这项工作是由该卡拉曼基金会助学计划在饮食失调研究到CA的支持;美国国家卫生研究院资助R21MH091445-01到CA，R21MH105846到CA，R01NS066019-01A1到CA，R01NS047557-07A1到CA，NEI核心格兰特EY13079到CA，R25GM097634-01到CA，UL1 TR000038从国家推进中心的转化科学为TGC，纽约大学的研究挑战基金CA;和富布赖特赠款YW C.

在本协议中所描述的所有程序都是按照纽约大学的机构动物护理和使用委员会（动物福利保障＃A3317-01）。 注:此协议已被优化的青春期女性C57BL / 6小鼠。将动物饲养在一个设施维持室温在72℃±2℃和室内湿度在50％±10％。房间的灯打开，从上午7时至下午7时（每日）。 1.准备笼与运行车轮<ol><li>设置计算机和USB接口的集线器，在动物收容室的安全区，离自来水和步行交通，但足够接近笼架是发射器的无线范围内。确保计算机和USB接口的集线器既接收功率从电源插座上，而USB接口的集线器通过USB电缆连接到计算机。使用电源备用设备供电两个计算机和USB集线器。 </li><li>连接电脑•o使用USB连接线USB接口的集线器包括在跑轮设备。 </li><li>启动计算机，并通过该图标上双击启动运行轮软件。 </li><li>安装三个AAA电池到每个运行车轮的基础上，并确认轮管理器软件已经认识到发射机。在列出的标题下的程序窗口中的每个轮"车轮传感器"。 </li><li>根据实验的特定规格设置了数据采集的配置。 </li><li>准备一个笼子里与床上用品，nestlets，自由饮水，和跑轮每只小鼠的主题。通常情况下，8只小鼠的每个实验用于神经解剖学研究。可能需要更多小鼠的行为研究，以确保有足够的统计力量。 </li><li>确保正在运行的车轮可以自由地移动，而不会触及任何笼壁，菜篮子，或笼顶部。旋转每个车轮几次，确认那件T他软件更新车轮计数为每个车轮。 </li></ol> 2.驯化阶段<ol><li>将每个鼠标主体（雌性C57BL / 6小鼠，年龄P36）分别与一个跑轮笼。 </li><li>添加一个预称重的干粮（约100克）量到食品料斗，并放置一个预称重充满容器（约50克）的笼湿食物。 </li><li>在程序窗口，通过选择文件菜单中的"开始采集"选项开始轮活动数据采集和数据存储。选择该数据将被保存的目录。软件会连续记录轮子的转速，直至实验被手动停止。 </li><li>每天称量动物，湿的食物，和干粮在该灯是在房间关闭的时间。笔芯干粮，如果重量低于50g时，并更换湿的食物容器，如果食品变干或变得与被褥脏。手动记录whee升计数每天此时为好，在情况下，数字数据的丢失。 </li></ol> 3.开始限食<ol><li>从笼中取出所有干湿食物对限食的第一天中午（或房间的灯计划关闭7小时前）。 </li><li>在同一天，在黑暗周期开始，记录动物和车轮计数的重量。放置一个预称重的量的干食品（约50克）到食物料斗和一个预称重的量的湿的食物（约5克）放入笼在称量舟。 </li><li>准备一个新鲜的笼床上用品和nestlets每个动物。 </li><li> 2小时后，行驶轮传递到准备好的新鲜笼。这个笼子的改变确保动物保​​持食物的限制，直到下一次喂奶时间，以防一些食物碎屑下降或者被囤积的床上用品。为了减少轿厢变化的应力，加两把的弄脏（约500毫升）中从旧笼床上用品，然后将动物到新笼子。 </li><li>记录的其余干湿食物的重量来确定食物，吃进去的量。记录的轮数在食品访问期间结束。 </li></ol> 4.监控动物保健食品限制在<ol><li>每天，在黑暗周期开始，记录动物和车轮计数的重量。放置一个预称重的干和湿食物量至笼。 </li><li>如果动物的体重低于其初始体重限食前75％，从实验中删除​​。 注:过度饥饿的其他适应症包括一个驼背的姿势和不能走动了笼子。该动物可能是冷的触感，失败2小时的食品访问期间吃。 </li><li>准备一个新鲜的笼床上用品和nestlets每个动物。 </li><li> 2小时后，行驶轮传递到准备好的新鲜笼。加入TWØ一把（约500毫升）从旧笼子弄脏被褥，然后将动物到新笼子。 </li><li>记录的其余干湿食物的重量来确定食物，吃进去的量。记录的轮数在食品访问期间结束。 </li></ol> 5.结束实验<ol><li>经过限食三天，结束ABA实验。安乐死的动物收集脑组织，或让动物经过进一步的行为测试之前恢复。 </li><li>点击程序窗口中的文件菜单下的"结束采集"选项。 </li><li>从笼中取出运行车轮，并从车轮基座取出电池。 </li><li>如果允许动物恢复，返回一个预称重的干粮量到食品料斗并允许恢复期间动物随意获得食物。 </li></ol> 6.数据分析<ol><li>保存LL轮数据的实验中选择在实验开始的目录中的一个文件.wls。 </li><li>将数据导出到一个电子表格通过选择文件菜单中的"导出"选项。在"源数据文件"选项中选择所需的.wls文件。选择开始和结束日期和时间，并选择每个车轮传感器用于出口，在车轮传感器列表。 </li></ol>

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Funding for this publication was provided by Med Associates, Inc., which produces equipment used in this article.

阿坝模型的重要方面是:（1）免费获得自愿运动在正在运行的车轮和（2）限食与局限于时间的限售期的食品访问。访问一个运行车轮允许动物选择使用的车轮和给出的食物限制对动物的动机锻炼效果的指示。相反，时间限制获得粮食（而不是卡路里限制）允许实验者通过监测在多大程度上动物选择在粮食获得有限的时间运行来衡量自愿限食。以这种方式，ABA是自我饥饿中发生的AN的极好模型。 为了最大限度地减少在小鼠行为数据中的噪声，它最大限度地减少应激的动物经历的量是重要的。例如，处理的动物应保持在最低限度，与仅重期间被扰乱了的动物中，一旦一天。实验者处理的动物应接受培训并熟悉处理动物。如果可能的话，一个人应该处理的动物在整个实验中，以避免额外的压力。应避免气味和香料。称重和送外卖的时间应是尽可能规则，以尽量减少不可预测性。为了防止数据丢失预防措施，最好是计算机通过在断电时的备用电源供电;功率甚至短暂中断会造成电脑重启和数据采集将停止。此外，为了每日监测车轮发射机的电池寿命是很重要的。如果电池电平变弱，发射机可以间歇性地无法将数据发送到集线器，从而低估动物的活性。 此处所描述的鼠标协议从已经用于大鼠4的标准协议被修改。青春期雌性小鼠是更容易减肥过度而死亡因饥饿。因此，以下的变化，以提高存活对ABA的至少三天了发言。首先，限食的第一天，缩短了中午，而不是在晚上8点前一天的去除食物。另外，食品的访问的时间段从1小时增加至2小时，还加入湿的食物的供应，以尽量减少脱水的影响。我们发现，给予湿的食物的小鼠极大地通过限食3天改善他们的状况。无湿的食物，体重下降更快，动物必须从食物受限环境中除去。这些变化是足以使小鼠通过的食物限制三整天生存和从ABA容易恢复。 该协议为ABA有考虑一些重要的限制。首先，有必要单独地容纳小鼠带跑轮笼以便独立地监测每个鼠标的滚轮活性。这导致动物的社会隔离，一个已知应激可能影响ABA以及一些正在研究26的神经回路的过程中动物的行为。到目前为止，没有任何现有设备，其能够监视共容纳小鼠的个体活性，但这似乎采用RFID技术和跟踪标签拴每只动物是一个解的问题。合房动物中食物限制另一个潜在的不可避免的结果是，这些动物可以朝着其笼队友侵略性的风险。改变动物的笼子每次投喂会议之后的另一个压力源，我们有被褥下介绍，由于一种动物囤积食物。我们的目标是通过引入弄脏被褥了大量从以前的笼入新鲜笼子里，以尽量减少新笼的压力。 13,27的灯，上期喂动物。这可能是为了方便起见，实验者的，并且要注意的是时间周期用于食品津贴在光照阶段应该增加，以提高存活率是重要的。它也被认为阻止访问跑轮进给时可提高生存率，但我们认为，这消除行为非常有趣的方面是一些动物的决定来运行，而不是吃的，进一步加剧了自我饥饿ABA的模式方面，而捕捉的一个标志与关联人的行为。 要注意，该协议已经被特别优化为青春期雌性C57BL / 6小鼠是很重要的。如果使用不同的小鼠品系，性别或年龄组是要使用的，协议的某些参数可能需要修改。还已经表明，RT影响ABA在啮齿动物28的严重性。虽然我们并没有试图改变RT为我们的研究，提高RT可能会改善ABA动物间的存活率。 使用人的疾病，例如AN的动物模型的优点是，可以研究诱导获得自愿锻炼和食物限制在受控环境的大脑解剖和生理学和变化。在ABA模型使用小鼠允许使用利用转基因动物和病毒感染的基因操作强大遗传方法。未来的研究的目的是研究在韧性特定基因的效果或易受限食引起的多动和自我饥饿。

神经性厌食症（AN）是一种心理疾病特点是食物的摄入，过度运动，体重增加的非理性的恐惧过度限制。一个最致命的精神病1，AN没有接受药物治疗，以日期，以及神经生物学机制和疾病的效果知之甚少。我们正在研究AN动物模型的探索与疾病的标志性症状的神经生物学和神经化学变化。 基于活动的厌食症（ABA）是在啮齿类动物中描述的生物行为的现象，有些车型的一个2,3的特点。当啮齿动物自由出入自由运动在跑轮体验食品的限制，很多，但不是全部，成为多动-运行超过他们跑前食品限制3,4发作。已经有许多建议解释过行使显示ABA的动物和AN患者:它是觅食行为5的一种形式，一个机制，以应付的食品-限制性6的应力，试图在饥饿诱导的压降提高体温在代谢7，或hypoleptinemia 8的结果。这种啮齿动物模型通过选择在有限的食物进入运行再现形体消瘦，多动，自愿限食的AN症状，相关的焦虑性状9,10和脆弱性受早期的生活经验11。虽然啮齿动物模型ABA被认为是一种应激模型，这可能无法准确地反映在人类患者中，谁出现增加免疫功能12。在啮齿动物和人类患者中，有些人表现出比别人更多的漏洞。尽管流行病学研究力求阐明的危险因素为，相对较少的研究试图了解在vulnerab个体差异的神经生物学基础ility在啮齿动物ABA诱导。 要注意，ABA的范例被广泛使用，其作为AN的动物模型的使用已得到了广泛的综述6,13-15是重要的。该电流工作的贡献是概述用于诱导ABA在青春期雌性小鼠和轮廓，有必要为使现有的啮齿类动物模型，以提高存活率在年轻小鼠的修改的具体方法。此外，我们讨论了可与ABA的行为范式来研究的动物模型等方面的各种技术。 鼠标ABA模型允许勘探严格病情AN的神经生物学。这是从社会文化的影响，其中，毫无疑问，对一个人的脆弱性做出贡献分开。 ABA的模型也可以用来研究复发性食物限制或其他形式的压力，结合轮访问的效果，从而捕获复发16的一些方面。大脑中的焦虑中心的抑制性神经递质系统功能使用电子显微技术4,16,17进行了研究。树突分支一直使用Neurolucida辅助跟踪和锥体细胞在海马18,19的CA1领域和杏仁核17的分析研究。 &#160;在焦虑的影响限食和车轮接入使用行为测试进行了研究，如高架十字迷宫10。脆弱的遗传基础已利用老鼠9不同的近交系进行了研究。药理操作可以在动物模型之前人体试验20-24进行试验。转基因动物和基因的瞬时击倒可以用来研究如何操纵特定分子途径可能会影响在ABA范例行为。应力在生命早期时差漏洞的影响ABAW¯¯乌尔德是另一个话题，可以通过这种方式来解决。

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using the activity-based anorexia rodent model to study the neurobiological basis of anorexia nervosa

神经性厌食症（AN）是一种心理疾病特点是过度限制热量摄入和异常高水平的体力活动。一个具有挑战性的疾​​病来治疗，由于缺乏对底层神经生物学的理解，AN拥有死亡率最高的精神疾病之一。为了满足这一需要，神经科学家使用的动物模型来研究如何神经回路可以朝向漏洞向AN和可能受的AN。基于活动的厌食症（ABA）是啮齿动物模型的神经性厌食症的关键症状描述的生物行为的现象。当啮齿动物自由出入自由运动在跑轮的经历食物限制，他们成为活跃的 - 运行多个动物自由进食。在这里，我们描述了通过其中的ABA诱导青春期雌性C57BL / 6小鼠中的程序。在出生后第36天（P36），动物被安置与获得自愿运动在正在运行轮。 4天后驯化的跑轮，在P40，所有食物从笼子里取出。在接下来的3天，食物返回到笼（允许动物免费食物进入）2小时（每天）。的食物限制后的第四天，自由获取食物被返回并运行车轮从笼移除以允许动物恢复。运行轮活动连续多天的分析表明，小鼠成为在24小时内异常活跃以下限食的发生。老鼠在有限的时间中，他们获得食物，甚至运行。此外，轮毂运行的昼夜节律模式成为受限制食物的经历打乱。我们已经能够与相关动物的车轮运行行为的各个方面牵连特定的大脑区域，并与弹性和更容易受到粮食限制性引起多动症的神经化学变化的神经生物学变化。

为了研究ABA在一个类似的人口对人类神经性厌食症的效果，这些实验已经在青春期雌性小鼠中进行。因此，轮驯化开始后不久，青春期的老鼠，在一天P36。驯化相从P36-P40进行，食物限制发生从P40-P43。 青少年小鼠持续增长，他们的体重不断增加，他们的做法完全成年。在轮驯化，老鼠通常失去重量少量的重量或高原。的食物限制开始之后，体重ABA动物急剧降低（ 图1）。体重的动物在ABA组中的可相对于对照（CON）的动物，没有获得到运行的轮子并没有经历食物限制。 每只动物的轮活性可以以各种方式进行分析:（1）在每天（24小时）轮ABA的动物的活动可以绘制，显示出对动物开始发作的食物限制（图2）后过度运行。 （2）每个动物的轮活性可以以更精细尺度使用分析软件，示出车轮活动的昼夜节律模式（图3）进行检查。 （3）在2小时的食品访问期间，轮活动表示自愿食物限制，因为动物被选择来运行，而不是吃。 （4）食物限制开始之后，一些动物示出刚好在供电时增加的时间的期间的活动。在之前的食品的呈现运动活性这个每日增加被称为"食品预期活动"（ 图4）。 （5）与该动物运行速度可以比，因为这两个距离和停留时间对车轮连续监测。改变这些参数可能反映在车轮运行的学习阶段。 16。在同一研究中，它也表明，海马CA1区锥体细胞的GABA能神经支配是在显示，ABA的第二个经验，减少多动的动物增加。在使用ABA的大鼠的研究中，人们发现，含有α4亚单位的GABA受体的表达与多动，或韧性降低对ABA 25。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52927/52927fig1.jpg" /> 在ABA，体重数据图1.体重变化如图五青春期雌性小鼠中的一个队列。在小鼠的整整7天的实验运行轮访问。前四天是驯化阶段，之后食物限制被强加了额外的三天。 0天表示食物限制的开始。误差线表示平均值的标准差。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52927/52927fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52927/52927fig2.jpg" /> 图2.每日轮活动前和限食后发病。每天（24小时）轮活动显示为一个鼠标。 0天表示食物限制的开始。每天轮动增加总近两倍后，发病食品的限制。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52927/52927fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52927/52927fig3.jpg" /> 图3.连续监测了八天的实验跑轮活动。截图从车轮分析软件显示。这表明超过八天的单一鼠标访问一个运行车轮的（时间上的水平轴）的车轮活性（在垂直轴上车轮计数）。下面的活动情节是一个覆盖指示时候，灯都打开和关闭在房间里。食物限制开始之前，动物表示光循环期间最小的活动。第一垂直虚线表示的食物限制开始时，三个后续线表示2小时馈送开始每一天，和红色箭头表示第食品预期活动在光相E出现。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52927/52927fig3highres.jpg" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 28px;" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52927/52927fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52927/52927fig4.jpg" /> 图4.轮式活性在所有时间为一天增加，但最显着的在之前的食品的访问。轮式行驶的期间示出的一天4 6小时扇区。条标记为"之前的FR"表示车轮计数期间驯化阶段的后两天平均数。条标有"期间的FR"表示食物限制pH值的前两天酶。 "恢复"表示活动的水平后，动物可以无跑轮恢复至少6天。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52927/52927fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using the Activity-based Anorexia Rodent Model to Study the Neurobiological Basis of Anorexia Nervosa at JoVE.com

Using the Activity-based Anorexia Rodent Model to Study the Neurobiological Basis of Anorexia Nervosa

Here we present a protocol to induce activity-based anorexia (ABA) in female adolescent mice. ABA is a condition of hyperactivity evoked by imposing food restriction on rodents with access to a running wheel. This phenomenon is being used as a model to study the underlying neurobiology of anorexia nervosa.

使用基于活动的厌食症啮齿动物模型来研究神经性厌食症的神经生物学基础

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A ...

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14.2K 次观看.  New York University. Here we present a protocol to induce activity-based anorexia (ABA) in female adolescent mice. ABA is a condition of hyperactivity evoked by imposing food restriction on rodents with access to a running wheel. This phenomenon is being used as a model to study the underlying neurobiology of anorexia nervosa. 

视频: Using the Activity-based Anorexia Rodent Model to Study the Neurobiological Basis of Anorexia Nervosa

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. These are infants who are at increased risk for poor developmental outcome because of insults during prenatal development, such as substance exposure or prematurity or factors such as poverty, poor nutrition or lack of prenatal care that can have adverse effects on the intrauterine environment and affect the developing fetus. The NNNS assesses the full range of infant neurobehavioral performance including neurological integrity, behavioral functioning, and signs of stress/abstinence. The NNNS is a noninvasive neonatal assessment tool with demonstrated validity as a predictor, not only of medical outcomes such as cerebral palsy diagnosis, neurological abnormalities, and diseases with risks to the brain, but also of developmental outcomes such as mental and motor functioning, behavior problems, school readiness, and IQ. The NNNS can identify infants at high risk for abnormal developmental outcome and is an important clinical tool that enables medical researchers and health practitioners to identify these infants and develop intervention programs to optimize the development of these infants as early as possible. The video shows the NNNS procedures, shows examples of normal and abnormal performance and the various clinical populations in which the exam can be used.

The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. The purpose of this article is to describe the NNNS, provide video examples of the NNNS procedures and discuss the ways in which the exam has been used.

评估和高危新生儿的评价:新生儿重症监护病房的网络神经行为量表

There has been a long-standing interest in the assessment of the neurobehavioral integrity of the newborn infant.  The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale ...

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行为学

Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or knockdown gene expression in a relatively focused region without significant damage to the brain tissue. After recovery, the injected mouse can be tested on various behavioral tasks such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST). The OFT is designed to assess locomotion and the anxious phenotype in mice by measuring the amount of time that a mouse spends in the center of a novel open field. A more anxious mouse will spend significantly less time in the center of the novel field compared to controls. The FST assesses the anti-depressive phenotype by quantifying the amount of time that mice spend immobile when placed into a bucket of water. A mouse with an anti-depressive phenotype will spend significantly less time immobile compared to control animals. The goal of this protocol is to use the stereotactic injection of a lentivirus in conjunction with behavioral tests to assess how genetic factors modulate animal behaviors.

Stereotactic injection of lentiviruses expressing cDNAs or shRNAs can modulate gene expression in specific brain areas of mice. Here, we present a protocol to combine stereotactic injections with behavioral tasks, such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST).

应用立体定向注射技术在研究动物行为的遗传效应

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or ...

Rodent Brain Microinjection to Study Molecular Substrates of Motivated Behavior

Brain microinjection can aid elucidation of the molecular substrates of complex behaviors, such as motivation. For this purpose rodents can serve as appropriate models, partly because the response to behaviorally relevant stimuli and the circuitry parsing stimulus-action outcomes is astonishingly similar between humans and rodents. In studying molecular substrates of complex behaviors, the microinjection of reagents that modify, augment, or silence specific systems is an invaluable technique. However, it is crucial that the microinjection site is precisely targeted in order to aid interpretation of the results. We present a method for the manufacture of surgical implements and microinjection needles that enables accurate microinjection and unlimited customizability with minimal cost. Importantly, this technique can be successfully completed in awake rodents if conducted in conjunction with other JoVE articles that covered requisite surgical procedures. Additionally, there are many behavioral paradigms that are well suited for measuring motivation. The progressive ratio is a commonly used method that quantifies the efficacy of a reinforcer to maintain responding despite an (often exponentially) increasing work requirement. This assay is sensitive to reinforcer magnitude and pharmacological manipulations, which allows reinforcing efficacy and/ or motivation to be determined. We also present a straightforward approach to program operant software to accommodate a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule.

Rodents are an appropriate model to investigate the molecular substrates of behavior and complex psychiatric disorders. Brain microinjection in awake rodents can be used to elucidate disease substrates. An efficient and customizable brain microinjection method as well as the execution of an operant paradigm that quantifies motivation is presented.

啮齿动物脑显微注射学习动机行为的分子基板

Brain microinjection can aid elucidation of the molecular substrates of complex behaviors, such as motivation. For this purpose rodents can serve as ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）:一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Using Wavelet Entropy to Demonstrate how Mindfulness Practice Increases Coordination between Irregular Cerebral and Cardiac Activities

In both the East and West, traditional teachings say that the mind and heart are somehow closely correlated, especially during spiritual practice. One difficulty in proving this objectively is that the natures of brain and heart activities are quite different. In this paper, we propose a methodology that uses wavelet entropy to measure the chaotic levels of both electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) data and show how this may be used to explore the potential coordination between the mind and heart under different experimental conditions. Furthermore, Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) was used to identify the brain regions in which the EEG wavelet entropy was the most affected by the experimental conditions. As an illustration, the EEG and ECG were recorded under two different conditions (normal rest and mindful breathing) at the beginning of an 8-week standard Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) training course (pretest) and after the course (posttest). Using the proposed method, the results consistently showed that the wavelet entropy of the brain EEG decreased during the MBSR mindful breathing state as compared to that during the closed-eye resting state. Similarly, a lower wavelet entropy of heartrate was found during MBSR mindful breathing. However, no difference in wavelet entropy during MBSR mindful breathing was found between the pretest and posttest. No correlation was observed between the entropy of brain waves and the entropy of heartrate during normal rest in all participants, whereas a significant correlation was observed during MBSR mindful breathing. Additionally, the most well-correlated brain regions were located in the central areas of the brain. This study provides a methodology for the establishment of evidence that mindfulness practice (i.e., mindful breathing) may increase the coordination between mind and heart activities.

This manuscript describes how to use the wavelet entropy index to analyze high-density electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) data. We show that the irregularity of cerebral and cardiac activities became more coordinated during mindfulness-based stress reduction practice.

使用小波熵来证明正念练习如何增加不规则脑与心脏活动之间的协调

In both the East and West, traditional teachings say that the mind and heart are somehow closely correlated, especially during spiritual practice. One ...

Assessing Activity-based Anorexia in Mice

Rodents develop activity-based anorexia (ABA) when exposed to a restricted feeding schedule and allowed free access to a running wheel. These conditions lead to a life-threatening reduction in body weight. However, rodents exposed to only one of these conditions ultimately adapt to re-establish normal body weight. Although increased running coupled with reduction in voluntary food intake appear paradoxical under ABA conditions, ABA behavior is observed across numerous mammalian species. 
The ABA paradigm provides an animal model for anorexia nervosa (AN), an eating disorder with severe dysregulation of appetite-behavior. Subjects are singly housed with free access to a running wheel. Each day, the subject is offered food for a limited amount of time. During the course of the experiment, a subject's body weight decreases from high activity and low caloric intake. The duration of the study varies based on how long food is offered daily, the type of food offered, the strain of mouse, if drugs are being tested, and environmental factors.
A lack of effective pharmacological treatments for AN patients, their low quality of life, high cost of treatment, and their high mortality rate indicate the urgency to further research AN. We provide a basic outline for performing ABA experiments with mice, offering a method to investigate AN-like behavior in order to develop novel therapies. This protocol is optimized for use in Balb/cJ mice, but can easily be manipulated for other strains, providing great flexibility in working with different questions, especially related to genetic factors of ABA.

Mice individually housed with a running wheel while given limited access to food develop reductions in food consumption and increase activity on the running wheel. This experimental phenomenon is called activity-based anorexia. This paradigm provides an experimental tool for studying the neurobiology and behaviors underlying aspects of anorexia nervosa.

小鼠活动性厌食症的评估

Rodents develop activity-based anorexia (ABA) when exposed to a restricted feeding schedule and allowed free access to a running wheel. These conditions ...

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded via an eye tracker as the participant produces or comprehends a spoken language describing the concurrent visual world. This paradigm has high versatility, as it can be used in a wide range of populations, including those who cannot read and/or who cannot overtly give their behavioral responses, such as preliterate children, elderly adults, and patients. More importantly, the paradigm is extremely sensitive to fine grained manipulations of the speech signal, and it can be used to study the online processing of most topics in language comprehension at multiple levels, such as the fine grained acoustic phonetic features, the properties of words, and the linguistic structures. The protocol described in this article illustrates how a typical visual world eye tracking study is conducted, with an example showing how the online processing of some semantically complex statements can be explored with the visual world paradigm.

The visual world paradigm monitors participants' eye movements in the visual workspace as they are listening to or speaking a spoken language. This paradigm can be used to investigate the online processing of a wide range of psycholinguistic questions, including semantically complex statements, such as disjunctive statements.

利用视觉世界范式中的眼球运动探索口语的在线处理

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.

用视觉世界范式研究自闭症普通话儿童的句子理解

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is ...

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

Impairment of postural reflexes, termed postural instability, is a common and disabling deficit in Parkinson's disease. To assess postural reflexes, clinicians typically employ the pull test to grade corrective responses to a backward perturbation at the shoulders. However, the pull test is prone to issues with reliability and scaling (score/4). Here, we present an instrumented version of the pull test to more precisely quantify postural responses. Akin to the clinical test, pulls are manually administered except pull force is also recorded. Displacements of the trunk and feet are captured by a semi-portable motion tracking system. Raw data represent distance traveled (in millimeter units), making subsequent interpretation and analysis intuitive. The instrumented pull test also detects variabilities influencing pull test administration, such as pull force, thereby identifying and quantifying potential confounds that can be accounted for by statistical techniques. The instrumented pull test could have application in studies seeking to capture early abnormalities in postural responses, track postural instability over time, and detect responses to therapy.

Impairment of postural reflexes, termed postural instability, is difficult to quantify. Clinical assessments such as the pull test suffer issues with reliability and scaling. Here, we present an instrumented version of the pull test to objectively characterize postural responses.

一种表征姿势反应的仪器拉力测试

Impairment of postural reflexes, termed postural instability, is a common and disabling deficit in Parkinson's disease. To assess postural reflexes, ...

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) and humans reveal that intact multisensory integration is crucial for functioning in the real world, including both cognitive and physical activities. Much of the research conducted over the past several decades documents multisensory integration effects using diverse psychophysical, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging techniques. While its presence has been reported, the methods used to determine the magnitude of multisensory integration effects varies and typically faces much criticism. In what follows, limitations of previous behavioral studies are outlined and a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects using robust probability models is provided.

The current study aims to provide a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects in an effort to facilitate the production of translational research studies across diverse clinical populations.

使用种族模型不平等来量化行为多感官整合效应

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) ...