作者希望从UL1TR000071（NCATS），P30DK079638（NIDDK），P30DA028821（NIDA）和T32DA07287（NIDA）承认资金。

所有实验步骤都按照指南实验动物的护理和使用（实验动物资源研究所（美国），1996），并与机构动物护理和使用委员会在得克萨斯大学医学分校的批准。 1。主题<ol><li>单房雄性SD大鼠，体重225-250克在21°C和一个12小时明暗周期30-50％的相对湿度（亮着灯上午6:00 - 下午6:00）。 </li><li>大鼠维持在一个低脂肪的食物（10％的脂肪能量）。大鼠习惯于食品和动物房间前实验至少7天。动物习惯于处理车辆和药量之前，要启动研究三天。习惯后的第一天是实验性的第1天。 </li></ol> 2。基线偏好<ol><li>每日1剂，填补两个干净的食物料斗，一是标有A，另一为B，用10％脂肪的食物对每个笼子。 Weigh食品料斗（食物），并将其放置在笼子里，保证了大鼠同时访问。 </li><li>第2天，在大约相同的时间食品料斗中的前一天放置在笼中，记录食物料斗的重量和切换漏斗A和料斗B的位置上这减轻了位置偏差。经常检查家笼任何食物从料斗中取出，称重，并解释它。食物摄入量是通过改变在料斗重量天之间测量。 </li><li>第3天，和以前一样记录食品料斗权重。检查食品的食用有关食品料斗的位置和食品料斗识别（A和B）的金额。该数据给位置偏差和具体料斗偏好的基本了解，并且应该有大约50％的偏好分数表示没有偏好。扔掉剩余的食物。 </li></ol> 3，脂肪偏好<ol><li>第3天，得到两个干净的食物料斗每个笼子。用干净的食物料斗是非常重要的每当不同的食物之间进行切换，以防止混杂的气味从先前的实验。填写料斗与12.5％的脂肪的食物和料斗乙用15％脂肪的食物（ 表1）。记录每个料斗的起始重量，并把两者在笼中。 </li><li>第4天，记录每个料斗的重量，在将它们放回笼子切换料斗和料斗B的位置。 </li><li>第5天，记录每个料斗的重量。在确定消耗在两天的每种食品的克数，老鼠的食物偏好可确定。 </li><li>重复步骤3.1至3.3中多次使用12.5％的脂肪的食物相比，食物随着脂肪含量（ 例如前15％，接下来的17.5％，然后20％，最后45％的脂肪）相同的动物。 </li></ol> 4，数据计算与分析<ol><li>通过从食品的起始质量减去食物+漏斗的最终质量计算每日食物摄入量为每只动物+料斗。因为每一种食物被测量了2天，2天总可以加在一起，每个％的脂肪含量。 </li><li>通过将来自消费过每两天之内的食品总高脂肪食物的摄入量计算出脂肪偏好分数。例如，一个老鼠吃8.9克的12.5％脂肪的饮食和27.5克17.5％的饮食2天以上的。因此，偏爱得分为动物个体是76％（27.5除以36.4）。 </li><li>平均和图形的偏好得分为各饮食（15％，17.5％，20％和45％脂肪）（ 图3）。总食量也翔实，可以很容易地绘制成图 （ 图4）。 </li><li>表达的偏好得分（ 图5A）和总食物摄入（ 图5B）与使用的能量密度在表1中总能量摄入量（千卡）的函数。 </li><li>如果使用一个以上的组的动物，进行双向重复编辑测量ANOVA，然后通过一个邦费罗尼后测。功率分析表明，N =每组8只动物是适当的，用于检测的7％，处理组之间的差异。 </li></ol>

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作者什么都没有透露。

脂肪偏好模型是摄食行为的信息，并易于执行检测。此法提供了一个机会，以确定神经，哪些食物背后的偏好，这是肥胖研究的一个重要而又充分研究区域的分子机制。改变从遗传上的差异或药理操作脂肪的偏好可以作为可视化的偏好曲线（ 图3B）向右或向左移动。重要的是要包括中间脂肪食物（15％，17.5％，和20％）来可视化的偏好曲线的任何变化。在脂肪偏好曲线的变化同样可以...

肥胖是美国的1一个普遍的问题，与美国疾病控制和预防估计，超过三分之一的美国成年人属于肥胖。肥胖也被确定为对于很多健康问题，包括2型糖尿病，高血压和高胆固醇2的一个危险因素。虽然许多因素已被证明影响增加的肥胖率，有持续的关注和争议的角色营养素肥胖3,4玩耍。 一个促成因素是肥胖的高膳食脂肪摄入量5。增加饮食中的脂肪被关联与增加人体能量消耗6和显著增加体内脂肪含量7,8。此外，食物中的脂肪有无论是在消费后7,9奖励价值。因此，确定哪些因素会影响偏爱高脂肪食物既可以指导药物治疗德斯黎GN，促进基本的饮食选择，可导致肥胖的认识。这里所描述的脂肪偏好模型试验大鼠不同脂肪含量的食物之间的偏好，但类似的营养价值。具体来说，这种模式提出了大鼠两种不同的食物同时从而使偏好的基础上消耗的低脂肪食物的诗句较高脂肪的食物克的定量选择。药理和遗传效应可以测量优先用于食品的变化与脂肪含量较高。 脂肪偏好模型用于补充广泛使用的可口食物的摄入量模型10，但也有几个优点。本模型允许实验者具体评估在受控环境中，其中两个食品选项是可用的摄食行为。传统的高脂肪喂养机型只提供一种食物，消除学习食物选择的能力，一个重要的PECT人类食物的摄入量。一些分析确实提供多种类型的食品，并经常被称为“食堂”式饲养研究11。这些研究从再现性受到影响，因为人类的食物中经常使用的测定和不能很好地适合于在实验室环境中，由于营养物的变异性。我们用饮食定义包含单个纯化的成分从而大大提高了可重复性和灵活性，以改变营养素含量，如膳食脂肪。与人类肥胖的5和人类的自然偏好较高脂肪的食物12，即改变大鼠偏爱高脂肪食物可以提供有价值的洞察肥胖治疗相关的较高的膳食脂肪摄入量。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="673">
	<colgroup>
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		<col />
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 10 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D12450B</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">10 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 12.5 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040501</td>
			<td>12.5 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 15 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040502</td>
			<td>15 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 17.5 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040503</td>
			<td>17.5 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 20 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D07040504</td>
			<td>20 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">&#160;Rodent diet with 45 kcal% fat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Research Diets</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D12451</td>
			<td>45 % fat rat food</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:277px;">Rat feeders (3.75&#34;W x 2.875&#34;D x 5.25&#34;H)</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Labex of MA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2528</td>
			<td>Food hoppers</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fat preference: a novel model of eating behavior in rats

肥胖是美利坚合众国一个日益严重的问题，有超过三分之一列为肥胖的人口。一个因素造成这种多因素的疾病为高脂肪食物，已被证明能增加两者的热量摄入和体内脂肪含量行为的消耗。然而，调节偏爱高脂肪食物比其他食物的元素保持充分研究。 为了克服这一赤字，开发了一个模型来快速，方便地测试变化偏爱膳食脂肪。脂肪偏好模型大鼠呈现了一系列的食品具有不同脂肪含量之间的选择。像人类一样，老鼠有一种天然的偏向食用高脂肪食物，使大鼠模型的理想转化研究。变化的偏好可以归因于遗传性差异或药物干预的效果。这种模式使脂肪偏好和顺昌置业的决定因子的探索厄宁药物治疗剂影响收购肥胖。

大鼠出现，以证明偏爱的食物可供选择，具有不同的脂肪含量（ 表1），以既是食品料斗同时进行（ 图1）的物理访问。大鼠每天的食物称重，任何食物溢出很容易被发现，占（ 图2）。精美的食物颗粒的泄漏被认为是最小的，基本上不影响数据。使用FAT偏好模型，含12.5％的脂肪和高脂肪的食物食物之间有明显的偏好可以看出（P &lt;0.05偏爱超过12.5％，比17.5％...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats at JoVE.com

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

饮食中的脂肪含量影响能量摄入和能量在哺乳动物体内的脂肪成分。通过研究老鼠的偏爱高脂肪食物在一系列的选择试验，可以测试自己的偏爱高脂肪食物的遗传差异和药物干预。

脂肪偏好：饮食行为的一种新模型大鼠

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

fat-preference-a-novel-model-of-eating-behavior-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

13.1K 次观看.  University of Texas Medical Branch. 饮食中的脂肪含量影响能量摄入和能量在哺乳动物体内的脂肪成分。通过研究老鼠的偏爱高脂肪食物在一系列的选择试验，可以测试自己的偏爱高脂肪食物的遗传差异和药物干预。 

视频: Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Stereotaxic Microinjection of Viral Vectors Expressing Cre Recombinase to Study the Role of Target Genes in Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes of interest allows for enhanced temporally- and regionally-specific control of gene deletion, compared to existing methods. While conditional deletion can also be achieved by mating mice that express Cre recombinase under the control of specific gene promoters with mice carrying a floxed gene, stereotaxic microinjection allows for targeting of discrete brain areas at experimenter-determined time points of interest. In the context of cocaine conditioned place preference, and other cocaine behavioral paradigms such as self-administration or psychomotor sensitization that can involve withdrawal, extinction and/or reinstatement phases, this technique is particularly useful in exploring the unique contribution of target genes to these distinct phases of behavioral models of cocaine-induced plasticity. Specifically, this technique allows for selective ablation of target genes during discrete phases of a behavior to test their contribution to the behavior across time. Ultimately, this understanding allows for more targeted therapeutics that are best able to address the most potent risk factors that present themselves during each phase of addictive behavior.

This article describes how to microinject viral vectors into mouse brain and then test in a conditioned place preference paradigm that includes an acquisition, extinction and reinstatement phase.

立体定向显微注射病毒载体表达Cre重组酶研究的靶基因的作用在可卡因条件性位置偏爱

Microinjecting recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing Cre recombinase into distinct mouse brain regions to selectively knockout genes ...

科研

行为学

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal communication, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interest. As diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, any potentially relevant rodent models of this heterogeneous disorder should ideally recapitulate these diverse behavioral traits. The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse is an established animal model of ASD, displaying repetitive behaviors such as increased grooming, as well as cognitive inflexibility. With respect to social interaction and interest, the juvenile play test has been employed in multiple rodent models of ASD. Here, we show that when BTBR mice are tested in a juvenile social interaction enclosure containing sawdust bedding, they display a repetitive synchronous digging motion. This repetitive motor behavior, referred to as &#34;inchworming,&#34; was named because of the stereotypic nature of the movements exhibited by the mice while moving horizontally across the floor. Inchworming mice must use their fore- and hind-limbs in synchrony to displace the bedding, performing a minimum of one inward and one outward motion. Although both BTBR and C56BL/6J (B6) mice exhibit this behavior, BTBR mice demonstrate a significantly higher duration and frequency of inchworming and a decreased latency to initiate inchworming when placed in a bedded enclosure. We conclude that this newly described behavior provides a measure of a repetitive motor stereotypy that can be easily measured in animal models of ASD.

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Inchworming is a highly repetitive synchronous digging motion displayed by BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice when placed in a testing cage with sufficient sawdust bedding. The procedure is a modification of the juvenile social interaction protocol and is used here to assess repetitive motor stereotypies relevant to Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Inchworming：一种新型电机刻板的BTBR<em&gt; T<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Itpr3<sup&gt; TF</sup</em自闭症&gt; /系小鼠模型

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal ...

A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste reactivity with the behavioral aspects of operant self-administration of drugs. Under very brief general anaesthesia, rats are implanted with an intraoral (IO) cannula that allows delivery of test solutions directly in the oral cavity. Animals are then tested in operant self-administration chambers whereby they can press a lever to receive IO infusions of test solutions. IO self-administration has several advantages over experimental procedures that involve drinking a solution from a spout&#160;or operant responding for solid pellets or solutions delivered in a receptacle. Here, we show that IO self-administration can be employed to study self-administration of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Rats were first tested for self-administration on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule, which assesses the maximum amount of operant behavior that will be emitted for different concentrations of HFCS (i.e.&#160;8%, 25%, and 50%). Following this test, rats self-administered these concentrations on a continuous schedule of reinforcement (i.e.&#160;one infusion for each lever press) for 10 consecutive days (1 session/day; each lasting 3 hr), and then they were retested on the PR schedule. On the continuous reinforcement schedule, rats took fewer infusions of higher concentrations, although the lowest concentration of HFCS (8%) maintained more variable self-administration. Furthermore, the PR tests revealed that 8% had lower reinforcing value than 25% and 50%. These results indicate that IO self-administration can be employed to study acquisition and maintenance of responding for sweet solutions. The sensitivity of the operant response to differences in concentration and schedule of reinforcement makes IO self-administration an ideal procedure to investigate the neurobiology of voluntary intake of sweets.

The current study evaluates a novel procedure for assessing the reinforcing effects of palatable solutions in laboratory rats: intraoral self-administration. To this end, operant responding (i.e.&#160;lever pressing) for intraoral infusions of sweet solutions at different concentrations was measured on continuous and progressive ratios schedules of reinforcement.

一种新的方法为评估味质的实验室大鼠的补强性能：操作性口腔自我管理

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）：一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place.
The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.

This protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse. This procedure permits the measurement of relapse in laboratory animals, considering the impact of drug-associated environmental cues as craving and relapse in abstaining addicts is currently the focus of drug-abuse treatment programs.

用条件位置偏好范式恢复小鼠药物寻毒作用

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve of food intake, meal duration and rate of eating modeled by a quadratic equation. The purpose of the method is to change eating behavior by providing visual feedback on the computer screen that the subject can adapt to because her/his own rate of eating appears on the screen during the meal. The data generated by the method is automatically analyzed and fitted to the quadratic equation using a custom made algorithm. The method has the advantage of recording eating behavior objectively and offers the possibility of changing eating behavior both in experiments and in clinical practice. A limitation may be that experimental subjects are affected by the method. The same limitation may be an advantage in clinical practice, as eating behavior is more easily stabilized by the method. A treatment that uses this method has normalized body weight and restored the health of several hundred patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders and has reduced the weight and improved the health of severely overweight patients.

Subjects eat food from a plate placed on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal. Feedback on the computer screen allows the subject to adapt her/his eating behavior to reference curves thus normalizing body weight.

用一种新的反馈系统控制进食行为

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve ...

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed incubation of drug craving. Here, we describe a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol for measuring the incubation of craving in rats. In this protocol, a CPP paradigm mainly employing somatosensory cues is used to establish a long-term reward memory of morphine. A three-chamber CPP box that differs in the texture of the chamber floor is constructed. First, the animals are tested for their baseline preference to the two side chambers for three consecutive days. Then, they are injected intraperitoneally with morphine/saline and put into their non-preferred/preferred chamber for 45 min. After 6 days of conditioning, their preference to the side chambers is tested for 15 min at different time points after the last conditioning session. With this paradigm, the reward memory of morphine could last for at least 18 days. To test whether the above-mentioned protocol can model increased craving, the number of entrances into the two side chambers are counted during the abstinence period. The results show that the entrances increased, suggesting that the CPP paradigm could mimic the incubation of craving. Future studies can employ this model to study neural mechanisms underlying long-term memory and incubation of craving.

Here, a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol is described to measure incubation of craving in rats.

一种用于大鼠渴望培养的条件场所偏好协议

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed ...