这项工作是由Lundbeck公司基金会，嘉士伯基金会和达格玛马歇尔基金会的支持。

1。冯弗雷基线测量手术前冯弗雷测试程序，请参阅第5。 2。麻醉/准备<ol><li>麻醉动物（腹腔注射100mg/kg氯胺酮和15毫克/公斤甲苯噻嗪的混合物）。 </li><li>放置在一个安静的地方，直到完全麻醉（如用纸巾覆盖）的动物。 </li><li>检查反射捏的镊子尖的尾巴和爪子。可以肯定的，反应迟钝的动物，然后再继续。 </li><li>皮下注入（肩膀面积）0.5毫升等渗盐水，用抗生素如氨苄青霉素（以避免脱水，防止感染，虽然这是一个小的外科手术）。 </li><li>使用电器剃须刀，刮脸略低于膝盖面积臀部区域的手术视野（左后肢，右手人士建议）。 </li><li>眼药膏，以棉花，羊毛芽的眼睛。 </li><li>在其右侧的动物和地方上的一个小平台，以保持它高架的左后肢。用胶布固定腿。 </li><li>交替从手术部位出来的乙醇和优碘擦洗消毒的手术视野。 </li></ol> 3。外科<ol><li>找到与你的左手拇指在膝盖和使用手术刀，使一个应用程序。 1 cm的切口近端到膝盖在纵向方向。 </li><li>打开用一双无菌剪刀尖钝清扫皮肤。 </li><li>钝性分离肌肉层清晰可见的血管旁边，接近大腿骨（股骨）。如果做得正确，肌肉层没有任何出血很容易分开，露出下面的肌肉，坐骨神经。 如果出血发生损害血管靠近膝盖例如，使用无菌棉羊毛芽或凝视件，吸收血液。按，直到出血停止。 </li><li>鼠标和一个立体显微镜下仔细分离肌肉，用无菌镊子（nr. 2）对可视化的坐骨神经。拉钩也可应用。 </li><li>确定该地区的坐骨神经腓肠神经科。腓肠神经的三个分支中最小的，跳转到左腿的权利。 </li><li>应用缝合（6-0缝合）仍然运行在平行（胫骨和腓总神经），非常小心，不要触摸腓分公司周围的其他两个分支。腓肠神经已经完全不变的，这是关键的一步。 </li><li>使紧张的手术结。如果第一个结紧，肢体收缩待观察。 </li><li>抓住一个镊子（nr. 5）要低于缝合切断的神经和降低上方和下方的小剪刀镊子的神经。首先切割镊子以上，拉动的神经是可以避免的。 </li><li>一双微剪刀切断缝合两端，轻轻合上的肌肉层。添加利多卡因伤口缝合手术节的下降。 </li></ol> 4。手术后<ol><li>检查眼膏依然充足。 </li><li>鼠标放置在一个干净的笼下在一个舒适的姿势的纸巾。如果房间是冷，热垫置于笼的一部分（仅在动物的笼子的一部分，应该能够逃脱到较冷的地区，如果首选）。 </li><li>确保方便的水和周。 </li></ol> 5。冯弗雷测试（基线，从手术后的一天） <ol><li>放置在红色塑料气瓶放置在丝网表两天，前一天手术的老鼠。 Habituate为瓶装测试前15分钟。红色的气瓶，有助于小鼠快速放松，因为他们不能看到对方，在较暗的区域。 </li><li>验证小鼠冷静和应用冯弗雷细丝的爪子的外侧部分：0.02克长丝开始，首先使用武力的左前爪五次，总时间超过30秒（约2％的刺激秒）和衡量鼠标的每一个应用程序后的反应。重复使用相同的长丝和任何其他老鼠的左前爪，然后再次重新开始的第一个鼠标的右前爪，然后再移动到未来的灯丝，例如： <ul><li>鼠标1：左爪子长丝0.02克的5倍</li><li>鼠标2：左爪子长丝0.02克等的5倍</li><li>鼠标1：正确的爪子与长丝0.02克的5倍</li><li>鼠标2：右前爪长丝0.02克等的5倍</li><li>鼠标1：左爪子长丝0.04克的5倍</li><li>鼠标2：左爪子长丝0.04克等的5倍</li></ul></li><li>三五个刺激的反应被视为积极的反应。长丝以上thresholD可应用于验证的阈值水平。 响应=突然爪子撤出，突然退缩，突然爪子舔。 </li></ol> 6。代表性的成果<img src="/files/ftp_upload/3092/3092fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1。冯弗雷的C57BL / 6小鼠的年龄在8-10周龄测试前1天进行操作，并多次手术后。每个组4-8动物被列入。冯弗雷手术侧的测试是代表同侧和对侧代表的非手术控制端。手术后的第二天，动物开发经营爪子重大过敏，而对非经营是只有轻微的影响与假手术组小鼠。 （* &lt;0.05，** &lt;0.01，*** &lt;0.001，患侧对侧相对）。

<ol>
	<li>Costigan, M., Scholz, J., Woolf, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropathic+pain:+a+maladaptive+response+of+the+nervous+system+to+damage.">Neuropathic pain: a maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage.</a> Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 32, 1-32 (2009).</li><li>Decosterd, I., Woolf, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spared+nerve+injury:+an+animal+model+of+persistent+peripheral+neuropathic+pain.">Spared nerve injury: an animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain.</a> Pain. 87, 149-158 (2000).</li><li>Bourquin, A. -. F., S&#252;veges, M., Pertin, M., Gilliar, N., Sardy, S., Davidson, A. C., Spahn, D. R., Decosterd, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+and+analysis+of+mechanical+allodynia-like+behavior+induced+by+spared+nerve+injury+(SNI)+in+the+mouse.">Assessment and analysis of mechanical allodynia-like behavior induced by spared nerve injury (SNI) in the mouse.</a> Pain. 122, 14.e1-14.e14 (2006).</li><li>Chaplan, S. R., Bach, F. W., Pogrel, J. W., Chung, J. M., Yaksh, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+tactile+allodynia+in+the+rat+paw.">Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 53, 55-63 (1994).</li><li>Bennett, G. J., Xie, Y. -. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+peripheral+mononeuropathy+in+rat+that+produces+disorders+of+pain+sensation+like+those+seen+in+man.">A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man.</a> Pain. 33, 87-107 (1988).</li><li>Seltzer, Z., Dubner, R., Shir, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+behavioral+model+of+neuropathic+pain+disorders+produced+in+rats+by+partial+sciatic+nerve+injury.">A novel behavioral model of neuropathic pain disorders produced in rats by partial sciatic nerve injury.</a> Pain. 43, 205-218 (1990).</li><li>Hargreaves, K., Dubner, R., Brown, F., Flores, C., Joris, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+and+sensitive+method+for+measuring+thermal+nociception+in+cutanous+hyperalgesia.">A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutanous hyperalgesia.</a> Pain. 32, 77-88 (1988).</li><li>Erichsen, H. K., Blackburn-Munro, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+characterization+of+the+spared+nerve+injury+model+of+neuropathic+pain.">Pharmacological characterization of the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain.</a> Pain. 98, 151-161 (2002).</li></ol>

没有利益冲突的声明。

关键步骤以研究完整的腓肠神经损伤后的病理改变，胫骨和腓总神经，腓肠神经的损害，应避免。腓肠神经的附带损害，可能会导致瘫痪，因而可以作为可视化的操作后肢拖。 只有侧方的爪子是幸免的腓肠神经支配，因此，只有这方面的开发神经病。测试其他地区，由横断神经支配，可以强烈的偏见，改变机械门槛的评价。 可能的修改其他类型的结扎手术，可能会在研究周围神经损伤后的病理疼痛的条件，如慢性损伤，方面的补充[5]或局部神经结扎[6]。实验过程中的每个不同的表型的改变之前，应考虑手术后的测试结果。 此外，其他感官测试，如热痛觉过敏可应用[7]，但这种表型是以下SNI的那么强劲。 未来的应用这种技术可以改变药物开发或维护的机械触感测试的使用[8]。分析坐骨神经，背根神经节（DRG）和/或腰脊髓允许为诱导表型的分子机制研究。 根据丹麦和欧洲法规的做法完全符合良好实验室进行动物实验。所有实验均根据司法部（许可数量2006/561-1206）由丹麦动物实验督察批准。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td>麻醉：氯胺酮和甲苯噻嗪</td><td>解剖刀</td></tr><tr><td>眼药膏</td><td>一对镊子NR。 2 </td></tr><tr><td>电动剃须刀</td><td>一对镊子NR。 5 </td></tr><tr><td>手套</td><td>剪刀钝性分离</td></tr><tr><td> 70％（V / V）乙醇</td><td>微型剪刀</td></tr><tr><td>药棉芽/凝视</td><td>普理灵6.0非吸收缝合线</td></tr><tr><td>立体显微镜</td><td> 2个持针</td></tr><tr><td>胶带</td><td>隔热垫</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">冯弗雷的细丝（0.02 - 2.0克对小鼠）（Stoelting） </td></tr></tbody></table>

the spared nerve injury (sni) model of induced mechanical allodynia in mice

周围神经痛是一种严重的慢性疼痛的条件，这可能会导致周围神经系统的感觉神经创伤。幸免神经损伤（SNI）模型诱导机械触感即疼痛，如神经性疼痛的症状，由于触觉刺激，通常不会招来一个痛苦的反应[1]。 SNI小鼠模型涉及结扎坐骨神经（胫神经和腓总神经）的三个分支中的两个，而腓肠神经是原封不动[2]。在标明过敏的爪子，这是不遗余力的腓肠神经支配的侧面积病变的结果。可以使用鼠标的非手术侧作为对照。的SNI模型的优点是响应的鲁棒性，它不需要专家显微外科技能。 机械疼痛反应的阈值是通过测试与冯弗雷细丝增加弯曲力，这是对侧面积的爪子反复按下确定[3] [4]。突然爪子撤出被定义为一个积极的疼痛反应，退缩和/或爪子舔灯丝引起的。疼痛阈值被定义为一个在五局三的重复刺激的积极响应。 视频协议表明，C57BL / 6小鼠的经验，早一天手术后的深刻的触感，并维持了几个星期。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Spared Nerve Injury SNI Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice at JoVE.com

The Spared Nerve Injury SNI Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

幸免神经损伤的动物模型是描述以下的坐骨神经损毁的胫骨和腓总神经分支部分失神经支配的周围神经痛的小鼠模型，保持其余的腓肠神经不变。行为矫正机械触感量化冯弗雷细丝。

幸免神经损伤（SNI）模型引起的机械触感小鼠

Peripheral neuropathic pain is a severe chronic pain condition which may result from trauma to sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. The spared ...

the-spared-nerve-injury-sni-model-induced-mechanical-allodynia

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

The Spared Nerve Injury (SNI) Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

62.8K 次观看.  Aarhus University. 幸免神经损伤的动物模型是描述以下的坐骨神经损毁的胫骨和腓总神经分支部分失神经支配的周围神经痛的小鼠模型，保持其余的腓肠神经不变。行为矫正机械触感量化冯弗雷细丝。

视频: The Spared Nerve Injury SNI Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery

Muscle strains are one of the most common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and physical exam alone, however the clinical presentation can vary greatly depending on the extent of injury, the patient's pain tolerance, etc. In patients with muscle injury or muscle disease, assessment of muscle damage is typically limited to clinical signs, such as tenderness, strength, range of motion, and more recently, imaging studies. Biological markers, such as serum creatine kinase levels, are typically elevated with muscle injury, but their levels do not always correlate with the loss of force production. This is even true of histological findings from animals, which provide a "direct measure" of damage, but do not account for all the loss of function. Some have argued that the most comprehensive measure of the overall health of the muscle in contractile force. Because muscle injury is a random event that occurs under a variety of biomechanical conditions, it is difficult to study. Here, we describe an in vivo animal model to measure torque and to produce a reliable muscle injury. We also describe our model for measurement of force from an isolated muscle in situ. Furthermore, we describe our small animal MRI procedure.

An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery

An in vivo animal model of injury is described. The method takes advantage of the subcutaneous position of the fibular nerve. Velocity, timing of muscle activation, and arc of motion are all pre-determined and synchronized using commercial software. Post injury changes are monitored in vivo using MR imaging/spectroscopy.

一个在体内收缩引起的损伤，非侵入性的监测恢复啮齿动物模型

Muscle strains are one of the most  common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and  physical ...

科研

医学

Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often unreported mortality rates that may confound analyses. Bilateral renal pedicle clamping is commonly used to induce IR-AKI, but differences between effective clamp pressures and/or renal responses to ischemia between kidneys often lead to more variable results. In addition, shorter clamp times are known to induce more variable tubular injury, and while mice undergoing bilateral injury with longer clamp times develop more consistent tubular injury, they often die within the first 3 days after injury due to severe renal insufficiency. To improve post-injury survival and obtain more consistent and predictable results, we have developed two models of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury followed by contralateral nephrectomy. Both surgeries are performed using a dorsal approach, reducing surgical stress resulting from ventral laparotomy, commonly used for mouse IR-AKI surgeries. For induction of moderate injury BALB/c mice undergo unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle for 26 min and also undergo simultaneous contralateral nephrectomy. Using this approach, 50-60% of mice develop moderate AKI 24 hr after injury but 90-100% of mice survive. To induce more severe AKI, BALB/c mice undergo renal pedicle clamping for 30 min followed by contralateral nephrectomy 8 days after injury. This allows functional assessment of renal recovery after injury with 90-100% survival. Early post-injury tubular damage as well as post injury fibrosis are highly consistent using this model.

We describe models of moderate and severe ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury in which the mice undergo unilateral renal pedicle clamping followed by simultaneous or delayed contralateral nephrectomy, respectively. These models consistently give rise to renal dysfunction and post-injury fibrosis, but injury severity and survival are dependent on mouse background, age and surgical equipment.

急性肾损伤和伤后纤维化小鼠缺血再灌注模型

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

Tibial Nerve Transection - A Standardized Model for Denervation-induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Mice

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. Although originally developed and used extensively in the rat due to its larger size, the tibial nerve in mice is big enough that it can be easily manipulated with either crush or transection, leaving the peroneal and sural nerve branches of the sciatic nerve intact and thereby preserving their target muscles. Thus, this model offers the advantages of inducing less morbidity and impediment of ambulation than the sciatic nerve transection model and also allows investigators to study the physiologic, cellular and molecular biologic mechanisms regulating the process of muscle atrophy in genetically engineered mice. The tibial nerve supplies the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscles, so its transection permits the study of denervated skeletal muscle composed of fast twitch type II fibers and/or slow twitch type I fibers. Here we demonstrate the tibial nerve transection model in the C57Black6 mouse. We assess the atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle, as a representative muscle, at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-denervation by measuring muscle weights and fiber type specific cross-sectional area on paraffin-embedded histologic sections immunostained for fast twitch myosin.

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of skeletal muscle atrophy. The model surgical protocol is described and demonstrated in C57Black6 mice. &#160;

胫骨神经切断术 - 一个标准化的模型失神经诱导小鼠骨骼肌

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. ...

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Neuropathic pain arises as a consequence of a lesion or a disease affecting the somatosensory system. This syndrome results from maladaptive changes in injured sensory neurons and along the entire nociceptive pathway within the central nervous system. It is usually chronic and challenging to treat. In order to study neuropathic pain and its treatments, different models have been developed in rodents. These models derive from known etiologies, thus reproducing peripheral nerve injuries, central injuries, and metabolic-, infectious- or chemotherapy-related neuropathies. Murine models of peripheral nerve injury often target the sciatic nerve which is easy to access and allows nociceptive tests on the hind paw. These models rely on a compression and/or a section. Here, the detailed surgery procedure for the &#34;cuff model&#34; of neuropathic pain in mice is described. In this model, a cuff of PE-20 polyethylene tubing of standardized length (2 mm) is unilaterally implanted around the main branch of the sciatic nerve. It induces a long-lasting mechanical allodynia, i.e., a nociceptive response to a normally non-nociceptive stimulus that can be evaluated by using von Frey filaments. Besides the detailed surgery and testing procedures, the interest of this model for the study of neuropathic pain mechanism, for the study of neuropathic pain sensory and anxiodepressive aspects, and for the study of neuropathic pain treatments are also discussed.

Neuropathic pain is a consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system. The &#8220;cuff model&#8221; of neuropathic pain in mice consists of the implantation of a polyethylene cuff around the main branch of the sciatic nerve. Mechanical allodynia is tested using von Frey filaments.

神经病理性疼痛小鼠坐骨神经掴型号

Neuropathic pain arises as a consequence of a lesion or a disease affecting the somatosensory system. This syndrome results from maladaptive changes in ...

Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury

The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and either cut or crush it to induce peripheral nerve injury. Advantages of this surgery are its simplicity, high reproducibility, and the lack of effect on vital functions or mobility from the subsequent facial paralysis, thus resulting in a relatively mild surgical outcome compared to other nerve injury models. A major advantage of using a cranial nerve injury model is that the motoneurons reside in a relatively homogenous population in the facial motor nucleus in the pons, simplifying the study of the motoneuron cell bodies. Because of the symmetrical nature of facial nerve innervation and the lack of crosstalk between the facial motor nuclei, the operation can be performed unilaterally with the unaxotomized side serving as a paired internal control. A variety of analyses can be performed postoperatively to assess the physiologic response, details of which are beyond the scope of this article. For example, recovery of muscle function can serve as a behavioral marker for reinnervation, or the motoneurons can be quantified to measure cell survival. Additionally, the motoneurons can be accurately captured using laser microdissection for molecular analysis. Because the facial nerve axotomy is minimally invasive and well tolerated, it can be utilized on a wide variety of genetically modified mice. Also, this surgery model can be used to analyze the effectiveness of peripheral nerve injury treatments. Facial nerve injury provides a means for investigating not only motoneurons, but also the responses of the central and peripheral glial microenvironment, immune system, and target musculature. The facial nerve injury model is a widely accepted peripheral nerve injury model that serves as a powerful tool for studying nerve injury and regeneration.

We present a surgical protocol detailing how to perform a cut or crush axotomy on the facial nerve in the mouse. The facial nerve axotomy can be employed to study the physiological response to nerve injury and test therapeutic techniques.

面神经干切断小鼠：模型，研究运动神经元损伤反应

The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and ...

Photothrombosis-induced Focal Ischemia as a Model of Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating clinical condition causing permanent changes in sensorimotor and autonomic functions of the spinal cord (SC) below the site of injury. The secondary ischemia that develops following the initial mechanical insult is a serious complication of the SCI and severely impairs the function and viability of surviving neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the SC. In addition, ischemia is also responsible for the growth of lesion during chronic phase of injury and interferes with the cellular repair and healing processes. Thus there is a need to develop a spinal cord ischemia model for studying the mechanisms of ischemia-induced pathology. Focal ischemia induced by photothrombosis (PT) is a minimally invasive and very well established procedure used to investigate the pathology of ischemia-induced cell death in the brain. Here, we describe the use of PT to induce an ischemic lesion in the spinal cord of mice. Following retro-orbital sinus injection of Rose Bengal, the posterior spinal vein and other capillaries on the dorsal surface of SC were irradiated with a green light resulting in the formation of a thrombus and thus ischemia in the affected region. Results from histology and immunochemistry studies show that PT-induced ischemia caused spinal cord infarction, loss of neurons and reactive gliosis. Using this technique a highly reproducible and relatively easy model of SCI in mice can be achieved that would serve the purpose of scientific investigations into the mechanisms of ischemia induced cell death as well as the efficacy of neuroprotective drugs. This model will also allow exploration of the pathological changes that occur following SCI in live mice like axonal degeneration and regeneration, neuronal and astrocytic Ca2+ signaling using two-photon microscopy.

Photothrombosis is a minimally invasive and highly reproducible procedure to induce focal ischemia in the spinal cord and serves as a model of spinal cord injury in mice.

Photothrombosis引起的局部脑缺血脊髓损伤的小鼠模型

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating clinical condition causing permanent changes in sensorimotor and autonomic functions of the spinal cord (SC) ...

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

重复震荡颅脑损伤模型小鼠

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The &quot;Wire-Injury&quot; Model

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

小鼠加速动脉硬化的诱导："电线损伤"模型

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

A Tissue Displacement-based Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Model in Mice

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between experimental animals. Several contusive SCI models have been developed to produce injuries using different mechanisms. The severity of the SCI is based on the height that a given weight is dropped, the injury force, or the spinal cord displacement. In the current study, we introduce a novel mouse contusive SCI device, the Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor, which can create a displacement-based SCI with high injury velocity and accuracy. This system utilizes laser distance sensors combined with advanced software to produce graded and highly-reproducible injuries. We performed a contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic vertebral (T10) level in mice to demonstrate the step-by-step procedure. The model can also be applied to the cervical and lumbar spinal levels.

We introduce a tissue displacement-based contusive spinal cord injury model that can produce a consistent contusive spinal cord injury in adult mice.

基于组织位移的小鼠脊髓损伤模型

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

用线 Myography 测定小鼠肠系膜动脉的等轴收缩力

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...