<p class="jove_content"&gt;目前的研究是由国家心脏，肺和血液研究所资助以R01 - HL0921，R01 - DK083385和R01HL098294港元Eltzschig，1K08HL102267 - 01 T。Eckle，麻醉教育和研究资助到T Eckle基金会支持香港Eltzschig，和美国心脏协会授予T. Eckle和香港Eltzschig和德意志研究联合会（DFG）的研究奖学金M. KOEPPEN。</p

总论： 所有操作都应该执行下一个堂堂正正的解剖显微镜（奥林巴斯，与Z轴与曲柄STU2支架臂支架邮政SZX10），并通过使用一个手术凝固剂（11）。实验组应尽量可能在年龄和体重相匹配，以确保结果的可比性。 ，体温，血压，麻醉和流体管理应稳定。 1。麻醉和气管准备<ol><li>使用至少10周龄的C57BL / 6小鼠，并有22-25克的身体使用的剂量70毫克/公斤体重的IP（6）戊巴比妥钠诱导麻醉。保持约10毫克/公斤/小时戊巴比妥钠麻醉。小心过量，因为这可能会显着降低血压。给药苯巴比妥 - 即使小时，可导致血浆中的严重增加。 </li><li>麻醉诱导后，在仰卧位表使用磁带和一期缝合固定脚踝上，下肢的安全小鼠。不要使用牙齿相同的头部。足够的限制是很重要的一个成功的插管和手术很好的控制。手术前，盖与矿物油鼠标，以减少鼠毛过敏的风险。为了确保体温保持稳定，与市售食品保鲜膜覆盖的小鼠。 </li><li>广场小鼠加热温度控制表（RT，埃芬博格，慕尼黑，德国）与直肠温度计探头连接到热反馈控制器，以保持体温在37 ° C。 </li><li>暴露的气管手术。解剖的结缔组织和地方两个3.0丝的手术缝合线（美国哈佛仪器，）每10厘米长气管下面的气管外侧和背两面。缝线应相距约1厘米。 </li><li>小心切开气管3 - 4毫米以下使用麦弗逊式Vannas剪刀（8厘米，直叶片;世界精密仪器，美国）之间的两个圆形软骨喉。确保不引起出血，因为这可能会混淆的结果参数。 </li><li>执行气管插管，使用钝的聚乙烯套管（Insyte 22G，Beckton Dickinson公司，美国）。聚乙烯套管插入进气管在一个85度角的尖端。然后倾斜套管，所以它是在与气管管腔。慢慢推进管进一步下降气管套管尖端直到消失在胸部光圈。在这个位置上，注视两种手术丝放置气管（见1.4）的背侧缝合管。 </li></ol> 2。呼吸机相关性肺损伤的技术<ol><li>呼吸机连接管。为了诱导肺损伤，我们使用一个压力控制通风技术，通过使用来自西门子（DRE兽医，美国）伺服900 ℃。动物将使用一个FIO 2 = 1.0 45毫巴，频率80次/ min，吸气峰压0-3毫巴的压力呼气末正压通风。灵感到期的比例应是1:1。尽管伺服900℃是人类呼吸机内置的事实，其压力控制呼吸机设置使用作品的优秀小鼠的通风。 </li><li>心率监测心电图（如惠普，blingen乙，德国）。确保心率不低于400。我们应该看到一个心轴右移，当机械通气作为胸腔内压力增加后，增加肺动脉压力的标志提起。如果鼠标的发展心动过缓，检查温度和麻醉剂的剂量/浓度。 Xylacin /氯胺酮麻醉诱导烂熟于心了250元/分钟，因此不推荐。 </li><li>应用适当的补液。一个输液生理盐水0.1毫升/小时通过动脉或静脉导管之前进行通风，以确保足够的静脉备案。由于高的通风压力，静脉回流到心脏受损，可能导致的平均动脉压的关键下降。另外，500μL生理盐水静脉推注可给予手术前的IP。 </li><li>放置在颈动脉血压（27）的连续录音导管。将手臂向身体，然后再开始解剖动脉。颈动脉是通过钝性分离气管肌肉暴露。经过进一步的接触和小心避免任何组织创伤（尤其是迷走神经），导管插入使用两个缝线和一个小钳（37）的船只。这将会使一个较长段的动脉。放置在颈动脉非常结扎。将较大的钳缝合结束，获得紧张或注视日发送缝合表使用磁带。将另一个周围动脉缝合动脉解剖的末端。在这里，放在一个小卡子。使用微型剪刀剪一小对角线开放到动脉。与罚款钳（杜蒙，WPI），保持开放和推进适当大小的导管，用你的手/钳。您的第二缝合打了一个结，安全的动脉。松开夹子，并进一步推进导管。安全与几节和磁带的导管。另外，颈内动脉导管可在实验结束的地方，收集动脉血血气分析样品。 </li></ol> 3。组织样本的恢复经过3个小时的机械通气后，样品的采集，评估肺损伤的的程度。我们建议收集brochnoalveolar灌洗液（BAL），动脉血和肺组织。 <ol><li>在实验结束后获取BAL液。深化麻醉后，气管导管冲洗1毫升磷酸缓冲液（PBS）。流体应保持三秒钟之前，它是通过连接注射器回收气管/肺。的BAL管理单元冷冻在液氮中，并储存于-80 ° C，作进一步的分析。要知道，回收的量可能会大大超过1毫升。 </li><li>在实验结束后进行血气分析。为了做到这一点，切口应低于胸骨。保持与产钳和程度的切口沿肋骨胸骨。接下来，膈肌切开边缘，从肋骨被切断。现在有一个较低的光圈到胸部开放的观点。提起胸骨钳和开放的胸部长在右侧和左侧的削减（尽可能横向），完整的前胸部墙被打开的病房。这应该做的，而实验动物仍然是机械通气。左心室被刺破了27 ½ G针和动脉血分析使用的i - STAT系统（美国雅培）。如果应进行动脉血气分析，不能取得一个平衡，因为这将是一个显着的混杂因素的结果。 </li><li>除了上述方法，可以收集通过颈内动脉导管动脉血液样本。然而，这项工作应获得的BAL前。 </li><li>海关肺部整块拉起的心脏和削减气管。有准备吸收血液中的一块组织，使手术部位可见。拉心在腹部的方向和沿脊柱小心切调动一切胸机关。切断主动脉，取出胸腔器官和它们放置在一个干净的手术台。 </li><li>切去心脏和大血管的组织样本。确保没有胸腺组织仍然附着在肺。分开个别管和管理单元冻结的剪刀和地方的肺部。贮存于-80 ° C，作进一步的分析。 </li></ol> 4。肺损伤的测量我们建议使用以下的结果参数评估肺损伤的程度：执行白蛋白酶联免疫吸附（Bethyl实验室，美国）和一个过氧化物酶（MPO）ELISA试剂盒（美国）Hycult生物技术，以评估屏障功能障碍的程度和炎症金额在BAL液中的细胞。执行一个MPO ELISA也形成肺组织。如果湿干比来衡量，我们没有获得BAL液和肺循环是没有刷新（见3.3）。测量切除后肺的重量。然后，肺部冻干48 h和肺组织再次测量。然后湿干比是衡量每毫克干组织的水（5）毫克。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2525/2525fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1。VILI 的小鼠BAL中的蛋白质含量与苯巴比妥麻醉，机械通气是制定和小鼠通风使用压力控制设置（吸气压力45毫巴，积极exspiratory最终压力3毫巴，100％的启发氧浓度）。后0，1，2和3小时的通风平衡是收获和使用bicinchoninic酸法（BCA法测定）的蛋白质含量进行了量化。蛋白质含量的相对变化是标准化方式显示为0小时的通风（N = 4每个组，*表示P &lt;0.05与对照组比较，平均± SEM ）

<ol>
	<li>Eckle, T., Faigle, M., Grenz, A., Laucher, S., Thompson, L. F., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A2B+adenosine+receptor+dampens+hypoxia-induced+vascular+leak.">A2B adenosine receptor dampens hypoxia-induced vascular leak.</a> Blood. 111, 2024-2035 (2008).</li><li>Eckle, T., Fullbier, L. G. r. e. n. z., A, ., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Usefulness+of+pressure-controlled+ventilation+at+high+inspiratory+pressures+to+induce+acute+lung+injury+in+mice.">Usefulness of pressure-controlled ventilation at high inspiratory pressures to induce acute lung injury in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 295, 718-724 (2008).</li><li>Eckle, T., Fullbier, L., Wehrmann, M., Khoury, J., Mittelbronn, M., Ibla, J., Rosenberger, P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+ectonucleotidases+CD39+and+CD73+in+innate+protection+during+acute+lung+injury.">Identification of ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 in innate protection during acute lung injury.</a> J Immunol. 178, 8127-8137 (2007).</li><li>Eckle, T., Grenz, A., Kohler, D., Redel, A., Falk, M., Rolauffs, B., Osswald, H., Kehl, F., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+evaluation+of+a+novel+model+for+cardiac+ischemic+preconditioning+in+mice.">Systematic evaluation of a novel model for cardiac ischemic preconditioning in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 291, 2533-2540 (2006).</li><li>Eckle, T., Grenz, A., Laucher, S., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A2B+adenosine+receptor+signaling+attenuates+acute+lung+injury+by+enhancing+alveolar+fluid+clearance+in+mice.">A2B adenosine receptor signaling attenuates acute lung injury by enhancing alveolar fluid clearance in mice.</a> J Clin Invest. 118, 3301-3315 (2008).</li><li>Eckle, T., Krahn, T., Grenz, A., Kohler, D., Mittelbronn, M., Ledent, C., Jacobson, M. A., Osswald, H., Thompson, L. F., Unertl, K., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardioprotection+by+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+(CD73)+and+A2B+adenosine+receptors.">Cardioprotection by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) and A2B adenosine receptors.</a> Circulation. 115, 1581-1590 (2007).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenosine:+an+old+drug+newly+discovered.">Adenosine: an old drug newly discovered.</a> Anesthesiology. 111, 904-915 (2009).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K., Eckle, T., Mager, A., Kuper, N., Karcher, C., Weissmuller, T., Boengler, K., Schulz, R., Robson, S. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATP+release+from+activated+neutrophils+occurs+via+connexin+43+and+modulates+adenosine-dependent+endothelial+cell+function.">ATP release from activated neutrophils occurs via connexin 43 and modulates adenosine-dependent endothelial cell function.</a> Circ Res. 99, 1100-1108 (2006).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K., Ibla, J. C., Furuta, G. T., Leonard, M. O., Jacobson, K. A., Enjyoji, K., Robson, S. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordinated+adenine+nucleotide+phosphohydrolysis+and+nucleoside+signaling+in+posthypoxic+endothelium:+role+of+ectonucleotidases+and+adenosine+A2B+receptors.">Coordinated adenine nucleotide phosphohydrolysis and nucleoside signaling in posthypoxic endothelium: role of ectonucleotidases and adenosine A2B receptors.</a> J Exp Med. 198, 783-796 (2003).</li><li>Eltzschig, H. K., Kohler, D., Eckle, T., Kong, T., Robson, S. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+role+of+Sp1-regulated+CD39+in+hypoxia/ischemia+protection.">Central role of Sp1-regulated CD39 in hypoxia/ischemia protection.</a> Blood. 113, 224-232 (2009).</li><li>Frick, J. S., MacManus, C. F., Scully, M., Glover, L. E., Eltzschig, H. K., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+adenosine+A2B+receptors+to+inflammatory+parameters+of+experimental+colitis.">Contribution of adenosine A2B receptors to inflammatory parameters of experimental colitis.</a> J Immunol. 182, 4957-4964 (2009).</li><li>Grenz, A., Eckle, T., Zhang, H., Huang, D. Y., Wehrmann, M., Kohle, C., Unertl, K., Osswald, H., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+hanging-weight+system+for+isolated+renal+artery+occlusion+during+ischemic+preconditioning+in+mice.">Use of a hanging-weight system for isolated renal artery occlusion during ischemic preconditioning in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 292, 475-485 (2007).</li><li>Grenz, A., Osswald, H., Eckle, T., Yang, D., Zhang, H., Tran, Z. V., Klingel, K., Ravid, K., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Reno-Vascular+A2B+Adenosine+Receptor+Protects+the+Kidney+from+Ischemia.">The Reno-Vascular A2B Adenosine Receptor Protects the Kidney from Ischemia.</a> PLoS Medicine. 5, e137-e137 (2008).</li><li>Grenz, A., Zhang, H., Eckle, T., Mittelbronn, M., Wehrmann, M., Kohle, C., Kloor, D., Thompson, L. F., Osswald, H., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+role+of+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+(CD73)+in+renal+ischemia.">Protective role of ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) in renal ischemia.</a> J Am Soc Nephrol. 18, 833-845 (2007).</li><li>Grenz, A., Zhang, H., Hermes, M., Eckle, T., Klingel, K., Huang, D. Y., Muller, C. E., Robson, S. C., Osswald, H., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+E-NTPDase1+(CD39)+to+renal+protection+from+ischemia-reperfusion+injury.">Contribution of E-NTPDase1 (CD39) to renal protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury.</a> FASEB J. 21, 2863-2873 (2007).</li><li>Grenz, A., Zhang, H., Weingart, J., von Wietersheim, S., Eckle, T., Schnermann, J. B., Kohle, C., Kloor, D., Gleiter, C. H., Vallon, V., Eltzschig, H. K., Osswald, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lack+of+effect+of+extracellular+adenosine+generation+and+signalling+on+renal+erythropoietin+secretion+during+hypoxia.">Lack of effect of extracellular adenosine generation and signalling on renal erythropoietin secretion during hypoxia.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. , (2007).</li><li>Haeberle, H. A., Durrstein, C., Rosenberger, P., Hosakote, Y. M., Kuhlicke, J., Kempf, V. A., Garofalo, R. P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen-independent+stabilization+of+hypoxia+inducible+factor+(HIF)-1+during+RSV+infection.">Oxygen-independent stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 during RSV infection.</a> PLoS ONE. 3, e3352-e3352 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Gorzolla, I. C., Schittenhelm, J., Robson, S. C., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SP1-dependent+induction+of+CD39+facilitates+hepatic+ischemic+preconditioning.">SP1-dependent induction of CD39 facilitates hepatic ischemic preconditioning.</a> J Immunol. 184, 4017-4024 (2010).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Henn, M., Kohler, D., Kloor, D., Mittelbronn, M., Gorzolla, I. C., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+extracellular+nucleotide+phosphohydrolysis+in+intestinal+ischemia-reperfusion+injury.">Role of extracellular nucleotide phosphohydrolysis in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.</a> FASEB J. 22, 2784-2797 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Jacobi, B., Schittenhelm, J., Henn, M., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutting+Edge:+A2B+Adenosine+receptor+signaling+provides+potent+protection+during+intestinal+ischemia/reperfusion+injury.">Cutting Edge: A2B Adenosine receptor signaling provides potent protection during intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.</a> J Immunol. 182, 3965-3968 (2009).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Kohler, D., Eckle, T., Kloor, D., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+treatment+of+mouse+or+human+blood+with+soluble+5'-nucleotidase+inhibits+platelet+aggregation.">Direct treatment of mouse or human blood with soluble 5'-nucleotidase inhibits platelet aggregation.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 28, 1477-1483 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Much, C., Gorzolla, I. C., Schittenhelm, J., Kloor, D., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+adenosine+production+by+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+protects+during+murine+hepatic+ischemic+preconditioning.">Extracellular adenosine production by ecto-5'-nucleotidase protects during murine hepatic ischemic preconditioning.</a> Gastroenterology. 135, 1739-1750 (2008).</li><li>Hart, M. L., Much, C., Kohler, D., Schittenhelm, J., Gorzolla, I. C., Stahl, G. L., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+hanging-weight+system+for+liver+ischemic+preconditioning+in+mice.">Use of a hanging-weight system for liver ischemic preconditioning in mice.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 294, 1431-1440 (2008).</li><li>Hartmann, H., Eltzschig, H. K., Wurz, H., Hantke, K., Rakin, A., Yazdi, A. S., Matteoli, G., Bohn, E., Autenrieth, I. B., Karhausen, J., Neumann, D., Colgan, S. P., Kempf, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-independent+activation+of+HIF-1+by+enterobacteriaceae+and+their+siderophores.">Hypoxia-independent activation of HIF-1 by enterobacteriaceae and their siderophores.</a> Gastroenterology. 134, 756-767 (2008).</li><li>Heinzelmann, F., Jendrossek, V., Lauber, K., Nowak, K., Eldh, T., Boras, R., Handrick, R., Henkel, M., Martin, C., Uhlig, S., Kohler, D., Eltzschig, H. K., Wehrmann, M., Budach, W., Belka, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Irradiation-induced+pneumonitis+mediated+by+the+CD95/CD95-ligand+system.">Irradiation-induced pneumonitis mediated by the CD95/CD95-ligand system.</a> J Natl Cancer Inst. 98, 1248-1251 (2006).</li><li>Koeppen, M., Eckle, T., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+deletion+of+the+A1+adenosine+receptor+abolishes+heart-rate+slowing+effects+of+intravascular+adenosine+in+vivo.">Selective deletion of the A1 adenosine receptor abolishes heart-rate slowing effects of intravascular adenosine in vivo.</a> PLoS One. 4, e6784-e6784 (2009).</li><li>Kohler, D., Eckle, T., Faigle, M., Grenz, A., Mittelbronn, M., Laucher, S., Hart, M. L., Robson, S. C., Muller, C. E., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD39/ectonucleoside+triphosphate+diphosphohydrolase+1+provides+myocardial+protection+during+cardiac+ischemia/reperfusion+injury.">CD39/ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 provides myocardial protection during cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury.</a> Circulation. 116, 1784-1794 (2007).</li><li>Kuhlicke, J., Frick, J. S., Morote-Garcia, J. C., Rosenberger, P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+Inducible+Factor+(HIF)-1+Coordinates+Induction+of+Toll-Like+Receptors+TLR2+and+TLR6+during+Hypoxia.">Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1 Coordinates Induction of Toll-Like Receptors TLR2 and TLR6 during Hypoxia.</a> PLoS ONE. 2, e1364-e1364 (2007).</li><li>Morote-Garcia, J. C., Rosenberger, P., Kuhlicke, J., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIF-1-dependent+repression+of+adenosine+kinase+attenuates+hypoxia-induced+vascular+leak.">HIF-1-dependent repression of adenosine kinase attenuates hypoxia-induced vascular leak.</a> Blood. 111, 5571-5580 (2008).</li><li>Morote-Garcia, J. C., Rosenberger, P., Nivillac, N. M., Coe, I. R., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-inducible+factor-dependent+repression+of+equilibrative+nucleoside+transporter+2+attenuates+mucosal+inflammation+during+intestinal+hypoxia.">Hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent repression of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 attenuates mucosal inflammation during intestinal hypoxia.</a> Gastroenterology. 136, 607-618 (2009).</li><li>Reutershan, J., Vollmer, I., Stark, S., Wagner, R., Ngamsri, K. C., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenosine+and+inflammation:+CD39+and+CD73+are+critical+mediators+in+LPS-induced+PMN+trafficking+into+the+lungs.">Adenosine and inflammation: CD39 and CD73 are critical mediators in LPS-induced PMN trafficking into the lungs.</a> FASEB J. 23, 473-482 (2009).</li><li>Schingnitz, U., Hartmann, K., Macmanus, C. F., Eckle, T., Zug, S., Colgan, S. P., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+through+the+A2B+adenosine+receptor+dampens+endotoxin-induced+acute+lung+injury.">Signaling through the A2B adenosine receptor dampens endotoxin-induced acute lung injury.</a> J Immunol. 184, 5271-5279 (2010).</li><li>Thompson, L. F., Eltzschig, H. K., Ibla, J. C., Van De Wiele, C. J., Resta, R., Morote-Garcia, J. C., Colgan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crucial+role+for+ecto-5'-nucleotidase+(CD73)+in+vascular+leakage+during+hypoxia.">Crucial role for ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) in vascular leakage during hypoxia.</a> J. Exp. Med. 200, 1395-1405 (2004).</li><li>Aherne, C. M., Kewley, E. M., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+resurgence+of+A2B+adenosine+receptor+signaling.">The resurgence of A2B adenosine receptor signaling.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. , (2010).</li><li>Eckle, T., Koeppen, M., Eltzschig, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+extracellular+adenosine+in+acute+lung+injury.">Role of extracellular adenosine in acute lung injury.</a> Physiology (Bethesda). 24, 298-306 (2009).</li><li>Koeppen, M., Feil, R., Siegl, D., Feil, S., Hofmann, F., Pohl, U., de Wit, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=cGMP-dependent+protein+kinase+mediates+NO-+but+not+acetylcholine-induced+dilations+in+resistance+vessels+in+vivo.">cGMP-dependent protein kinase mediates NO- but not acetylcholine-induced dilations in resistance vessels in vivo.</a> Hypertension. 44, 952-955 (2004).</li></ol>

本研究描述了一个执行呼吸机诱导的小鼠肺损伤的技术。这个模型表明由于高压通风的高度重复性的伤害。考虑研究小鼠急性肺损伤的调查可能会受益于这种模式。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th>试剂名称</th><th>公司</th><th>目录编号</th><th>评论（可选） </th></tr><tr><td>戊巴比妥钠（致命加） </td><td> Vortech药业LS，有限公司， </td><td> VPL 9372 </td><td> 4mg/mL在生理盐水</td></tr><tr><td> Insyte 22政</td><td> Beckton迪金森</td><td> N / A </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>缝合，丝绸4.0 </td><td>哈佛器械</td><td> 517698 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>缝合后，普理灵8.0 </td><td>美国爱惜康， </td><td> M8739 </td><td>可重复使用</td></tr><tr><td>西门子900 ° C </td><td>美国指诊兽医， </td><td> ＃336 </td><td>翻新</td></tr><tr><td>解剖显微镜（SZX10） </td><td>奥林巴斯</td><td> N / A </td><td>考虑慷慨的工作距离</td></tr><tr><td>暖气表</td><td> RT，Effenberger，德国</td><td> N / A </td><td>只和单一供应商</td></tr><tr><td>血压装置</td><td>网络意识，公司</td><td> BPM02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>我的STAT </td><td>雅培</td><td> N / A </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

pressure controlled ventilation to induce acute lung injury in mice

小鼠模型被广泛用于研究不同的器官系统（1-34）的急性损伤。急性肺损伤（ALI）的发生，这与长时间机械通气，有利于重大疾病的发病率和死亡率，并研究新的遗传或药理目标地区的紧张调查（1-3，5，8，26，30，33 -36）。阿里是指急性发作的疾病，从而导致非心源性肺水肿和肺气体交换（36）其后减值。我们已经开发使用的压力控制通气诱发呼吸机相关性肺损伤（2）的ALI小鼠模型。为此，C57BL / 6小鼠麻醉，并进行了气管切开手术是通过机械通气诱导的ALI。小鼠压力控制设置在通风吸气45 mbar的压力峰值超过1 - 3个小时。由于评估结果参数，肺水肿（湿干比），支气管流体白蛋白含量，支气管流体和肺组织髓过氧化物酶含量和肺气体交换（2）。使用这种技术，我们可以证明，这足以引起急性肺部炎症，并能区分不同的治疗组或基因型（1-3）。因此，这种技术可能会为那些追求在ALI使用一种遗传性的方法在小鼠基因靶向缺失的分子机制的研究人员很有帮助。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice at JoVE.com

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

一个呼吸机诱导肺损伤的小鼠模型是一个重要的工具，研究急性肺损伤<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;。在这里，我们报告一件容易的适用<em&gt;原位</em&gt;模型使用高压机械通气诱发急性肺衰竭的急性肺伤害。

压力控制通气诱导小鼠急性肺损伤

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

pressure-controlled-ventilation-to-induce-acute-lung-injury-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

18.2K 次观看.  University of Colorado. 一个呼吸机诱导肺损伤的小鼠模型是一个重要的工具，研究急性肺损伤在体内。在这里，我们报告一件容易的适用原位模型使用高压机械通气诱发急性肺衰竭的急性肺伤害。

视频: Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders such as a spinal cord injury (SCI). Freehand manual control used to produce a laceration model of SCI creates inconsistent injuries often associated with a crush or contusion component and, therefore, a novel technique was developed. Our model of cervical laceration SCI has resolved inherent difficulties with the freehand method by incorporating 1) cervical vertebral stabilization by vertebral facet fixation, 2) enhanced spinal cord exposure, and 3) creation of a reproducible laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm in depth without associated contusion. Compared to the standard methods of creating a SCI laceration such as freehand use of a scalpel or scissors, our method has produced a consistent lesion. This method is useful for studies on axonal regeneration of corticospinal, rubrospinal, and dorsal ascending tracts.

A novel technique to create a reproducible in vivo model of cervical spinal cord laceration injury in the mouse is described. This technique is based on spine stabilization by fixation of the cervical facets and laceration of the spinal cord using an oscillating blade with an accuracy of &plusmn;0.01 mm.

控制宫颈裂伤损伤小鼠

Use of genetically modified mice enhances our  understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying several neurological disorders  such as a spinal cord ...

科研

医学

Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often unreported mortality rates that may confound analyses. Bilateral renal pedicle clamping is commonly used to induce IR-AKI, but differences between effective clamp pressures and/or renal responses to ischemia between kidneys often lead to more variable results. In addition, shorter clamp times are known to induce more variable tubular injury, and while mice undergoing bilateral injury with longer clamp times develop more consistent tubular injury, they often die within the first 3 days after injury due to severe renal insufficiency. To improve post-injury survival and obtain more consistent and predictable results, we have developed two models of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury followed by contralateral nephrectomy. Both surgeries are performed using a dorsal approach, reducing surgical stress resulting from ventral laparotomy, commonly used for mouse IR-AKI surgeries. For induction of moderate injury BALB/c mice undergo unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle for 26 min and also undergo simultaneous contralateral nephrectomy. Using this approach, 50-60% of mice develop moderate AKI 24 hr after injury but 90-100% of mice survive. To induce more severe AKI, BALB/c mice undergo renal pedicle clamping for 30 min followed by contralateral nephrectomy 8 days after injury. This allows functional assessment of renal recovery after injury with 90-100% survival. Early post-injury tubular damage as well as post injury fibrosis are highly consistent using this model.

We describe models of moderate and severe ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury in which the mice undergo unilateral renal pedicle clamping followed by simultaneous or delayed contralateral nephrectomy, respectively. These models consistently give rise to renal dysfunction and post-injury fibrosis, but injury severity and survival are dependent on mouse background, age and surgical equipment.

急性肾损伤和伤后纤维化小鼠缺血再灌注模型

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, social, and economical effects are staggering. Therefore, further research into the effects of TBI and effective treatments is necessary. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model induces traumatic brain injuries ranging from mild to severe. This method uses a rigid impactor to deliver mechanical energy to an intact dura exposed following a craniectomy. Impact is made under precise parameters at a set velocity to achieve a pre-determined deformation depth. Although other TBI models, such as weight drop and fluid percussion, exist, CCI is more accurate, easier to control, and most importantly, produces traumatic brain injuries similar to those seen in humans. However, no TBI model is currently able to reproduce pathological changes identical to those seen in human patients. The CCI model allows investigation into the short-term and long-term effects of TBI, such as neuronal death, memory deficits, and cerebral edema, as well as potential therapeutic treatments for TBI.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) remain a serious health problem. Using the controlled cortical impact surgery model, research on the effects of TBI and possible treatment methods may be performed.

控制皮层影响模型创伤性脑损伤

Every year over a million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI).  Combined with the incidence of TBIs worldwide, the physical, emotional, ...

Cardiac Catheterization in Mice to Measure the Pressure Volume Relationship: Investigating the Bowditch Effect

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these strategies is to examine their effects on heart function. There are several techniques to measure in vivo cardiac mechanics (e.g., echocardiography, pressure/volume relations, etc.). Compared to echocardiography, real-time left ventricular (LV) pressure/volume analysis via catheterization is more precise and insightful in assessing LV function. Additionally, LV pressure/volume analysis provides the ability to instantaneously record changes during manipulations of contractility (e.g., &#946;-adrenergic stimulation) and pathological insults (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury). In addition to the maximum (+dP/dt) and minimum (-dP/dt) rate of pressure change in the LV, an accurate assessment of LV function via several load-independent indexes (e.g., end systolic pressure volume relationship and preload recruitable stroke work) can be attained. Heart rate has a significant effect on LV contractility such that an increase in the heart rate is the primary mechanism to increase cardiac output (i.e., Bowditch effect). Thus, when comparing hemodynamics between experimental groups, it is necessary to have similar heart rates. Furthermore, a hallmark of many cardiomyopathy models is a decrease in contractile reserve (i.e., decreased Bowditch effect). Consequently, vital information can be obtained by determining the effects of increasing heart rate on contractility. Our and others data has demonstrated that the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) knockout mouse has decreased contractility. Here we describe the procedure of measuring LV pressure/volume with increasing heart rates using the NOS1 knockout mouse model.

This article describes the measurement of murine left ventricular function via pressure/volume analysis at different heart rates.

心导​​管在小鼠测量压力体积的关系：调查的影响鲍迪奇

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these ...

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by neutrophilic alveolitis, and injury to both alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. Clinically, ARDS is defined by acute onset of hypoxemia, bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Human studies have provided us with valuable information about the physiological and inflammatory changes in the lung caused by ARDS, which has led to various hypotheses about the underling mechanisms. Unfortunately, difficulties determining the etiology of ARDS, as well as a wide range of pathophysiology have resulted in a lack of critical information that could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies.
Translational animal models are valuable when their pathogenesis and pathophysiology accurately reproduce a concept proven in both in vitro and clinical settings. Although large animal models (e.g., sheep) share characteristics of the anatomy of human trachea-bronchial tree, murine models provide a host of other advantages including: low cost; short reproductive cycle lending itself to greater data acquisition; a well understood immunologic system; and a well characterized genome leading to the availability of a variety of gene deletion and transgenic strains. A robust model of low pH induced ARDS requires a murine ALI that targets mainly the alveolar epithelium, secondarily the vascular endothelium, as well as the small airways leading to the alveoli. Furthermore, a reproducible injury with wide differences between different injurious and non-injurious insults is important.
The murine gastric acid aspiration model presented here using hydrochloric acid employs an open tracheostomy and recreates a pathogenic scenario that reproduces the low pH pneumonitis injury in humans. Additionally, this model can be used to examine interaction of a low pH insult with other pulmonary injurious entities (e.g., food particles, pathogenic bacteria).

This protocol induces acute lung injury in a mouse that has close fidelity to the pathogenesis of acid pneumonitis observed in humans. We generate a maximal acute nonlethal low pH lung injury and account for differences in rodent-human anatomic respiratory structure using an open tracheostomy coupled with circumferential pressure release.

急性肺损伤开放气管切开胃酸吸入小鼠模型结果在急性最大非致命性肺损伤

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute ...

Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine balloon denudation model, which is comparable with established vessel injury models in large animals. The aorta denudation model with balloon catheters mimics the clinical setting and leads to comparable pathobiological and physiological changes. Briefly, after performing a horizontal incision in the aorta abdominalis, a balloon catheter will be inserted into the vessel, inflated, and introduced retrogradely. Inflation of the balloon will lead to intima injury and overdistension of the vessel. After removing the catheter, the aortic incision will be closed with single stiches. The model shown in this article is reproducible, easy to perform, and can be established quickly and reliably. It is especially suitable for evaluating expensive experimental therapeutic agents, which can be applied in an economical fashion. By using different knockout-mouse strains, the impact of different genes on MH development can be assessed.

This article demonstrates a murine model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia (MH) after aortic balloon injury.

球囊损伤诱发小鼠腹主动脉 Myointimal 增生的研究

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine ...

A Closed-chest Model to Induce Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to perform a partial thoracotomy to visualize the transverse aortic arch. However, the surgical trauma caused by the thoracotomy in open-chest models changes the respiratory physiology as the ribs are dissected and left unattached after chest closure. To prevent this, we established a minimally invasive, closed chest approach via lateral thoracotomy. Herein we approach the aortic arch via the 2nd intercostal space without entering the chest cavities, leaving the mouse with a less traumatic injury to recover from. We perform this operation using standard laboratory settings for open chest TAC procedures with equal survival rates. Apart from maintaining physiological breathing patterns due to the closed chest approach, the mice seem to benefit by showing rapid recovery, as the less invasive technique appears to facilitate a fast healing process and to reduce immune response after trauma.

Here, we present a protocol of Transverse Aortic constriction (TAC) via a lateral thoracotomy. This technique is a minimally invasive, closed chest surgical procedure aiming to simulate pressure overload and heart failure in mice utilizing standard TAC laboratory settings.

诱导小鼠横向主动脉狭窄的闭合胸模型

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to ...

Real-time Pressure-volume Analysis of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any potential therapeutic approach directed against acute left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Current imaging modalities (e.g., echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging) have several limitations since data on LV pressure cannot directly be measured. LV catheterization in mice undergoing coronary artery occlusion could serve as a novel method for a real-time evaluation of LV function.
At the beginning of the procedure, mice were anesthetized followed by endotracheal intubation. For LV catheterization, the right carotid artery was exposed via middle-neck incision. The catheter was introduced and placed into the LV cavity. Left thoracotomy was conducted and the left main coronary artery (LCA) was ligated. To induce reperfusion, the suture was released after 45 min. Pressure-volume data was recorded at all times.
Ligation of the LCA caused a decrease in LV systolic function as evidenced by a 30% reduction in stroke volume, LV ejection fraction (EF), and cardiac output. Maximum dP/dt as a parameter for LV contractility was also significantly reduced and diastolic function was severely impaired (minimum dP/dt -40%). Reperfusion over a period of 20 min did not lead to a complete recovery of LV function.
Real-time pressure-volume analysis served as a valid procedure for monitoring cardiac function during acute myocardial infarction in mice. Maintaining stable anesthesia and a standardized surgical approach was crucial to ensure valid results. As the early phase of acute myocardial infarction is critical for morbidity and mortality, the delineated method could be beneficial for preclinical evaluation of new strategies for cardioprotection.

Acute myocardial infarction in mice induces acute but incompletely characterized changes in left ventricular (LV) function. LV catheterization in mice undergoing coronary artery occlusion serves as a novel method for a real-time evaluation of LV function.

小鼠急性心肌梗死的实时压力容积分析

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any ...

Lung Fixation under Constant Pressure for Evaluation of Emphysema in Mice

Emphysema is a significant feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies involving an emphysematous mouse model require optimal lung fixation to produce reliable histological specimens of the lung. Due to the nature of the lung&rsquo;s structural composition, which consists largely of air and tissue, there is a risk that it collapses or deflates during the fixation process. Various lung fixation methods exist, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. The lung fixation method presented here utilizes constant pressure to enable optimal tissue evaluation for studies using an emphysematous mouse lung model. The main advantage is that it can fix many lungs with the same condition at one time. Lung specimens are obtained from chronic cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Lung fixation is performed using specialized equipment that enables the production of constant pressure. This constant pressure maintains the lung in a reasonably inflated state. Thus, this method generates a histological specimen of the lung that is suitable to evaluate cigarette smoke-induced mild emphysema.

Presented here is a useful protocol for lung fixation that creates a stable condition for histological evaluate of lung specimens from a mouse model of emphysema. The main advantage of this model is that it can fix many lungs with the same constant pressure without lung collapse or deflation.

小鼠肺气肿评价持续压力下的肺固定

Emphysema is a significant feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies involving an emphysematous mouse model require optimal lung ...

Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. Various approaches have been described, such as the inhalation of aerosolized LPS as well as nasal or intratracheal instillation. The presented protocol describes a detailed step-by-step procedure to induce ALI in mice by direct intratracheal LPS instillation and perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue. After intraperitoneal sedation, the trachea is exposed and LPS is administered via a 22 G venous catheter. A robust and reproducible inflammatory reaction with leukocyte invasion, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier is induced within hours to days, depending on the LPS dosage used. Collection of blood samples, BAL fluid, and lung harvesting, as well as the processing for FACS analysis, are described in detail in the protocol. Although the use of the sterile LPS is not suitable to study pharmacologic interventions in infectious diseases, the described approach offers minimal invasiveness, simple handling, and good reproducibility to answer mechanistic immunological questions. Furthermore, dose titration as well as the use of alternative LPS preparations or mouse strains allow modulation of the clinical effects, which can exhibit different degrees of ALI severity or early vs. late onset of disease symptoms.

Presented here is a step-by-step procedure to induce acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation and to perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Minimal invasiveness, simple handling, good reproducibility, and titration of disease severity are advantages of this approach.

通过直接内切内脂多糖灌输诱导小鼠急性肺损伤

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. ...