这项工作是通过韩国国家研究基金会（NRF），通过韩国科学与工程基金会资助经费由教育部，科学技术（NRF-2013R1A1A1010575），部和纳米研发计划支持的基础科学研究计划通过教育，科学和技术部（NRF-2012M3A7B4049863）。

1.合成垂直排列的多壁碳纳米管（VAMWCNTs） <ol><li>晶片的制备与催化剂层沉积<ol><li>制备一个n型（100）硅晶片。 </li><li>通过热氧化或其他方法，如溅射淀积250纳米厚的SiO 2层的Si晶片上。在水平炉注入200sccm的O 2的3小时20分钟，在1000℃。 </li><li>使用批量的Al 2 O 3（99.9％），为多溅射（RF功率：1000瓦）的源和沉积10 nm厚的Al 2 O 3（99.9％）层的SiO 2层上。使用10纳米/分钟的缓慢沉积速率为2×10 -2毫巴的沉积压力。 </li><li>使用批量的Fe（99.9％），为源通过采用电子束蒸发器，并沉积为1nm厚的Fe层中的Al 2 O 3层上。用0.1纳米/秒的〜缓慢沉积速率为5×10 -6乇的淀积压力。 </li&gt; <li>切的Fe /的Al 2 O 3 / SiO 2的/ Si晶片，以使用金刚石划刻28mm的×15毫米规格。 注意：根据所述VAMWCNT阵列的期望的大小，铁/的Al 2 O 3 / SiO 2的/ Si晶片的尺寸可以改变。 </li></ol></li><li>合成碳纳米管阵列由TCVD和编制独立的多壁碳纳米管的森林。 <ol><li>将铁/的Al 2 O 3 / SiO 2的/ Si晶片集中在石英舟具有为120mm×30 mm尺寸。 </li><li>放置石英舟的TCVD设置（ 图1A）的2英寸的石英管内。 </li><li>注入900 SCCM Ar气的环境条件下10分钟，以去除空气和填充的2英寸的石英管中，用Ar。 </li><li>注入600 SCCM Ar气和400 SCCM H 2气的同时，在30分钟内，在炉内温度增加为25℃至750℃。 </li><li>注入Ar气以100sccm和400标准立方厘米的H 2ガ的s的750℃下进行10分钟，配制的Fe纳米颗粒作为碳纳米管的根。 </li><li>注入100sccm的氩气，368标准立方厘米的 H 2的气体，并在750℃下为280分钟147标准立方厘米的乙烯（C 2 H 4）的气体。同时，适用的焦耳加热石英管的由钨灯丝（电压：0.8伏，电流：15 A）的入口处，以促进的C 2 H 4气体的分解作为一种碳源。这些碳源附着在Si晶片的Fe纳米颗粒和转化到碳纳米管。 </li><li>停止注射H 2气体和C 2 H 4气体，并且关闭炉。在此过程中，不断注入100sccm的氩气，直到在晶片的温度低于60℃。 </li><li>取出晶圆上多壁碳纳米管。轻轻地从晶片分离碳纳米管阵列，以获得自支撑碳纳米管林（长度：3-6毫米）（ 图1B）。 </li></ol></li></ol><ol><li>化学燃料的制备<ol><li>制备苦味酸（2,4,6-三硝基苯酚）溶液和叠氮化钠（NaN 3的）。 <ol><li>蒸发苦味酸溶液中以获得苦味酸粉末（1个大气压，25℃，24小时）。测量6克苦味酸粉末并溶解在100ml乙腈（262毫摩尔）。 </li><li>措施6克叠氮化钠粉末溶解在100ml的去离子（DI）水（923毫摩尔）。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>通过湿浸渍合成和混合型复合材料的表征<ol><li>测量单个碳纳米管林用微量天平的质量和确认碳纳米管林的对准结构通过SEM（ 图4A）。使用的15千伏的电压和1,200X的放大倍率。检查对准结构是否保持在整个碳纳米管林。 </li><li>加入25微升对T 262毫米苦味酸解决方案多壁碳纳米管林运，使燃料穿透森林的毛孔。离开样品原样进行30分钟至收缩膜阵列，并允许苦味酸充分渗透的孔，直到所有的乙腈从森林（ 图1C）蒸发。 注意：根据化学燃料和碳纳米管阵列之间的目标比​​率，修改苦味酸溶液的浓度和量。 </li><li>沉浸苦味酸被覆碳纳米管的森林中25微升923毫摩尔的叠氮化钠溶液中，形成2,4,6-三硝基苯酚钠和叠氮化氢（燃料层）通过湿浸渍。离开样品30分钟，直到所有的溶剂蒸发。 注意：根据化学燃料和碳纳米管阵列之间的目标比​​率，可以修改所述叠氮化钠溶液的浓度和量。 </li><li>测量的燃料和多壁碳纳米管的使用微量天平个体杂化复合物的质量，并比较最终的质量来计算的质量比燃料层和多壁碳纳米管。 <img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818eq1.jpg" /> 其中M H和M M分别单独杂化复合物和单独的多壁碳纳米管膜的质量。 </li><li>通过SEM（ 图5A）确认燃料和多壁碳纳米管的杂化复合物的对准结构。根据制造商的说明，为降低操作条件的压力，并且提高放大倍数，直到化学燃料聚集在对齐碳纳米管林清楚地观察到。检查燃油聚集在多壁碳纳米管的形状。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.制造热电波发生器（图2） <ol><li>附加铜带到载玻片的两端充当用示波器，计测从热电波输出的直流电压的连接电极。 </li><li>通过银PAS连接铜带到杂化复合物的两端TE液滴。离开样品直到银膏变硬和连接是固定的。 </li><li>使用万用表测量的杂化复合物的电阻。 </li></ol> 4.测量热电波（图3） <ol><li>里面的聚碳酸酯室，修复光学平台上的热电波发生器用夹子安全。 </li><li>使用鳄鱼夹到铜电极连接到示波器对输出电压的测量。 </li><li>建立一个高速显微系统[组成：一个高速照相机（&gt; 5000帧/秒），微距镜头（105毫米/ f2.8的透镜），和一个LED灯]从发电机记录燃烧传播。放置和打开LED灯清晰记录高清晰度图像的热电波发生器的前面。将刻录速度5000帧/秒。 </li><li>放置一个光学高温计在一个特定的位置来记录的温度的实时变化杂化复合物的。 </li><li>应用任一激光照射或焦耳热来点燃化学燃料在杂化复合物。 <ol><li>专注激光（&lt;1000兆瓦）的对混杂复合材料的特定位置。保持关注几秒钟，直到燃烧是在热电波发生器启动。 </li><li>制备的高电流电源和一个镍铬丝。电线连接到一个高电流电源（工作条件：5 V和3 A），而且发热量镍丝。使在杂化复合物的加热镍丝和化学燃料之间轻柔接触，直到燃烧是在热电波发生器启动。 </li></ol></li><li>开启测量装​​置，包括一个高速显微系统，一个示波器，和一个光学高温计，当热电波由发电机发射的。 <ol><li>设置在高速摄像机记录帧速率（5000帧/秒）。触发录像在thermopo开始WER波的传播。在高速摄影图像与高速显微系统记录的快照，并提取从开始记录的帧的数量，以热电波传播的光洁度（帧的总数#NUMBER）。 </li><li>通过使用示波器记录从开始到热电波传播的光洁度的电压信号。提取的输出电压脉冲（V）。 </li><li>聚焦光学高温计在上一个杂化复合物，其指示目标区域的特定位置，并测量温度的动态变化（℃）。 </li></ol></li><li>通过提取在高速显微系统的各个帧将反应前的位置计算反应传播速度。 <img alt="公式2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818eq2.jpg" /> 其中，L H是杂化复合物的总长度中，n f是记录帧，从开始到热电波传播的光洁度的数，n 0 &lt;/ SUB&gt;是记录帧率。 </li><li>提取从示波器的输出电压数据，计算的最大峰值电压，以及从所述输出电压脉冲的比功率。使用测量在步骤3中的电阻。 </li><li>提取的温度变化通过使用光学高温计。 </li></ol>

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作者什么都没有透露。

热电波实验的协议涉及的关键步骤，使理想的热波的传播，以及发电。首先，点火和具体位置，相应的反应转移是相当大的因素控制从热电波浪能量转换。点火在杂化复合物的一端推出引导燃烧沿芯材料和化学燃料在一个方向之间的接口。然而，点火在任何其它位置上产生被转移到两端即双向热电波，导致在相反的方向上的载流子的取消以及无序的热传输的芯材的内部。 如图7A所示 ?...

化学燃料具有非常高的能量密度，并已被广泛地用作在范围广泛的从微应用中是有用的能源，以macrosystems 1特别是，许多研究者已经努力使用化学燃料作为能量源用于下一代微/纳米系统基于技术。2然而，由于在微/纳米器件极小的空间积分的能量转换元件的困难，也有根本局限性化学燃料转化成电能。因此，化学燃料的燃烧主要被用于生产在微/纳米器件如nanothermites或微致动器的化学或机械能。1,3 热电波 - 一种新开发的能量转换的概念，已经吸引了相当大的注意，因为一种用于直接转化的燃料的化学能以电烯RGY无需使用任何转换元件。4,5-热电波可以使用化学燃料的杂化复合物和微/纳米结构材料来产生。5当在一个杂化复合物的特定位置的化学燃料被点燃，化学燃烧发生沿化学燃料和微/纳米结构材料之间的界面。同时，在整个芯微/纳米结构材料的结果的热和化学势中的伴随发电引起的在高输出电压脉冲的形式电荷转移的动态变化。它已被证明，不同的微/纳米结构材料，如多壁碳纳米管（多壁碳纳米管），4-6和ZnO，7碧2特3，8锑碲2 3,9和MnO 2 10微米/纳米结构材料允许混杂复合材料利用热电波和展示化学热ELECTRICAL能量转换。具体地，芯材具有高的Seebeck系数仅由传播燃烧使高输出电压的产生。然而，关于相同的复合材料，如化学燃料，燃料/芯材料，制造过程中的质量比，和点火条件的混合物的其它参数严重影响热电波的整体性能。 这里，我们显示了制造过程中，在形成对准化学燃料，且燃料/芯材料质量比如何影响热电波性能。上的碳纳米管阵列，通过热化学气相沉积（TCVD）制造的基础上，我们显示如何化学燃料和多壁碳纳米管的杂化复合物的制备用于热电波浪能发电。实验装置，使能量转换的评估设计与相应的实验测量，如燃烧propagati过程引入沿并直接发电。此外，我们证明，极性分布描述由动态输出电压和特定峰值功率关键判定的电能转换。这项研究将提供具体的战略，加强能源发电，并会在了解热电波的基本物理帮助。此外，这里所描述的制造过程中和实验，将有助于对热电波浪延伸研究的机会，以及对化学 - 热 - 电能量转换。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#8221; n-type silicon wafer</td>
			<td>Unisill</td>
			<td>4&#8221; Si-wafer</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Al2O3</td>
			<td>TAEWON</td>
			<td>A-1008</td>
			<td>99.9999% Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fe</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>267945</td>
			<td>99.9999% Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ar</td>
			<td>Seoul specialty gas</td>
			<td>Ar(N60)</td>
			<td>99.9999% Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C2H4</td>
			<td>Seoul specialty gas</td>
			<td>C2H4</td>
			<td>99.5% Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H2</td>
			<td>Seoul specialty gas</td>
			<td align="left"><img src="file:///C:/Users/BENSAL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.png" />
			<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
				<tbody>
					<tr>
						<td>H2(N60)</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			</td>
			<td>99.9999% Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver paste</td>
			<td>Fujikura Kasei</td>
			<td>D-550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Picric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>197378</td>
			<td>&#65310;98% Purity 
			Highly toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td>&#65310;99.5% Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>271004</td>
			<td>99.8% Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power supply</td>
			<td>Mastech</td>
			<td>HY3010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TCVD</td>
			<td>Scientech</td>
			<td>TCVD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oscilloscope</td>
			<td>Tektronix</td>
			<td>DPO2004B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-speed microscopy system</td>
			<td>Phantom</td>
			<td>V7.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and evaluation of hybrid composites of chemical fuel and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the study of thermopower waves

当在燃料和微/纳米结构材料的杂化复合物在一定位置处的化学燃料被点燃，化学燃烧发生沿着燃料和核心材料之间的界面。同时，在整个微/纳米结构材料的热和化学势的动态变化导致伴随发电引起的在高输出电压脉冲的形式电荷转移。我们展示了一个热电波实验的整个过程中，从合成的评价。热化学气相沉积，湿浸渍过程被分别用于多壁碳纳米管阵列的合成和苦味酸/叠氮化钠/多壁碳纳米管的杂化复合物。所制备的混杂复合材料被用于制造热电波发生器与连接电极。杂化复合物的燃烧是通过激光加热或焦耳加热和第发起使用高速显微系统，一个示波器，和一个光学高温计，电子对应的燃烧传播，直接发电，以及实时的温度变化进行测定分别。提出另外，在杂化复合物和它们的燃烧增强整体的热电波能量传递的起始的合成采用的关键策略。

对齐的碳纳米管阵列，作为芯的纳米结构材料为热电波，合成了TCVD，11-13， 如图4A所示 。作为生长多壁碳纳米管的直径为20至30纳米（ 图4B）。苦味酸/叠氮化钠/ MWCNT的对准杂化复合物示于图5A。合成通过湿法浸渍处理该复合，14作为在协议部分中描述。为了形成该化学燃料和多壁碳纳米管之间的界面，苦味酸溶解于乙腈（低表面能溶剂），以?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Evaluation of Hybrid Composites of Chemical Fuel and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Study of Thermopower Waves at JoVE.com

Preparation and Evaluation of Hybrid Composites of Chemical Fuel and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Study of Thermopower Waves

A protocol for conducting thermopower wave experiments is presented. The synthesis of hybrid composites of a chemical fuel and micro/nanostructured material, manufacturing of a thermopower wave generator, and methods for measuring the corresponding physical phenomena are described.

化学燃料和多壁碳纳米管的混杂复合材料的热电波的研究准备和评估

When a chemical fuel at a certain position in a hybrid composite of the fuel and a micro/nanostructured material is ignited, chemical combustion occurs ...

preparation-evaluation-hybrid-composites-chemical-fuel-multi-walled

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

8.7K 次观看.  Korea University. A protocol for conducting thermopower wave experiments is presented. The synthesis of hybrid composites of a chemical fuel and micro/nanostructured material, manufacturing of a thermopower wave generator, and methods for measuring the corresponding physical phenomena are described. 

视频: Preparation and Evaluation of Hybrid Composites of Chemical Fuel and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Study of Thermopower Waves

Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma polymerization of isopropanol on various solid substrates, including silica and potassium chloride. This versatile technique is used to treat nanoparticles and nanopowders with sizes ranging from 37 nm to 1 micron, by depositing films whose thickness can be anywhere from 1 nm to upwards of 100 nm. Dissolution of the core allows us to study the rate of permeation through the film. In these experiments, we determine the diffusion coefficient of KCl through the barrier film by coating KCL nanocrystals and subsequently monitoring the ionic conductivity of the coated particles suspended in water. The primary interest in this process is the encapsulation and delayed release of solutes. The thickness of the shell is one of the independent variables by which we control the rate of release. It has a strong effect on the rate of release, which increases from a six-hour release (shell thickness is 20 nm) to a long-term release over 30 days (shell thickness is 95 nm). The release profile shows a characteristic behavior: a fast release (35% of the final materials) during the first five minutes after the beginning of the dissolution, and a slower release till all of the core materials come out.

We have used plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition to deposit thin films ranging from a few nm to several 100 nm on nano-sized particles of various materials. We subsequently etch the core material to produce hollow nanoshells whose permeability is controlled by the thickness of the shell. We characterize the permeability of these coatings to small solutes and demonstrate that these barriers can provide sustained release of the core material over several days.

等离子体聚合空心颗粒的封装和渗透特征

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma ...

科研

工程学

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

在固体氧化物燃料电池电极表面的探测和测绘

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

Preparation and Reactivity of Gasless Nanostructured Energetic Materials

High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) is a ball milling process where a powder mixture placed in the ball mill is subjected to high-energy collisions from the balls. Among other applications, it is a versatile technique that allows for effective preparation of gasless reactive nanostructured materials with high energy density per volume (Ni+Al, Ta+C, Ti+C). The structural transformations of reactive media, which take place during HEBM, define the reaction mechanism in the produced energetic&#160;composites. Varying the processing conditions permits fine tuning of the milling-induced microstructures of the fabricated composite particles. In turn, the reactivity, i.e., self-ignition temperature, ignition delay time, as well as reaction kinetics, of high energy density materials depends on its microstructure. Analysis of the milling-induced microstructures suggests that the formation of fresh oxygen-free intimate high surface area contacts between the reagents is responsible for the enhancement of their reactivity. This manifests itself in a reduction of ignition temperature and delay time, an increased rate of chemical reaction, and an overall decrease of the effective activation energy of the reaction. The protocol provides a detailed description for the preparation of reactive nanocomposites with tailored microstructure using short-term HEBM method. It also describes a high-speed thermal imaging technique to determine the ignition/combustion characteristics of the energetic materials. The protocol can be adapted to preparation and characterization of a variety of nanostructured energetic composites.

This protocol describes the preparation of gasless nanostructured energetic materials (Ni+Al, Ta+C, Ti+C) using the short-term high-energy ball milling (HEBM) technique. It also describes a high-speed thermal imaging method to study the reactivity of mechanically fabricated nanocomposites. These protocols can be extended to other reactive nanostructured energetic materials.

准备和无气腹纳米结构的反应含能材料

High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) is a ball milling process where a powder mixture placed in the ball mill is subjected to high-energy collisions from the ...

Ultrasonic Welding of Thermoplastic Composite Coupons for Mechanical Characterization of Welded Joints through Single Lap Shear Testing

This paper presents a novel straightforward method for ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic-composite coupons in optimum processing conditions. The ultrasonic welding process described in this paper is based on three main pillars. Firstly, flat energy directors are used for preferential heat generation at the joining interface during the welding process. A flat energy director is a neat thermoplastic resin film that is placed between the parts to be joined prior to the welding process and heats up preferentially owing to its lower compressive stiffness relative to the composite substrates. Consequently, flat energy directors provide a simple solution that does not require molding of resin protrusions on the surfaces of the composite substrates, as opposed to ultrasonic welding of unreinforced plastics. Secondly, the process data provided by the ultrasonic welder is used to rapidly define the optimum welding parameters for any thermoplastic composite material combination. Thirdly, displacement control is used in the welding process to ensure consistent quality of the welded joints. According to this method, thermoplastic-composite flat coupons are individually welded in a single lap configuration. Mechanical testing of the welded coupons allows determining the apparent lap shear strength of the joints, which is one of the properties most commonly used to quantify the strength of thermoplastic composite welded joints.

A straightforward procedure for ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composite coupons for basic mechanical testing is described. Key characteristics of this ultrasonic welding process are the use of flat energy directors for simplified process preparation and the use of process data for the fast definition of optimum processing conditions.

通过单搭接剪切试验的热塑性复合材料优惠券焊接接头的力学特性的超声波焊接

This paper presents a novel straightforward method for ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic-composite coupons in optimum processing conditions. The ...

Preparation and 3D Tracking of Catalytic Swimming Devices

We report a method to prepare catalytically active Janus colloids that "swim" in fluids and describe how to determine their 3D motion using fluorescence microscopy. One commonly deployed method for catalytically active colloids to produce enhanced motion is via an asymmetrical distribution of catalyst. Here this is achieved by spin coating a dispersed layer of fluorescent polymeric colloids onto a flat planar substrate, and then using directional platinum vapor deposition to half coat the exposed colloid surface, making a two faced "Janus" structure. The Janus colloids are then re-suspended from the planar substrate into an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide serves as a fuel for the platinum catalyst, which is decomposed into water and oxygen, but only on one side of the colloid. The asymmetry results in gradients that produce enhanced motion, or "swimming". A fluorescence microscope, together with a video camera is used to record the motion of individual colloids. The center of the fluorescent emission is found using image analysis to provide an x and y coordinate for each frame of the video. While keeping the microscope focal position fixed, the fluorescence emission from the colloid produces a characteristic concentric ring pattern which is subject to image analysis to determine the particles relative z position. In this way 3D trajectories for the swimming colloid are obtained, allowing swimming velocity to be accurately measured, and physical phenomena such as gravitaxis, which may bias the colloids motion to be detected.

A method to prepare catalytically active Janus colloids that can "swim" in fluids and determine their 3D trajectories is presented.

催化游泳器件的制备及其三维跟踪

We report a method to prepare catalytically active Janus colloids that "swim" in fluids and describe how to determine their 3D motion using fluorescence ...

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells

Combustion based power generation has been accomplished for many years through a number of heat engine systems. Recently, a move towards small scale power generation and micro combustion as well as development in fuel cell research has created new means of power generation that combine solid oxide fuel cells with open flames and combustion exhaust. Instead of relying upon the heat of combustion, these solid oxide fuel cell systems rely on reforming of the fuel via combustion to generate syngas for electrochemical power generation. Procedures were developed to assess the combustion by-products under a wide range of conditions. While theoretical and computational procedures have been developed for assessing fuel-rich combustion exhaust in these applications, experimental techniques have also emerged. The experimental procedures often rely upon a gas chromatograph or mass spectrometer analysis of the flame and exhaust to assess the combustion process as a fuel reformer and means of heat generation. The experimental techniques developed in these areas have been applied anew for the development of the micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cell. The protocol discussed in this work builds on past techniques to specify a procedure for characterizing fuel-rich combustion exhaust and developing a model fuel-rich combustion exhaust for use in flame-assisted fuel cell testing. The development of the procedure and its applications and limitations are discussed.

A protocol for creating a model fuel-rich combustion exhaust is developed through combustion characterization and is applied for micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cell testing and research.

燃烧特性参数和模型燃料开发的微型管状火焰辅助燃料电池

Combustion based power generation has been accomplished for many years through a number of heat engine systems. Recently, a move towards small scale power ...

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with sufficient heavy metal adsorption capacity. To this end, blast furnace slag, a residue from iron-making, is utilized as the starting material. Calcium is selectively extracted from the slag by leaching with acetic acid (2 M CH3COOH) as the extraction agent. The filtered leachate is subsequently physico-chemically purified and then carbonated to form precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) of high purity (&lt;2 wt% non-calcium impurities, according to ICP-MS analysis). Sodium hydroxide is added to neutralize the regenerated acetate. The morphological properties of the resulting calcitic PCC are tuned for its potential application as a filler in papermaking. In parallel, the residual solids from the extraction stage are subjected to hydrothermal conversion in a caustic solution (2 M NaOH) that leads to the predominant formation of a particular zeolitic mineral phase (detected by XRD), namely analcime (NaAlSi2O6&#8729;H2O). Based on its ability to adsorb Ni2+, as reported from batch adsorption experiments and ICP-OES analysis, this product can potentially be used in wastewater treatment or for environmental remediation applications.

A protocol for the parallel production of precipitated calcium carbonate and zeolitic material from blast furnace slag via mineral carbonation and alkaline hydrothermal conversion, respectively, is presented. The performance of the zeolitic material towards nickel adsorption is tested.

高炉矿渣的双向稳定物价：沉淀碳酸钙和沸石重金属吸附剂的合成

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with ...

Production and Characterization of Vacuum Deposited Organic Light Emitting Diodes

A method for producing simple and efficient thermally-activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on guest-host or exciplex donor-acceptor emitters is presented. With a step-by-step procedure, readers will be able to repeat and produce OLED devices based on simple organic emitters. A patterning procedure allowing the creation of personalized indium tin oxide (ITO) shape is shown. This is followed by the evaporation of all layers, encapsulation and characterization of each individual device. The end goal is to present a procedure that will give the opportunity to repeat the information presented in cited publication but also using different compounds and structures in order to prepare efficient OLEDs.

A protocol for the production of simple structured organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is presented.

真空沉积有机发光二极管的生产与表征

A method for producing simple and efficient thermally-activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on guest-host or exciplex ...

Film Control to Study Contributions of Waves to Droplet Impact Dynamics on Thin Flowing Liquid Films

Droplet impact is a very common phenomenon in nature and attracts attention due to its aesthetic fascination and wide-ranging applications. Previous studies on flowing liquid films have neglected the contributions of spatial structures of waves to the impact outcome, while this has recently been shown to have a significant influence on the drop impact dynamics. In this report, we outline a step-by-step procedure to investigate the effect of periodic inlet forcing of a flowing liquid film leading to the production of spatiotemporally regular wave structures on drop impact dynamics. A function generator in connection with a solenoid valve is used to excite these spatiotemporally regular wave structures on the film surface while the impact dynamics of uniform-sized droplets are captured using a high-speed camera. Three distinct regions are then studied; viz. the capillary wave region preceding the large wave peak, the flat film region, and the wave hump region. The effects of important dimensionless quantities such as film Reynolds, drop Weber and Ohnesorge numbers parameterized by the film flow rate, drop speed, and drop size are also examined. Our results show interesting, hitherto undiscovered dynamics brought about by this application of film inlet forcing of the flowing film for both low and high inertia drops.

A protocol to study the contributions of waves to droplet impact dynamics on flowing liquid films is presented.

薄膜控制研究波浪对液滴冲击动力学的影响薄流动液体薄膜

Droplet impact is a very common phenomenon in nature and attracts attention due to its aesthetic fascination and wide-ranging applications. Previous ...

Fabrication and Design of Wood-Based High-Performance Composites

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber reinforced composites, due to its excellent mechanical properties. Delignified wood, however, is rather fragile in a wet state, which makes handling and shaping challenging. Here we present two fabrication processes, closed-mold densification and vacuum densification, to produce high-performance cellulose composites based on delignified wood, including an assessment of their advantages and limitations. Further, we suggest strategies for how the composites can be re-used or decomposed at the end-of-life cycle. Closed-mold densification has the advantage that no elaborate lab equipment is needed. Simple screw clamps or a press can be used for densification. We recommend this method for small parts with simple geometries and large radii of curvature. Vacuum densification in an open-mold process is suitable for larger objects and complex geometries, including small radii of curvature. Compared to the closed-mold process, the open-mold vacuum approach only needs the manufacture of a single mold cavity.

Delignified densified wood represents a new promising lightweight, high-performance and bio-based material with great potential to partially substitute natural fiber reinforced- or glass fiber reinforced composites in the future. We here present two versatile fabrication routes and demonstrate the possibility to create complex composite parts.

基于木材的高性能复合材料的制造与设计

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber ...