This project was funded by, in part, by start-up funds from Wayne State University to M.H. Malek.

所有的程序都为人类受试者批准的大学机构审查委员会。 1.准备参展的腿<ol><li>有参与者整齐地挽起短裤所需的腿部。然后用胶带将短裤从而使股四头肌肌肉群暴露和借鉴各地的参与者需要刮胡子的区域线。 </li><li>重要提示：有测试，而不是以前的前一天参加剃光的腿，因为这可确保没有茬口这可能与肌电信号干扰。 </li><li>一旦参与者已完成剃须腿部的所需区域，清理剃光面积与酒精擦，以确保没有残存的剃须凝胶（或奶油），它可以与肌电信号的干扰。 </li></ol> 2.测量腿的电极放置<ol><li>为了将肌电电极上的股外侧肌，使FOllowing测量<ol><li>有与会者站直面临的研究员。 </li><li>定位前脊柱髂优越（ASIS）和髌骨的侧面。该ASIS是髋骨;通过将手放在脐下腹部两侧触诊它。 </li><li>用卷尺，测量上面确定的两个位置之间的距离，并取该值的2/3就行从ASIS到髌骨的横向侧。注：http://www.seniam.org/：关于肌电电极安置的进一步的信息可以在SENIAM（表面肌电图肌肉的非侵入性评估）网址找到</li></ol></li></ol> 3.放置肌电电极的<ol><li>股外侧的位置已被确定后，将电极肌电图（大多数研究人员使用市售一次性银银电极氯），地点在股外侧肌无需拆卸粘合SH屈服。然后用钢笔标记，其中所述电极的凝胶部分与肌肉接触的区域。确保极间距离为20mm的中心到中心。 </li><li>用一张砂纸（60粗）的轻轻研磨这两方面来消除皮肤的表层。在此期间，请参加者的不适的水平。停止研磨，当参与者表示该地区是温暖的。 </li><li>与被蘸有酒精擦或酒精棉签毛巾清洁磨损领域。允许在腿上放置区的肌电电极之前进行干燥。 </li><li>将肌电电极上进行研磨的位点（ 图2）。小心不要对髂胫束（IT波段）的电极。请参与者收缩股四头肌的肌肉，以触诊股外侧。放置在肌肉的电极，以确保它不是对IT频带。注意：如果对IT乐队电极，肌电信号WOU当参与者被要求最大限度合同LD被挫伤。 </li><li>放置在一个多骨附着位点的参考电极（ 第三电极）如ASIS从而不与下肢的运动的运动回合期间干扰。 </li></ol> 4.检查肌电图信号<ol><li>在此之前开始运动试验，检查极间的阻抗。 注：这一步非常关键，因为如果信号有太多的噪音，然后在运动试验中收集的肌电图的数据将是无效的。 <ol><li>有参与者坐在椅子上，并连接EMG导致连接到参与者的腿部各自的电极。 </li><li>在这一点上，有与会者放松自己的腿，有肌肉无张力。然后，大约30秒的放松后，有参与者最大限度的收缩股四头肌肌肉持续5秒钟，然后回去做彻底的放松。 </li><li>当执行该任务的博韦（步骤4.1.2），记录在计算机上的参与者肌电信号。 </li><li>确保极间阻抗&lt;2000欧姆。此外，如果一个电压表可在实验室中，然后检查基线噪音并保持低于5μV。此外，设置取样频率在1000赫兹。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.设定行动的功率自行车<ol><li>检查极间的阻抗后，已经从椅​​子到功率自行车参与者的举动。 </li><li>有参与者站在旁边的功率自行车，并提高他们的膝盖直到大腿与地面平行。然后让参与者持这一立场，并调整座椅高度来匹配相同的高度参与者的大腿。 </li><li>此后，有与会者坐在功率自行车的座位，然后踏板几次，同时询问他们是否有舒适的座椅高度。如果需要，调整座椅高度。 </li><li>确保THAT中的参与者的腿是接近满延用，每个踏板革命期间轻微的弯曲（〜5℃）的膝盖。 </li><li>在开始测试之前，有参与者戴上极地心脏监测仪，使心脏速率可以记录整个运动试验。 </li></ol> 6.执行肌电图疲劳阈协议<ol><li>有参与者开始循环，并逐步增加他们的节奏，以70转/分。那么功率输出的功率自行车增加至50 ​​W. </li><li>有与会者循环在这个功率输出大约2-3分钟。 注：这是一种低强度的运动，并将作为热身。 </li><li>预热期后，增加功率输出25瓦，每2分钟，直到参与者不再能够维持70转/分的节奏或要求该测试被停止。 注意：应该注意的是，运动试验中，肌电图信号被记录为10在每个2分阶段秒10-20，30-40，50-60，70-80，90-100秒的时代，和110-120 21。大多数肌电图系统将有一个选项可以设置自动记录在所需的时间间隔。因此，对于每个阶段应该有6个数据文件。 </li><li>一旦增量测试已经结束，有参加者在50进行冷却W.检查冷却的长度相当于其参与者的心脏回报率的值在热身阶段。通过使用极性心脏监测仪检查参与者的心脏监测这一点。 </li><li>一旦冷却完成后，取出EMG领导和有参与者走下功率自行车，回到椅子上。然后小心地取出电极肌电图，并用干净的毛巾蘸有外用酒精或酒精棉签擦拭地区。 </li></ol> 7.处理肌电信号<ol><li>测试完成后，亲CESS运动试验期间收集的，使得数据可被用来确定肌电疲劳阈值的原始肌电图数据文件。 <ol><li>无论使用哪种用于收集肌电信号的软件或使用各种平台如MATLAB或LabVIEW的定制编写的软件进行肌电信号处理。 </li><li>过滤用的带通滤波器所收集的EMG信号。使用10设置到500赫兹。注意：此改变，使得低频率引起的伪像的肌电图信息（&lt;10赫兹）和高频人为从环境运动（&gt; 500赫兹），将被删除的信号的频率。使用60Hz的陷波滤波器，如果有从计算机或肌电图系统的电源的任何干扰。 </li><li>一旦信号已经被过滤，通过计算均方根信号的平方值确定的信号振幅：方形每个数据点，通过数据点的数目求和它们，除，再取所得值的平方根。执行这些计算使用上述软件。 </li></ol></li></ol> 8.确定肌电图疲劳阈值每位参与者<ol><li>执行每个参与者以下步骤。 <ol><li>经过肌电图信号已被处理;使用统计程序（ 例如 ：的GraphPad棱镜），并与用于试验的功率输出标记的第一列“时间”和随后的列。 </li><li>每个电源输出，填充在每个20秒的时间间隔相应的肌电振幅值。 </li><li>每个电源输出，分析的时间（x轴）与肌电振幅（y轴）与线性回归关系，以确定是否回归直线的斜率是显著从零（P &lt;0.05）差异。 </li><li>后进行线性回归分析所有功率输出，确定最高功率输出与非显著（P&gt; 0.05）斜率。 </li><li>然后确定第lowest功率输出与显著（P &lt;0.05）斜率。 </li><li>一旦这两个功率输出已经确定，将它们添加和除以2;所得功率输出是估计的肌电图疲劳阈值。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

我们在这里提出对确定神经肌肉股四头肌疲劳的方法肌肉股四头肌动态运动。这种方法提供了一个简单的和非侵入性的方式使用表面肌电信号。此外，该方法的通用性，研究人员可以使其适应于行使其他模式，如在跑步机20。 从理论上讲，对于强度等于或低于肌电疲劳阈参与者应能维持锻炼workbout无限期12,13。布里斯科等 8证实为周期测力肌电图...

表面肌电图（EMG）是研究过程中等距1-3运动单位招聘，等速4-6，或连续7-10肌肉动作的一种非侵入性的方法。肌电图信号的振幅表示肌肉激活它由电机单元的数目激活的马达单元的燃烧率，或两者11。的肌电疲劳阈的概念被用来指示在其中个人可以无限期地行使不增加肌电振幅8的最高工作负荷。 重要的是要简要讨论的肌电疲劳阈原点。由DeVries医师等人 12的最初的研究涉及一种协议，它由多个（通常为3至4个）连续工作较量，其中肌电振幅对时间作图每个工作回合。然后，输出功率为作图从EMG幅度的斜率系数随时间RELA<html> tionship，然后外推至零斜率（y截距）12。笔者原本12被称为该协议的实际工作能力，在疲劳阈值（PWCFT）。在另一项研究中，DeVries医师等 13间断使用一阵阵的工作，但使用的是线性回归找到第一动力输出，导致了肌电图振幅随时间的关系显著斜率。作者13也被称为该协议的PWCFT，开创了文学有些混乱。在随后的文章中，DeVries医师等 14修改他们早先的协议13，并制定了持续渐进的协议。肌电振幅对时间作图的每个功率输出和PWCFT被定义为输出功率最高的，导致在肌电振幅没有随时间的变化和功率输出最低，导致增加的EMG振幅随着时间的推移14的平均。 耳鼻喉科“&gt;应当指出的是，预委会最初引入在20世纪50年代后期15,16和术语是同义的过多文献（过去，现在，和在不同的国家）检查在给定的工作负载17有氧能力，此外，这个词用在人体工程学和工业文献其中重点为期8个小时工作日内完成重复性动作工人一天到一天的工作效率，例如在一个组装厂18个人。 术语肌电疲劳阈最初使用由Matsumoto和同事19它们改性的DeVries医师12协议，其中所述功率输出与所述EMG振幅对时间关系的斜率系数被绘制并外推至零斜率的点之后。最近，古费等人 20和布里斯科等人 8使用DeVries医师等人 14的方法和Matsumoto 等一个术语负于19操作性定义肌电图疲劳阈值。展望未来，我们建议长期EMG疲劳阈值来使用。因此，EMG振幅对时间的关系，绘制用于 ​​每个输出功率并使用线性回归分析（ 图1）进行分析。为了估计肌电疲劳阈值时，功率输出最高与非显著（P&gt; 0.05）的斜率和功率输出最低有显著（P &lt;0.05）斜率被确定，然后计算平均值14。这个协议是简单，方便，并在15-20分钟内完成。此外，增量速率可以基于惯常的体力活动的个体的水平进行调制，并且因此具有在临床应用潜力。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>839 E Monark cycle ergometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Monark Exercise AB</td>
			<td>839 E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heart rate monitor</td>
			<td>Polar</td>
			<td>Polar H1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laptop</td>
			<td>Dell Inspiron</td>
			<td>varies</td>
			<td>any laptop computer with USB slots should work.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMG amplifiers</td>
			<td>BioPac Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>100B</td>
			<td>100C are the latest version</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable EMG electrodes</td>
			<td>BioPac Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>EL-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sandpaper</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>9 in. x 11 in. 60 Grit course no-slip grip Advanced Sandpaper (3-Pack)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determining the electromyographic fatigue threshold following a single visit exercise test

从理论上讲，肌电图（EMG）疲劳阈是运动强度个人可以无限期地保持，而不需要招募其与增加的肌电振幅相关联的更多的运动单位。虽然不同的协议已被用于估计肌电疲劳阈它们需要多次访问这是不切实际的临床环境。在这里，我们提出了一个协议，用于估算周期测力肌电图疲劳阈值，需要一个单一的访问。这个协议是简单，方便，并在15-20分钟内完成，因此，具有将其转化为临床医生在运动处方可以使用工具的潜力。

如图1，对于单个参与者，即完成了每个功率输出具有代表肌电振幅为股外侧肌的六个数据点。因此，在这个例子中，最高功率输出与非显著（P&gt; 0.05）斜率为200瓦，而动力输出最低有显著（P &lt;0.05）斜率为225 W.因此，对于该与会者的肌电疲劳阈是213 W·一旦肌电疲劳阈值确定每个参与者然后推论统计可以被执行。 <...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test at JoVE.com

Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test

This protocol describes the electromyographic fatigue threshold which demarcates between nonfatiguing and fatiguing exercise workloads. This information could be used to develop a more individualized training program.

确定肌电疲劳阈值以下单次访问运动试验

Theoretically, the electromyographic (EMG) fatigue threshold is the exercise intensity an individual can maintain indefinitely without the need to recruit ...

determining-electromyographic-fatigue-threshold-following-single

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.4K 次观看.  Wayne State University. This protocol describes the electromyographic fatigue threshold which demarcates between nonfatiguing and fatiguing exercise workloads. This information could be used to develop a more individualized training program.

视频: Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test

Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the abilities to extract and use the information encoded in the auditory signal. We refer to these as listening skills (or auditory processing AP). Deficits in these skills are associated with delayed language and literacy development, though the nature of the relevant deficits and their causal connection with these delays is hotly debated.
When a child is referred to a health professional with normal hearing and unexplained difficulties in listening, or associated delays in language or literacy development, they should ideally be assessed with a combination of psychoacoustic (AP) tests, suitable for children and for use in a clinic, together with cognitive tests to measure attention, working memory, IQ, and language skills. Such a detailed examination needs to be relatively short and within the technical capability of any suitably qualified professional. Current tests for the presence of AP deficits tend to be poorly constructed and inadequately validated within the normal population. They have little or no reference to the presenting symptoms of the child, and typically include a linguistic component. Poor performance may thus reflect problems with language rather than with AP. To assist in the assessment of children with listening difficulties, pediatric audiologists need a single, standardized child-appropriate test battery based on the use of language-free stimuli.
We present the IMAP test battery which was developed at the MRC Institute of Hearing Research to supplement tests currently used to investigate cases of suspected AP deficits. IMAP assesses a range of relevant auditory and cognitive skills and takes about one hour to complete. It has been standardized in 1500 normally-hearing children from across the UK, aged 6-11 years. Since its development, it has been successfully used in a number of large scale studies both in the UK and the USA. IMAP provides measures for separating out sensory from cognitive contributions to hearing. It further limits confounds due to procedural effects by presenting tests in a child-friendly game-format. Stimulus-generation, management of test protocols and control of test presentation is mediated by the IHR-STAR software platform. This provides a standardized methodology for a range of applications and ensures replicable procedures across testers. IHR-STAR provides a flexible, user-programmable environment that currently has additional applications for hearing screening, mapping cochlear implant electrodes, and academic research or teaching.

A test battery (IMAP) for performing an in-depth assessment of auditory and cognitive abilities contributing to listening skills is described. It is quick to administer, child-friendly and free from linguistic confounds. Stimulus generation and protocol management are controlled via a software platform (IHR-STAR) to ensure replicable procedures.

听力：IMAP测试电池的决策意识

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the ...

科研

医学

The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting. Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological pathways of the stress response in health and disease are fundamental to the progress of research in stress and anxiety.1 Although numerous protocols exist for inducing stress response in the laboratory, many neglect to provide a naturalistic context or to incorporate aspects of social and psychological stress. Of psychological stress protocols, meta-analysis suggests that the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is the most useful and appropriate standardized protocol for studies of stress hormone reactivity.2 In the original description of the TSST, researchers sought to design and evaluate a procedure capable of inducing a reliable stress response in the majority of healthy volunteers.3 These researchers found elevations in heart rate, blood pressure and several endocrine stress markers in response to the TSST (a psychological stressor) compared to a saline injection (a physical stressor).3 Although the TSST has been modified to meet the needs of various research groups, it generally consists of a waiting period upon arrival, anticipatory speech preparation, speech performance, and verbal arithmetic performance periods, followed by one or more recovery periods. The TSST requires participants to prepare and deliver a speech, and verbally respond to a challenging arithmetic problem in the presence of a socially evaluative audience.3 Social evaluation and uncontrollability have been identified as key components of stress induction by the TSST.4 In use for over a decade, the goal of the TSST is to systematically induce a stress response in order to measure differences in reactivity, anxiety and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis during the task.1 Researchers generally assess changes in self-reported anxiety, physiological measures (e.g. heart rate), and/or neuroendocrine indices (e.g. the stress hormone cortisol) in response to the TSST. Many investigators have adopted salivary sampling for stress markers such as cortisol and alpha-amylase (a marker of autonomic nervous system activation) as an alternative to blood sampling to reduce the confounding stress of blood-collection techniques. In addition to changes experienced by an individual completing the TSST, researchers can compare changes between different treatment groups (e.g. clinical versus healthy control samples) or the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions.1

This article describes a protocol for inducing psychological stress in participants, which enables researchers to measure psychological, physiological and neuroendocrine responses to stress within single participants or between groups.

特里尔社会压力诱发心理应激的测试协议

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting.  Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological ...

Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic conditions. As part of a diagnostic assessment, the early detection of postural deficits is important so that appropriate and targeted interventions can be prescribed. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) on the EquiTest determines an individual&#39;s use of the sensory systems (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular) that are responsible for postural control. Somatosensory and visual input are altered by the calibrated sway-referenced support surface and visual surround, which move in the anterior-posterior direction in response to the individual&#39;s postural sway. This creates a conflicting sensory experience. The Motor Control Test (MCT) challenges postural control by creating unexpected postural disturbances in the form of backwards and forwards translations. The translations are graded in magnitude and the time to recover from the perturbation is computed.
Intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease, is characterized by a cramping pain in the lower limbs and caused by muscle ischemia secondary to reduced blood flow to working muscles during physical exertion. Claudicants often display poor balance, making them susceptible to falls and activity avoidance. The Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) is a noninvasive method for indicating the presence of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication, a common symptom in the lower extremities. ABPI is measured as the highest systolic pressure from either the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial artery divided by the highest brachial artery systolic pressure from either arm. This paper will focus on the use of computerized dynamic posturography in the assessment of balance in claudicants.

Individuals with intermittent claudication exhibit poor balance compared to healthy controls. Computerized dynamic posturography is an objective method for measuring an individual's postural responses to balance disturbances. This provides an objective reflection of the person&#x2019;s ability to respond to situations under which sensory stimuli are altered and unexpected perturbations occur.

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic ...

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a pathological condition characterized mainly by a disruption in the balance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances and is proposed to play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a precise evaluation of endothelial function in humans represents an important tool that could help better understand the etiology of multiple cardio-centric pathologies.
Over the past twenty-five years, many methodological approaches have been developed to provide an assessment of endothelial function in humans. Introduced in 1989, the FMD test incorporates a forearm occlusion and subsequent reactive hyperemia that promotes nitric oxide production and vasodilation of the brachial artery. The FMD test is now the most widely utilized, non-invasive, ultrasonic assessment of endothelial function in humans and has been associated with future cardiovascular events.
Although the FMD test could have clinical utility, it is a physiological assessment that has inherited several confounding factors that need to be considered. This article describes a standardized protocol for determining FMD including the recommended methodology to help minimize the physiological and technical issues and improve the precision and reproducibility of the assessment.

The flow mediated dilation (FMD) test is the most commonly utilized, non-invasive, ultrasound assessment of endothelial function in humans. Although the FMD test has been related with the prediction of future cardiovascular disease and events, it is a physiological assessment with many inherent confounding factors that need to be considered.

血管内皮功能的超声评估：血流介导的舒张试验的技术指导原则

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a ...

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals

Reliable exercise protocols are required to test changes in exercise performance in elite athletes. Performance improvements in these athletes may be small; therefore, sensitive tools are fundamental to exercise physiology. There are currently many exercise tests that allow for the examination of exercise capacity in able-bodied athletes, with protocols mainly for lower-body or whole-body exercise. There is a trend to test athletes in a sport-specific setting that closely resembles the actions that the participants are used to performing. Only a few protocols test short-term, high-intensity exercise capacity in participants with an impairment of the lower body. Most of these protocols are very sport-specific and are not applicable to a wide range of athletes. One well-known test protocol is the 30 s Wingate test, which is well-established in cycling and in arm crank exercise testing. This test analyzes high-intensity exercise performance over a 30 s time duration. In order to monitor exercise performance over a longer duration, a different method was modified for application to the upper body. The 3 min, all-out arm crank ergometer test allows athletes to be tested in a manner specific to 1,500 m wheelchair racing (in terms of exercise duration), as well as to upper body exercises such as rowing or hand-cycling. In order to increase the reliability with identical test conditions, it is crucial to precisely replicate settings such as the resistance (i.e., torque factor) and the position of the participants (i.e., the height of the crank, the distance between the crank and the participant, and the fixation of the participant). Another important issue concerns the beginning of the exercise test. Fixed revolutions per minute are required to standardize the test conditions for the start of the exercise test. This exercise protocol shows the importance of accurate operations to reproduce identical test conditions and settings.

We present a protocol to test the aerobic and anaerobic power of the upper body muscles over a duration of 3 min in able-bodied as well as in paraplegic and tetraplegic individuals. The protocol presents specific modifications in its application for upper-body exercise in individuals with or without disability.

脊髓损伤和健康人员三分钟全能臂曲柄运动试验实验方案

Reliable exercise protocols are required to test changes in exercise performance in elite athletes. Performance improvements in these athletes may be ...

A Technique for Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue Biopsy via a Non-diathermy Method

Adipose tissue biopsies offer tissue samples that, upon analysis, may provide insightful overviews of mechanisms relating to metabolism and disease. To obtain subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies in the abdominal area, researchers and physicians use either a surgical or a needle-based technique. However, surgical subcutaneous fat biopsies can offer tissue samples that may provide a more comprehensive overview of the complexities of biological indices in white adipose tissue. Usually, a surgical adipose tissue biopsy includes a diathermy treatment for cauterizing blood vessels to prevent excessive bleeding. Nevertheless, side effects, such as flash fires and skin lesions in the tissue, have been reported after diathermy. Therefore, we aimed to standardize a surgical abdominal adipose tissue biopsy performed under local anesthesia using a non-diathermy method. We conducted 115 subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies in healthy men using a non-diathermy abdominal surgical biopsy method. Our results showed three cases of excessive post-operation bleeding out of 115 operations (2.61%).In conclusion, our standardized subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue surgical biopsy using a non-diathermy method can be safely applied to healthy men at the bedside, with minimal side effects.

We standardized an abdominal adipose tissue biopsy using a non-diathermy method performed under local anesthesia. Three cases of excessive post-operation bleeding out of 115 operations (2.61%) occurred.We conclude that an abdominal adipose tissue surgical biopsy using a non-diathermy method can be safely applied to healthy men.

经非透法皮下腹脂肪组织活检技术

Adipose tissue biopsies offer tissue samples that, upon analysis, may provide insightful overviews of mechanisms relating to metabolism and disease. To ...

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test

The emerging importance of taste in medicine and biomedical research, and new knowledge about its genetic underpinnings, has motivated us to supplement classic taste-testing methods in two ways. First, we explain how to do a brief assessment of the mouth, including the tongue, to ensure that taste papillae are present and to note evidence of relevant disease. Second, we draw on genetics to validate taste test data by comparing reports of perceived bitterness intensity and inborn receptor genotypes. Discordance between objective measures of genotype and subjective reports of taste experience can identify data collection errors, distracted subjects or those who have not understood or followed instructions. Our expectation is that fast and valid taste tests may persuade researchers and clinicians to assess taste regularly, making taste testing as common as testing for hearing and vision. Finally, because many tissues of the body express taste receptors, taste responses may provide a proxy for tissue sensitivity elsewhere in the body and, thereby, serve as a rapid, point-of-care test to guide diagnosis and a research tool to evaluate taste receptor protein function.

This protocol measures human taste responses and includes a brief anatomical assessment, a short taste test, and a validation method using the subject&#39;s reported sensation and taste receptor genotype.

味觉考试: 一个简短的验证测试

The emerging importance of taste in medicine and biomedical research, and new knowledge about its genetic underpinnings, has motivated us to supplement ...

'Boden Food Plate': Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake

Different methods can be used in research to assess dietary intake, many of which are still paper-based. Written estimated food diaries are often utilized in clinical trials, despite being a burden for both study participants and researchers. This method requires participant literacy, it is time consuming, labor intensive, and can easily lead to under-reporting. With advancements in technology, there is a growing interest in electronic diaries that automate the dietary assessment process. These are focused on improving accuracy, reducing both time and cost and providing users with a visual and more enjoyable experience. The methodology presented here aimed to validate the &#39;Boden Food Plate&#39;, a novel web-based platform for self-recording of food and drink items, compared to a traditional estimated food diary. The application was also rated on a satisfaction scale by study participants using a paper-based questionnaire. Sixty-seven participants completed the dietary measures on both the three-day electronic and paper food diaries. For the analysis, only dietary data completed at both study time points (baseline and week six) was utilized. Despite small mean differences between dietary data collection methods, Bland Altman analysis showed fairly wide 95% limits of agreement between the electronic platform and the written estimated food diary and there were few cases which did not fall within the 95% confidence intervals. Overall, participants found the electronic food diary to be more fun than the paper method and as easy to use as hard copy diaries. The new platform has potential as a self-recording tool for the collection of dietary data, particularly when utilized in clinical trial settings. However, further validation studies are needed to improve the validity of this novel electronic dietary data collection tool.

&#039;Boden Food Plate&#039;: Novel Interactive Web-based Method for the Assessment of Dietary Intake

The &#39;Boden Food Plate&#39; is an electronic food diary designed to be an interactive and fun method to collect dietary intake using visual depictions. The purpose of this study was to validate the web-based application against a traditional three-day estimated food diary method.

"食品板块": 一种新的基于交互式 Web 的膳食摄入量评估方法

Different methods can be used in research to assess dietary intake, many of which are still paper-based. Written estimated food diaries are often utilized ...

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic responses to acute exercise are predominantly influenced by the duration and intensity of the exercise regimen. As exercise is increasingly thought of as a therapeutic treatment and/or diagnostic tool, it is important that standardizable methodologies be utilized to understand the variability and to increase the reproducibility of exercise outputs and measurements of responses to such regimens. To that end, we describe two different cycling exercise regimens that yield different physiologic outputs. In a maximal exercise test, exercise intensity is continually increased with a greater workload resulting in an increasing cardiopulmonary and metabolic response (heart rate, stroke volume, ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production). In contrast, during endurance exercise tests, the demand is increased from that at rest, but is raised to a fixed submaximal exercise intensity resulting in a cardiopulmonary and metabolic response that typically plateaus. Along with the protocols, we provide suggestions on measuring physiologic outputs that include, but are not limited to, heart rate, slow and forced vital capacity, gas exchange metrics, and blood pressure to enable the comparison of exercise outputs between studies. Biospecimens can then be sampled to assess cellular, protein, and/or gene expression responses. Overall, this approach can be easily adapted into both short- and long-term effects of two distinct exercise regimens.

To assess the influence of exercise intensity on physiologic and biologic responses, two different exercise testing protocols were utilized. Methods outlining exercise testing on a cycle ergometer as an incremental maximal oxygen consumption test and endurance, steady state submaximal endurance test are described.

进行最大和次极大耐力运动测试, 测量人类急性运动的生理和生物学反应

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic ...

Setup and Execution Of the Blindfolded Code Training Exercise

Miscommunication is the most common cause of preventable patient harm in medicine. Currently, there is limited knowledge of innovative techniques to improve resident physician communication and leadership strategies in high-acuity situations. The blindfolded code training exercise removes visual stimuli from the team leader, forcing the team leader to effectively utilize closed-loop communication. The simple act of blindfolding the team leader creates a learning environment where the leader must utilize a conceptual framework and critical thinking strategies to organize the team and manage the resuscitation. An advantage to this teaching technique is that it does not require any special simulation equipment, making it a low-cost approach. The blindfolded code training exercise can be applied to the management of any critically ill patient where the primary objective is to focus on developing communication skills in acute resuscitations. The purpose of the description of the blindfolded code training exercise is to provide guidance on how to perform this innovative teaching technique to force effective closed-loop communication.

The blindfolded code training exercise, which blindfolds the team leader in a code resuscitation simulation, is an advanced teaching technique to improve closed-loop communication, organizational skills, and critical thinking.&#160;

盲民代码训练练习的设置和执行

Miscommunication is the most common cause of preventable patient harm in medicine. Currently, there is limited knowledge of innovative techniques to ...