/分钟的氧气和2.5％的异氟醚用兽医异氟烷蒸发器系统的混合物。确保鼠标并没有改变身体姿势从包装盒中取出前作出回应。 </li><li>应用眼药膏谅解备忘录SE的眼睛以保护他们免受干燥。 </li><li>从箱气流切换到鼻锥。将鼠标正视在其左侧上的加热垫覆盖有手术垫和吸收长凳纸与它的鼻子和嘴的锥体内。连续监测小鼠的呼吸节奏和速​​度，并调整异氟烷水平根据需要（2.5之间 - 3％异氟醚）以维持麻醉的适当水平，并且使用脚趾捏反射来确认总镇静。 </li></ol> 3.手术方法<ol><li>对齐并与外科领域关注的实体镜。调整鼻锥和磁带下来，以便它位于沿视野的边缘。 </li><li>用鼠标卧在其左侧，用胶带将右耳到鼻锥体的边缘，在那里露出的切口将作出在耳后的区域。确保耳后静脉水平会穿过耳朵。需要注意的是T的正确位置他的动物和耳朵的录像都是为了快速找到面神经的关键。 </li><li>润湿毛发上，并用70％乙醇在耳朵后面，刮胡子使用剃刀或手术刀刀片的外科手术部位。预湿的皮草，使剃须在这个解剖位置比较容易。 </li><li>清洁与碘溶液，如聚维酮碘的外科擦洗（7.5％聚维酮碘），随后用70％乙醇的皮肤。重复该清洗2次以上，以彻底消毒的区域。 </li><li>确定在何处作出切口，从耳尾端跟踪耳后静脉的区域后方的耳突起。使用弹簧剪刀，制作4毫米的切口2 - 3毫米后的突起。 </li><li>通过解剖用钝性分离皮下脂肪和筋膜。避免直接切削用剪刀因为血管或肌肉组织很容易损坏。 </li><li>如果发生出血，将压力施加到手术部位用无菌棉签为至少30秒。如果发生显著流体损失，以达到的用25或27G的针的无菌0.9％盐溶液0.5毫升腹膜内注入小鼠。 </li><li>使用几个键标，副神经，耳道，和前二腹肌（下面描述），以定位面神经。剖析围绕这些地标，直到面神经的分支可视化。当它被发现的神经将显示为显著固体白色组织和一层筋膜附着到下面的结构。 <ol><li>发现副神经，从头骨的尾部部分，其行进到支配斜方肌，一旦皮下脂肪和筋膜已解剖。面神经是深副神经。 </li><li>发现软骨耳道看起来珍珠白，并且可以看出延髓面神经。 </li><li>发现前二腹肌的肌腹的位于顶部和caudal面神经。 </li></ol></li><li>如果面神经的主要分支的可视化，跟踪他们背来找到自己的出身，从茎乳孔。用细尖杜蒙钳＃四十五分之五保持手术部位的开放，推进下面的神经路径的春天剪刀的提示，然​​后将镊子背侧，以保持新的先进地区开放。 </li><li>可视面神经与颧骨，颊的躯干，并且在这一点上下颌缘分支。 注：颞支会发现接近孔。边际下颌神经分支到其上，下部分更靠近钳口，从而那些神经分支将不会在这个水平可见的。 <ol><li>如果执行神经切断，轻轻稳定神经的精尖钳和切割​​神经与弹簧剪刀。避免将过多的牵引神经与血管钳，以防止avulsing从脑干神经。推树桩相互远离，或切割并移除远端神经的一部分，以确保没有重新连接可以发生。 </li><li>如果执行一个挤压伤，利用蒙特＃四十五分之五镊子压缩神经为30秒，使用恒定压力以切断所有轴突，则在垂直于第一粉碎部位的第二角度重复此压碎。避免将压力可变数量的30秒美眉期间，否则伤害将是动物之间的不一致。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.关闭和恢复<ol><li>重新定位的脂肪和肌肉在底层结构。 </li><li>近似​​切口的边缘，并使用7.5毫米伤口夹闭合伤口。缝线或胶水还可以接受的伤口闭合。手术后止痛药可以在此时提供。 </li><li>取下鼠标的耳朵磁带。关掉异氟烷流动，并允许小鼠呼吸纯氧为30秒至1分钟。 PL王牌鼠标在一个空笼没有被褥从麻醉中恢复。 </li><li>当鼠标被回收，检查其面瘫的验证标志的行为。胡须就会瘫痪和角度背对着脸颊，鼻子就会偏离，并且眼睛也不会因空气的粉扑闪烁。 </li><li>房子动物联合手术后，如果他们是女性。避免住房雄性小鼠联合，因为他们更积极，而且往往强行删除其cagemate的伤口剪辑，从而导致感染。如有必要，提供手术后止痛剂，此时，。 </li><li>监测小鼠，每天一次，连续几天的操作后，以确保没有感染或其他并发症发生术后。手术后10天，如果他们没有倒下了自己 - 删除伤口片段7。 </li><li>适用于润滑眼膏，以患眼每天以防止角膜并发症，无论是直到眨眼反射是重覆盖或直到安乐死。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The critical step for this protocol is positioning the mouse properly before surgery is begun. If the mouse is not lying flat on its side, the ear is not taped at the correct angle, or the incision is made in an incorrect location, then finding the facial nerve becomes much more difficult. When this technique is mastered, surgeries will take only minutes per mouse. 
Either sutures, glue, or wound clips can be used to close the wound. Wound clips are preferred because of the small size of incis...

许多周围神经损伤模型存在，但一个突出的运动神经元的研究是面神经干切断模型。面神经，也被称为脑神经七，起源于脑桥和支配的面部表情1,2的肌肉。在此手术协议，面神经在其出口处从茎乳孔露出，或者切断或粉碎。神经损伤的严重性可以分类以下桑德兰3的分类，其中区分基于所述轴突，神经内膜，神经束膜和外膜的完整性的损伤，这是结缔组织层，其依次绕轴突束包裹。在挤压伤（axonotmesis），轴突被切断，但神经束膜和外膜被保留。从面神经压榨完整的功能恢复发生在11天左右，因为完整的神经鞘作为管道内其轴突继续生长4,5。在另一方面，在该切伤（神经断裂），轴突和所有3结缔组织层被切断，并且整个远端神经必须重新生长，恢复肌肉的神经支配。往往是在人类患者神经切断伤进行神经外膜手术重新连接，但是复苏的结果是很少最佳。进一步的研究是需要理解为什么神经未能重新生长到它的目标和什么疗法可用于改善和加速再生处理。 有许多优势，使用面神经干切断模型研究神经损伤。一，面神经干切断过程快速，简便，具有很强的可重复性;和面部肌肉的合成瘫痪不会影响重要功能，是深受动物的耐受性。因为这是一个脑神经损伤模型，研究了运动神经元细胞体被简化，因为运动神经元驻留在一个相对同质种群在第Ë面部运动核在脑桥。人口不基于面部运动核中的亚核图案不同，因为有七个亚核每个特定于支配肌肉的特定组，因此响应于干切断亚核的差异可能会影响结果-2,6,7-。 面神经损伤模型的一个主要好处是，unaxotomized方可以作为一个配对的内部控制，因为神经支配是非常对称的，还有就是面部运动核8之间没有串扰。使用这种手术方法的另一个优点是，缺乏直接创伤至CNS或血脑屏障9中断。并发症，如出血过多和感染是罕见的这一程序。 各种分析可以被执行以评估对神经损伤的生理反应。眼眨眼反射和晶须活性的恢复可以作为一个行为测量功能恢复10,11。触须活动的录像是目前最有效的方法检测面神经支配12,13的恢复。安乐死后，可以在运动神经元胞体的面部运动核内进行脑干组织学分析。面部运动核被细分成七个亚核，每个特定的某些面部肌肉，从而为应对不同检查损伤2,6。面部运动神经元进行计数来定量细胞存活，或免疫组织化学可用于鉴定生物标志物和特定细胞群14。面部运动核可以利用激光捕获到神经损伤15,16的细胞反应的分子分析准确显微切割。面神经干切断的影响，可以在运动皮层17,18进行分析。此外，神经可以解剖研究沃勒变性或19轴突再生20和肌肉能够被去除以研究神经肌肉接头21。面神经切断，也可以用来研究所附中枢和外周神经胶质细胞22，目标肌肉21，以及免疫系统反应23。虽然取得了显着的研究面神经切断模型24，是必需的外周神经损伤的进一步研究，因为神经损伤是为患者一个显著问题和目前的治疗不能产生最佳的效果。该模型是一种强大的工具，用于检查到神经损伤的生理反应和分析神经再生疗法的有效性。

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:381px;">Vannas-T&#252;bingen Spring Scissors - Straight/Sharp/8.5cm/5mm cutting edge</td>
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			<td>Used to apply wound clip, sterilize before use</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Glass Bead Sterilizer</td>
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facial nerve axotomy in mice: a model to study motoneuron response to injury

这种手术协议的目标是从茎乳孔露出面神经，它支配的面部肌肉，在其出口处，要么切割或粉碎它来诱导外周神经损伤。这种手术的优点是它的简单性，高再现性，以及缺乏对从后续面神经麻痹生命功能或流动性的效果，因此导致相对温和的手术结果相比其他神经损伤的模型。使用颅神经损伤模型的一个主要优点是，运动神经元驻留在一个相对同质种群的面部运动核在脑桥，简化了运动神经元细胞体的研究。因为面部神经支配的对称性质和缺乏面部运动核之间的串扰的，操作可以单方面与unaxotomized侧作为配对的内部控制进行的。各种分析术后可以进行以驴S中的生理反应，其中的细节超出了本文的范围。例如，肌肉功能的恢复可以作为行为标记神经支配，或运动神经元可以被量化以测量细胞的存活。此外，运动神经元能够精确地使用激光显微切割进行分子分析捕获。因为面部神经切断是微创和良好的耐受性，它可以用于在多种转基因小鼠。另外，该手术模型可用于分析的外周神经损伤的治疗的有效性。面神经损伤提供了一种装置，用于调查不仅运动神经元，但中枢和外周神经胶质的微环境，免疫系统，和目标肌肉组织也响应。面神经损伤模型是被广泛接受的外周神经损伤模型充当一个强有力的工具用于研究神经损伤和再生。

之后进行的面部神经切断，运动神经元的损失发生的损伤的结果。损伤后运动神经元的生存取决于许多变量，如性别，年龄的动物在手术时间，并在其中运动神经元计数完成的时间点，与莫兰和Graeber回顾24和 ​​神野与山田回顾22既总结了运动神经元存活的数据。通常情况下，约86％的运动神经元的28天后干切断14,15,26生存。运动神经元损失的动力学在Serpe 等人进行?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury at JoVE.com

Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury

We present a surgical protocol detailing how to perform a cut or crush axotomy on the facial nerve in the mouse. The facial nerve axotomy can be employed to study the physiological response to nerve injury and test therapeutic techniques.

面神经干切断小鼠：模型，研究运动神经元损伤反应

The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and ...

facial-nerve-axotomy-mice-model-to-study-motoneuron-response-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.7K 次观看.  Indiana University School of Medicine. We present a surgical protocol detailing how to perform a cut or crush axotomy on the facial nerve in the mouse. The facial nerve axotomy can be employed to study the physiological response to nerve injury and test therapeutic techniques. 

视频: Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged mechanical ventilation, contributes to morbidity and mortality of critical illness, and studies on novel genetic or pharmacological targets are areas of intense investigation (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33-36). ALI is defined by the acute onset of the disease, which leads to non-cardiac pulmonary edema and subsequent impairment of pulmonary gas exchange (36). We have developed a murine model of ALI by using a pressure-controlled ventilation to induce ventilator-induced lung injury (2). For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice are anesthetized and a tracheotomy is performed followed by induction of ALI via mechanical ventilation. Mice are ventilated in a pressure-controlled setting with an inspiratory peak pressure of 45 mbar over 1 - 3 hours. As outcome parameters, pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry ratio), bronchoalveolar fluid albumin content, bronchoalveolar fluid and pulmonary tissue myeloperoxidase content and pulmonary gas exchange are assessed (2). Using this technique we could show that it sufficiently induces acute lung inflammation and can distinguish between different treatment groups or genotypes (1-3, 5). Therefore this technique may be helpful for researchers who pursue molecular mechanisms involved in ALI using a genetic approach in mice with gene-targeted deletion.

A murine model for ventilator induced lung injury is an important tool to study an acute lung injury in vivo. Here, we report an easy applicable in situ model for acute lung injury using high-pressure mechanical ventilation to induce acute failure of the lung.

压力控制通气诱导小鼠急性肺损伤

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

科研

医学

The Spared Nerve Injury (SNI) Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

Peripheral neuropathic pain is a severe chronic pain condition which may result from trauma to sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. The spared nerve injury (SNI) model induces symptoms of neuropathic pain such as mechanical allodynia i.e. pain due to tactile stimuli that do not normally provoke a painful response [1]. 
The SNI mouse model involves ligation of two of the three branches of the sciatic nerve (the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve), while the sural nerve is left intact [2]. The lesion results in marked hypersensitivity in the lateral area of the paw, which is innervated by the spared sural nerve. The non-operated side of the mouse can be used as a control. The advantages of the SNI model are the robustness of the response and that it doesn&#x2019;t require expert microsurgical skills.
The threshold for mechanical pain response is determined by testing with von Frey filaments of increasing bending force, which are repetitively pressed against the lateral area of the paw [3], [4]. A positive pain reaction is defined as sudden paw withdrawal, flinching and/or paw licking induced by the filament. A positive response in three out of five repetitive stimuli is defined as the pain threshold. 
As demonstrated in the video protocol, C57BL/6 mice experience profound allodynia as early as the day following surgery and maintain this for several weeks.

The Spared Nerve Injury SNI Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

The Spared Nerve Injury animal model is described here as a mouse model of peripheral neuropathic pain following partial denervation of the sciatic nerve by lesioning the tibial and common peroneal nerve branches, leaving the remaining sural nerve intact. Behavioral modification resulting from mechanical allodynia is quantified by von Frey filaments.

幸免神经损伤（SNI）模型引起的机械触感小鼠

Peripheral neuropathic pain is a severe chronic pain condition which may result from trauma to sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. The spared ...

A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed to improve/ameliorate the respiratory failure following high cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we propose a murine pre-clinical model of high SCI at the cervical 2 (C2) metameric level to study diverse post-lesional respiratory neuroplasticity. The technique consists of a surgical partial injury at the C2 level, which will induce a hemiparalysis of the diaphragm due to a deafferentation of the phrenic motoneurons from the respiratory centers located in the brainstem. The contralateral side of the injury remains intact and allows the animal recovery. Unlike other SCIs which affect the locomotor function (at the thoracic and lumbar level), the respiratory function does not require animal motivation and the quantification of the deficit/recovery can be easily performed (diaphragm and phrenic nerve recordings, whole body ventilation). This pre-clinical C2 SCI model is a powerful, useful, and reliable pre-clinical model to study various respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity events at different levels (molecular to physiology) and to test diverse putative therapeutic strategies which might improve the respiration in SCI patients.

Respiratory failure is the leading cause of death following a cervical spinal cord injury. Having a reproducible, quantifiable, and reliable pre-clinical animal model of respiratory failure induced by a partial cervical injury will help to understand the subsequent respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity and allow testing putative repair strategies.

颈脊髓损伤的小鼠模型研究后皮损呼吸神经可塑性

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed ...

Chronic Constriction Injury of the Rat's Infraorbital Nerve (IoN-CCI) to Study Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain

Animal models are important tools to study the pathophysiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. This manuscript describes the surgical and behavioral procedures to study trigeminal neuropathic pain in rats. To meet the specificity of trigeminal neuropathic pain syndromes, the infraorbital nerve (IoN) is subjected to a chronic constriction injury (CCI) by loosely ligating the nerve. An intra-orbital approach is presented here to expose and ligate the IoN in the orbital cavity. After IoN ligation, rats exhibit changes in spontaneous behavior and in response to von Frey hair stimulation that are indicative of persistent pain and mechanical allodynia. Two phases can be defined in the development of the behavioral changes. During the first week following IoN-CCI (phase 1), rats show an increased and asymmetric face grooming activity, i.e., with face wash strokes primarily directed to the nerve-injured IoN territory. A distinction is made between face grooming behavior that is part of a more general body grooming behavior, which remains largely unaffected by IoN-CCI, and face grooming that is neither preceded nor followed by body grooming, which is significantly increased after IoN-CCI. During this period, responsiveness to mechanical stimulation of the IoN territory is reduced. This hyporesponsiveness is abruptly replaced by an extreme hyperresponsiveness whereby even very weak stimulus intensities provoke nocifensive behavior (phase 2). The phenomenological similarities between these behavioral alterations and reported signs of facial pain (i.e., responses to noxious stimulation of the face) suggest the presence of dysesthesia/paresthesia and mechanical allodynia in the ligated IoN territory.

Chronic Constriction Injury of the Rat&#039;s Infraorbital Nerve IoN-CCI to Study Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain

This manuscript describes a rodent model to study trigeminal neuropathic pain. The methods described include surgical procedures to perform a chronic constriction injury of the rat&#8217;s infraorbital nerve and the post-surgical behavioral tests to measure the changes in spontaneous and evoked behavior that are indicative of persistent pain and allodynia.

老鼠的眶下神经（ION-CCI）研究三叉神经性疼痛性损伤

Animal models are important tools to study the pathophysiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. This manuscript describes the surgical and behavioral ...

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

重复震荡颅脑损伤模型小鼠

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The &quot;Wire-Injury&quot; Model

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

小鼠加速动脉硬化的诱导："电线损伤"模型

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

A Tissue Displacement-based Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Model in Mice

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between experimental animals. Several contusive SCI models have been developed to produce injuries using different mechanisms. The severity of the SCI is based on the height that a given weight is dropped, the injury force, or the spinal cord displacement. In the current study, we introduce a novel mouse contusive SCI device, the Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor, which can create a displacement-based SCI with high injury velocity and accuracy. This system utilizes laser distance sensors combined with advanced software to produce graded and highly-reproducible injuries. We performed a contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic vertebral (T10) level in mice to demonstrate the step-by-step procedure. The model can also be applied to the cervical and lumbar spinal levels.

We introduce a tissue displacement-based contusive spinal cord injury model that can produce a consistent contusive spinal cord injury in adult mice.

基于组织位移的小鼠脊髓损伤模型

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

用线 Myography 测定小鼠肠系膜动脉的等轴收缩力

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies that promote efficient bone healing are non-existent and in high demand. Effective and reproducible animal models of fractures healing are needed to understand the complex biological processes associated with bone regeneration. Many animal models of fracture healing have been generated over the years; however, murine fracture models have recently emerged as powerful tools to study bone healing. A variety of open and closed models have been developed, but the closed femoral fracture model stands out as a simple method for generating rapid and reproducible results in a physiologically relevant manner. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice and facilitate a post-fracture stabilization of the femur by inserting an intramedullary steel rod. Although devices such as a nail or a screw offer greater axial and rotational stability, the use of an intramedullary rod provides a sufficient stabilization for consistent healing outcomes without producing new defects in the bone tissue or damaging nearby soft tissue. Radiographic imaging is used to monitor the progression of callus formation, bony union, and subsequent remodeling of the bony callus. Bone healing outcomes are typically associated with the strength of the healed bone and measured with torsional testing. Still, understanding the early cellular and molecular events associated with fracture repair is critical in the study of bone tissue regeneration. The closed femoral fracture model in mice with intramedullary fixation serves as an attractive platform to study bone fracture healing and evaluate therapeutic strategies to accelerate healing.

The murine closed femoral fracture model is a powerful platform to study fracture healing and novel therapeutic strategies to accelerate bone regeneration. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice using an intramedullary steel rod to stabilize the femur.

小鼠闭合性股骨骨折的形成: 骨愈合模型的研究

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies ...

Improved Rodent Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI), induced by coronary heart disease (CHD), causes damage to the cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, evidence suggests that thrombolytic therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) does not prevent reperfusion injury. There is still no ideal animal model for MIRI. This study aims to improve the MIRI model in rats to make surgery easier and more feasible. A unique method for establishing MIRI is developed by using a soft tube during a key step of the ischemic period. To explore this method, thirty rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham group (n = 10); experimental model group (n = 10); and existing model group (n = 10). Findings of triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, electrocardiography, and percent survival are compared to determine the accuracies and survival rates of the operations. Based on the study results, it has been concluded that the improved surgery method is associated with a higher survival rate, elevated ST-T segment, and larger infarct size, which is expected to mimic the pathology of MIRI better.

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model of rat heart is improved by using a self-made retractor, polyvinyl chloride tube, and a unique knotting method. Electrocardiogram, triphenyltetrazolium chloride and histological staining, and percent survival analysis results showed that the improved model group has higher success and survival rates than the already existing model group.

心肌缺血再灌注损伤的改进啮齿动物模型

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI), induced by coronary heart disease (CHD), causes damage to the cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, evidence ...